chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

358 TORRE
TORRE, EUGENIO (1951 ), Filipino player,
International crandmastcr ( 1974)- nalion.l cban
pion 1974 and 1976. Ilisbesirournamentvictoryin
the lg70s wrs in, doutle r.nn{l event M,nil?
19?6, shcn hc scored +3=3 lhead of Npov,
uuBorEuC. and BRowNE. cach ol whom he de
feated once. Perhaps because only six gamcs were
piayed thn achievement was nor widely amlaimed,
nor could Torre match it in the nexl four years.
Subscqucntly, howclcr. he proved himsef qilh
scvcral good lonrnamcnt pcrlormancesr Manila
1979, nBt (+?:6) ahead oI olAtsssoN: Hasii.Cs
198G1, seond (+6=8 1) after ANDENSoNi
Medina del Campo 1981, a championship ior
players lrom Spanish{peaking courtlics. lirci
(+7=4). Then at the interzonal roumament Toluca
1982 he cane Iirn (+5=7 1) equ.l silh
mRrscH ahead ot spAsso and became a cANDr
DAr.. In thc quarteFfnal he losi to RrBLr.
TORRE ATTACT, 221, aUEN S pawN opBrNc
varialion playcd by C. rcRm at the Marie.bad and
Moscos tournaments 1925.
TOUCH AND MOVE LAW. If a player shose 1um
it is to move iouches a piece or pawn without liBl
wirning his opponenr. e.g. saying r^Do!D., he
may he penalized. Il he louch
of thc same colonr hc must nole or capture the
6Bl piee louched that can be moved or capturcd;
oderwise lhereisnopenalty. Ilherouches a black
and a shile man he nus! caprure one wirh rhe
otbcr, or ilthis is.ol lcealhc nust oove his own
touchedman, orif lhistooisillegalhe mustcapturc
the louched enemy nanr otheNise rhere is no
penalty. A contesranr wishing to 6ake a claim
Dnder rhis las must do so bcforc hc hinsetf h.s
moved. but eren ilhe makes no.laim thc arbiter
Eay choose to enforce the law
On whal happens Nhen a conlestdnl who does
not have the movc louches a man the laws are
silent. In a competition an a.bitercouldtakc action
under ftde 19. (See BEsavrouR.)
'|OURNAMENI. Uoacrn ctrcss tournanenrs
began in the 1844s, and ihe6.stinier.aiionalcvenl
oi this tind, London 1851, wasronby^NDrRssEN.
Thc most important loumaments oi lhe next 40
,ears we.e Vienna 1882 and London 1883, the lirn
won by sErNrz and uN^wEx, lhc sc.ond by
zuKEnroRr. From the 1890s tbere was a steady
erowih in rhc number ofloumaments oI all kinds,
among lhem Hasrings 1895 won by prlrsBuRyi Sl
Petersburg 1895 { (1he first I
MENd, Nnrembergl896, andLondon 18q], all Non
by usGrj and San Sebasiien 1911, Spai.\ frrsi
inrernalional tou.nanenl when c p^BhNc^
gaincd almost overnight fame. The nost nemor
abletournanentbeforetheFimtWorld$arsasSl
Petersbug 1914. Thc sorld's stongesr two
players, Capabtanca and Lasker, raced neck and
neckfor 18 rounds,Laskowinninghyashortbead
while the lhird prize winner Ar-E(uNn s6 fa,
behind. Fo ur gre ai irte rn ation.l Lourname nts were
played ber{een rhe two world Nars (winnen in
brackcrs): Ncw York 1921 (Lasker). Ner York
1927 (Capablanca), Noldnshan 1936 (BowrNNr(
and Capablanca). and AVRO 1938 (!NE and
Botrinnik von the natch tournamcnt ior the
wo d tnle in 1948. Five CAND
followed. After these ceased in l9621he sto.gest
intcrnational tourn.menis were Saata Monica
1966 Gp^ssx!). Moilreal 1979 (r^L and GRrcv).
Tilburg 1979. Bugojno 1980. Tilburg 1980. Mo!
cos 1981-andTurin 1982, all won by Karpo!, and
Tirburs r!8r (n.rYAvsn).
In rhe 1880s a mastcrsould havc bccn fortunatc
to have ihe opponunity ofentering more than one
reasonably nrong tournanenl in a yed. By the
1980s a oaster could choosc io e.tcr many
lournaments ihroughout the year, making thh the
basis ofa prolessionalcareer. For exanple in 1980
aboul 60 iniernarional toumanenb oI caregory ?
or highei sere held. Besides rhese theie are nany
lournaments for which cntry is rcstrictcd to
national players. yourhs, studenis, blind playeB,
or wonen. FIDE have organized the vorld jmior
(under 20) championships from 1951, lirn ar
tso yearty intcrvals and lrom 1973 every year. A
cadcl sorld championship has bccn oreani2cd by
FBnce lrdm 1974 h 1976 znd hv FIDF snhsequenrly.
The ase limit- curenlly i6, has.r rimes
hccn 1? or 18. FIDE also [omotcs severai
chaBpionships lor teams, the most inportant ol
which are the ollmpi.ds. (see CANDTD^TE (2),
Tbe word rounament, which largely lell into
disuse ailer the so called age of chivalry. owes ns
relilalin thecontextof sporlsand gamestonsuse
for chess meetings in the 1840s. srAUNroN\ hook
oiLoJrdon 1851published in 1852is enlitled simply
The