chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

the results ohtained by applying EIo raling retrospedively.
Sonetin* Drobny\ Ptaci4s differ
markedly, bnl24 of rhcm are accurate lowithin live
ToURNAMENT CONTROLLDR. an omcer responsi
ble for enJorcing t hc tournamenl rul es , an ic h
are not necessarily thc same Ior every cvcnt. and
for ensuring compliance {i1h tnc FIDE mws. For
dajor cvcnts tbere are oltc,, orher olicers sno
have specinc tunclions such as seeing that clocks
are sel corectly, watching the clocks of playe$ in
11ME-TRo@LD, cnsu.ing rhal sraLED MovEs are
n.de properly, or acting as releree in disputcs
belwcen players or her$een . player and an
of6cial. Those with sulficienl expcrience ol tun
rulloErournarnenR may !u.liry fortheFIDE tiLlc
.,r 'Nr;pN"rtr^"r ^RurrrR
and rhe (on(olol the
highcst level events would be in such haDds. A
cont.olter can impose penaldes lor iflfringements
ol rhe laws and rules if, for example, a player were
to analysc in the lormamcnt .oom. or consult
books, and he nay also penalize Playes lorother
kinds oI oiscondnct sucb as 6xing a game
belorehand o. losing or drawing a gane tor
Dclmenr. unfoduncLc r the prddtre ol \elling'
iamer ro pliJex.eekins r,rle iorn\ n nor
unconnon.'l hese and other h alp ra.tices such as
'.ccidefltally exceeding thc time limit or inlen
tionally sealing an illegal move are olten hard or
iDpossible loprovc. In g.andnaster toutnamcnts a
comnilree ftat i.cludes Playes and officials is
elecled bcfore lhe event .nd may act as .n ullinale
TOURNEY, a competition tor the composing ol
problens or studies: a solvrNc rliuRNE,. In an
inlormal (onposins) toDracy composiiions ptrblished
during a sct period ol lime, usualy in one
,eriodical, are submnled to the ildses. For a
iorma! touney unpublished compoiilions arc
submnted by a given datc, and thc conposeri
nanes are lot known tothejudges. Besidespnzes
compctito8 may be- awdrded honou(lhle nentions,
and atter ftis connendations. The 6rst
infornal roumey. for problens published in the
lllusooted Lahdon News in 1854. was won by W.
Grimshaw. riir6NlH^L organized the fiBr lormal
problen conposing tolrney in 1856 and lhe nBt
srudy @mposing tourney in 1862i both N€re
interaational events. The lorner {6 won join{y
by conrad Bayer (1828-9?) oi Gcrmany and F.
Healey, lhe inlenlor ol uRrsrol cl$eN.r, and
the laltei was won by B. Horwrrz. In 1956 FIDE
initiated rhe liile ol InternationalJudge ofCncs
Compositio.s. rhich is awardcd lo suitable appti
TRAINER. a .ecent arriv l on the chess sccnc.
There have al*ays been chesstcachem or coaches,
and i1 is now common for a player taking part in an
important crenl ro haye a sEcoND who qill help the
playertop.epare. Intl€SovielUnion aplaycrwho
TRAVELLING SET 359
h rhought to be a poiennal sond champion sitl
have a pernanenl ff ainer snose dulies go farwider
thln practicc gamcs and analysis. For exanple on
onc lamous occasion BmrNMK s rrainer, RAGozrN,
had to smoke incessantly dunne practice gamcsto
accustom the champiofl io playing in a smokey
at{osphoe. A second is appointed on.n elenr
by-ereni basis, and has ro probe thcwcaknessesol
iheopposilion. A train$ is permanent, and has to
probe the wcaknesses olthe player. There h.s to
IRAITE DE LAUSaNNE, see
^s?EErNc.
TRANSPOSD, to bring aboul a gi,eo position by
an alremalive and perhaps less conventional series
dr noves A tradilional vanalion oI lhe oUEEN's
cAMRrr De.lined, for exanple, would bc I d4 d5 2
.4e6 3 Nc3 Ni6and the sequen.e I c4NI6 2 N.3
e6 3 d4 d5 would be a lransposirion. This would be
called a Oreen\ GambitDeclined allhou8h White
begins with thc ENCLUH oPENING (1c4). Aposilion
arising from rbe FRN.g DEENCE, I c4 c6 2 d4 d5
I exd5 exd5 4 Nl3 Nf6 .ould also arise from tne
pFnoFr D.rEN.tr. I e,l e5 2 Nf3 Nf6 3 Nxe5 d6 4
Nf3 Nxe4 5 d3 Nl6 6d4d5iinthiscaseeachlinc
of playwouldretainnsnane. ln iheopeningphasc
r.ansposnionis an rdditional wcapon for a player.
He nay lranspose to a va.ialion known to be
Iavourablc or to one he favours. To this end sone
players begin I NA or 1c4or in reply to eilher of
ihese noves play tbe non conmittal I . . NI6.
For rn oRrsoDox pRonr.trM rraospositions (for
whnc) are lna.ccptable. bur for sruDrEs a nore
lcniest view is taken depending on the naturc of
TRAP, aeneially a line ol play lhat a player may
wrongly suppose to be advantageous and {hich his
opponent may ienpt hin io Play. As much could
besaid of nanysnuationsina game.andtnereisno
precise dennilion ol a 1rap, nor is the element oI
A game Mayel E^xRwrrz, Berlin,1848, began I
d4d5 2c4e6 3Nc3Nt6 4Bg5Nbd? 5qd5cxd5
and Mayet played 6 Nxd5? fauing inlo a irap and
losing a pic.c after 6 . . . Nxd5 ? Bxd8 Bb4+.
However, thisr.apisincidentalloBlack spurpose.
and lew masleB wouid suggest thal Blact tcmpts
White. Alter I e4 e5 2Nf3Nc6 3Bb5Nf6 4d3
Ne7 Whitc would lose a piece by 5 Nxe5l c6
(MouMER rMp). Instead while could ger more
advantage ftan be wolld othcMik expcct lrom
thisop.nnrgbyplaying5 Nc3. Traps like this whicb
leale a player sorse oti ii he lails to ensnare his
opponenr should noi he sct unless a player already
hasa losl posilion, and illhe lrap thensucceedsilis
caued a swrNDLE. There are tuany raps in the
openingi four weu known ones are the LAsxER.
rAuAscd (No), and wRzBUrcE(.
'TRAVELLING SET, a set designed tor Ne on
joumeys. A three dinensional se1 is intended