chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

caRO VARTATION- 44-1 in ib
knorm \in.e the 1850s- examined and recommeded
by Caro in Deutsches Woche6.hach,
1893.
CAXXIRA, PIETRO (1573 16,l?), player and
author Iron Militello. Sicily, priest. He is one ofa
group oisritcn aho recorded rhe numerous ncw
opcnings and variations developed by lhe greal
Italian masteB oI rhe latc 16th century. (See
GhNUnor cEco i PoL.Rtri i sallto. ) caner!\ book
tl cioco deEti Scacchi (1617) {lso has chaprcB
dealing with the supposed origin of chess. tbe
gning of odds. fte practjcal c.dgame (see roRr
R€$), probLens, B,jNotuLD play, an unorlhodox
g.ne on a board oI96 squares. and biographical
inlbrmation about many chess-playcs ol hn own
and carlier generations. He also advises how a
playershould preparc lor a hard m.tch: He nust
abstain sone days fiom meat to clear his btain as
atso to lcl btood, he should lake bolh purgalives
and emelics to drive the humons iron his body.
andhemustabo!. allbe sure to confe$ his sins and
recei!e spirilual absoludon just belorc silting doNn
to play in order to counteract the denoniacal
influence ol magi. spells. Aldough reputedly a
less auc anallst rhan Salvio- his outlook Nas more
broadly based, his lenper lcss arogant. his book
better aranged and ha.dly less inlornanle. The
grearer pift ol rhis book *.s ftanslared into
Engiish by W. Ltwts and published in 1822.
In 1634 Salvio biuerly attacked Carera Gee
dr:eMslARraroN). A friend oI caftera replied
on his behall ifl a panphlel. Fiposl| indLkso dt D.
PEto Camru conna l'ApobEid .li Alesandro
Sdl,,, (1635), oI which only ten tupies, all
inconplele, aie tnown ro exist.
CARRERA GAMDIT,62,1, the Breyer GaEbir.
CARRERA also examined lour other movcs oi the
shiie queen (atter I e4 e5 2I,1cxI4J. no.e of
wbich hm renained in usccASrLE,
(l) a colloquial ilme tor the rook.
CASTLE, (2) 10 makc lhe move k.own ascasiling
CAST LING, aconrbincd move ol the kineand ooe
ofthe.ooksr the ki.g is moved tso squares along
rhe nst iank toraids the rook Nbich isthen placed
on the squarc tnc kingnas.rossed. Castling is not
pemitred: a) if the king has been novedprevious
ly: b) ii the rook has been noved previously: c) if
the kingisincheck:d) illhesquareihcti.scrosscs
or rca.nc. is attackcd byan eneny man: e) illhere
is a piece ol either colour between rhe king and the
rook. A player may castle if his king has been in
check, il his rook is under attack, or if (for qucen:
side castling) his.ook crosses a square euarded by
CASTI-ING 59
an enemv man. (A player may not castle with a
rook ueated bypronotion, although lhe sording
of the lassdoes not nake this clear.) Forc6iling
on the king's side whitc plays Kei g1 and
Rhl -ll, Black plays Ke8 g8andRh8-fSiknown
as shorl castling, this is shown by the synbol0 0or
(r0. For queen s sidc or long canling White plays
Kel cl and Ral-dl, Black plays Ke8 c8 and
Ra8-d8, sbown by lbe symilot 0-0-0 or 000.
Altboughaplayer movcs bolhking androokon his
lnrn to play- castling h lechnically a 6ove ol lhc
king- shich should be touched nstl or both king
and rook naybe touched simultaneously. Playing
the rook iist does not conlravene rhe lass 6ut
night ocate contusion aboul qh.thcr the rook\
movc alone is inlended.
In s!^raNr ihe kine could be moled only onc
squareinanydiieclion, andthe6rstextensionolns
povescamc in medievaldnes-perhapsinthe l3th
cen1ury. .*soLE states rhal a prcviously unnoved
kingar el couldbeplayedinone move lo c1.c2,c3,
d3. e3. 13, g3,92, or gl, or could even make a
longer leap. ro b1 or b2. Ttere were howevcr
vanous teshidionsand no {idespreaduniformity
CastlingNas a nalur.l development lron lhis leaP.
L!.EN^ sbows nodern.astling i. trvo noves: 1e4
e5 2NBNC6 3Bc4Bc5 4d3Nf6 5h3d6 6Bb5
a6 7 Ba4 Rls 8 Nc3 KgB (tbe leap) 9Irc3Brc3
l0 ixe3 h6 11 Qd2 Qe7 12 Rdl Bc6. and White
makes a leap 13 Kcl. By the end of the 16lh
cenrury castling Nas 6 nly establisbed as a sinele
movcj bLr therewere 16 versions: KII & Rel, (gl
& Re 1. Kg 1& RIl, Kh1& Rel, Khl & Rll, Khl
& Rg1, and tenqueenssidc pe.mulaliotu. Tlere
{ere aho rcgional vanations. Sonelines castling
was lo.bidden if as a consequence thc rook Nould
attack an enemy nan, or if the kins had been in
.hec( pieviously Somelimes a king could pass
oler a squarc attacked by an eneny mlni or a
playcr could castle if his king had b.en moved but
notchecked. Someides the g- or h-pawn could be
moved at the same time Ruy L6.Ez. in his book oI
1561, quoted casrling as n n noN played and this
becamc generally established by the lTth ccnrnry
excepi in Italy, where nany versions ol castling
renained in use unrilthe early 20th century. This
'lree castling'aroued the sharp bnBue ollan der
r.rNDF-lreras in lree lole , he said By mislake
or othe$ne a pl.yer somctimes caslles afier
haling noved his king away lron and ba.k to its
slarting squarc. ln an Irish club gane i. 1973 no
oae noticed when one otthe playcs. W. Heidenfeld.
castled lor rhe se.ond lime. Nelenheless he
'rhenamelortheombinednovcollhekingand
rook relates to the less importa.t piee in all
European languagcs. Ge.man language punsts
alremplcd to inl.oduce Xon,Aswe.hrel i.stcad of
Aa.r,/rP Nih lftrle n,..ess
Hanspetcr Suse,'Die histonscbeEntwicklung der
Roch ade' , is an a.iicle publisbe d in s.hd.n pds€,-
schaJtliche Fo6ch ns.n, Dec \975.