chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

correc{y played game siould cnd in a draN. In a
lcvelposilioD aplaycr might make a mistakegiling
his oppone.t the advanlage or he mighl nake a
corecr nove nainraining the equilibrium. bul he
cannol make a move that gains the advatrtage. He
shoutd nor thercfore commit his forces lo an attack
unlcss lhe equilibrium has already been disturbed
in his favour, and rhis happens only becaue oI an
errormade byhisopponent. Instcad hc sbouldf Bt
inprove his same Gcc axnoNAL ruy) and set
roblems lor his opponent in the hope oI inducing
In lhe 1860s atiacks on the king \tere the order ol
the day. L. paulsEN showcd that these often
sueeeded only hc.ause ofincorrecl delence, that
the artacke. mighibe lored ro rehearin disorder,
perhaps ihereby losing the gam e. (For an cxample
see sRorsylNs.) ln thc l8?0sSteinitz, i.fluenced
byL. Paulsen, rc@gnizingthatopponenterrorwas
a prccondition for viclory, changed his style. Hc
sought posnional objecdles, attacking only {hen
the tine {6 ripe. Followcd by a mere handlnl oI
mastcs i.lhc 1880s he was eventually lollowed bt
them all. The inlerence tb.t liclory dependcd
upon a dislake by the loscr Ras not at 6$t well
receilcd, becausc i t * emed to de n y lhe possibility
of creative play. In facr, lhis subsists both in the
positional and laclicalnan@uvres that precede thc
mist,ke ln is no mean fcat to inducc a master ro
play incorrcclly) and in the snbseque.t play Gee
lFc N'ouE). In many annorarions and in part I oI
nis Malt rn chess l$tructot 11889), Sleinitz makes
.lear thar he undesrood this ncw approach to the
gane,burhc n.vcrposlulaledihetheoryinprecise
te.rnsj a task that lell to bs(ER nany years lafer.
TIIDRIa{TZ-IIERZOG VARIATION, 487 in tbe
rrAls opENrNG, analysed by wilheld Thertatz
(..1850-1925) who edited lhe chesscolumn orthe
Krcfeldet Zeituns kof, l9qatntil hisdeaih, andby
R. Herzog. Analysis by xr:R$ and'uNzl.(R
sug8ests that Whitc's sacriice should lead ro a
ga6e witi abour even chancs.
TEOMAS, GEORGi,\LAN (1881 1972]. ENB
lish player, InlcrnalioDal Master (1950), Inlema
tional Arbircr (1952), Bri6h chanpion l92l and
1934. IIis nother, who taught him chess. was
vinncr ol .ne ol tnc 6Rt {o
Hastings 1895. He played in 6ore than 80
i.nirramenh:nd r.hielcd his bcst rcsult ai
Hastings 193+5 (abou1 catcgory 9). shen he
so.ed +6=1 210 share firsl pnze wnh EwE and
rrolR ahcad of BorvrNNI( and cAPAnIaN.A. lhonas
played in seved Olynpiads lrom l927to 1939,
and tu lhe nrst the hishest percenla8e score w.s
nade by him (+9=6) and the Dane Holgcr
Norma.-Hansen (1899 ) (+ll=2 2). A lcading
English phyer Ior morc than 25 yeas,Thomas
louAhr manybatllcs atthe lanous Cn, ol London
club, winning l6of lhe annuaichampionshipslrom
1913-14 to 1938 9. In his sixty ni h y.ar hc gavc
up conpetnive chess whcn. aftcr a hard gane,'the
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHESS 351
board and men began to s*in betore ny eyes. He
@ntinucd his active inloest in ju.ior events and
his visits. now as a speciaior, to chess evenls.
A tuan ot lew words, imperturbable, of 6ne
nanies, Sn George Thomas sa respecred
throughont the chess world lor his spo.tsmanship
a.d impartiality, and his opinion was often sought
wbetr disputes arose berween players. The inheri
1or of both a baronctcy and private mcans, hc
devoted his lile to games a.d sporls. Besides his
ches he was a ken hockey player, a onpelitor in
inremalional lau rennis Geaching the last eighl a1
winbledon on one oc6ion), andwinnerofabDut
90 badminton litles, norably rhe An-England
me. s si.gles championship which he won tbur
times [r.m lg20 t. 1923
THOROLD VARIAIION,621, auack in the
ALLC^rER cNsr r suggesred by R. B. woinald and
practised by lhe English player Ednund l horold
(1832 99) in the 1870s
'fEREAl, a move that qeates thepo$ibility ot.n
advantageous aplde or maicuvre. rhe word is
customarily uscd only lor moves lhal have an ove
iacti.al purFse, bnt there is a se.se in which mosi
good moves eiihermake or delend against threals.
Alter I d4 d5 2 c4, for exinple, White threalens
ro sain space bycapturinson d5itnc conti.ualion
2 . . . c6 3 Nc3 lcavcs Black in no immediale
danger; White slhndnove,however,inqeasesbis
pressure on the central squ.res, threarening in .
general waylo gai. spacc, and Blackcannol ignorc
this eotnely. Mo$ th.eats are aclile, i.e. they are
onemed wirh captnring narenal. rhe gain oI
space or 1ine, or rhe gain olsomc othcr positional
advantagc. Occasionally a threat is passive. as
vhen a player would profii by Nithdrawine an
artacked nan. (For an elanple see DoUBLE
Problemisls use this sord only lor a rhrcat that
aho mccts thc srrpurAroNs. For examplc, in a
rvo-Movrk that is not a slo.( problen Wbile s key
makes a threat tom.te on hn dextno!e. Nenber.
'threat' lo gain ratcrial nor a \hrcat' to male in
rwo moves instead ofone would be a threat in this
THREAT PROBLEM, ! prohlcm in which lhe xry
makes a threat (in rhe p.oblem sense) as dhtincr
lrom a key that maintains or sers up a BLo.k.
TIIREE-DIMENSIONAL CHi,sS, or space chess.
rn unorthodox game. AUegedly KESrRIrzxv
showed snch a game to ANDTRSSEN al L,ndon in
1851. but no detaih arc known and it may hrve
been nerely a ganc played on the six surlaces oI a
cuhc. lhc man $ho did mostwork on thc subted
was Ferdinand M.ick (lli6l-1930) ol Germany.
He proposed using cieht 8 : 8 boards one above
anorher (512 cclh) aDd orthodor pieces whosc
novcs, howclcr. sere extended to thrcc dimcnlions.
ThearrayBas the s.oeasin orthodox chess,