chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

SCOTCH GAME 3l]I
inte.est in dank openines lor Whitei but more
sielincant and equally pemanenl Nas tbe inlro
ducionolnanynewdeiences forBlack. Nolodger
was it bcliclcd rhar afly reply ro 1 e4 other than I
. . . e5 oranyreplyto 1 d4orherlhan 1 . . d5was
The cenrre oi world chess noved to the Sovier
Union in rhe 19.10s. An carlyde,elopmenlNas the
cmphash pla.ed on mobility. Tarrasch had
believed lhat a player who bad Ereater nobilitl
could playsrhar hispawn we.knesset sould not
c.ne under fire and this idca was rcstatedr a
wcakncss h noiaseaknessilitcannotbe atlacked.
On this view some new opening variadons were
introduced ln the BoLEsLAlsu vARrAroN oI the
sicilian Defence )llack lcales a hole on d5.In the
DorEshls and BRoN
srtrN pioneered a nove ior Black (... c6) lhal
'weateni tbe squ.re d6bul reviralizes rhe dcicnccl
Black relains mobilly for his paNns across the
board. an impressive vindicaiion of Pbilidor\
ideas. (see WEANE$.) These and nlny otber
innovations pere designed to offer Bia.kcountcF
plar, but nol sirhout slighl risk. (For the same
reason and with omparable risk Tarrasch had
adlocatedand played the rARRAscn DErtrNcE to the
ouE.N's {;AMBrr.) ,{ playcr with a different style,
sMrsro!, introduced rhe sMrslo! v^{arro! (193)
oIrbe G nield Delence- a line otplay thar would
nol hare been out ofplace in rhc rcpcrtoirc ol a
hypcrmodcrn player. cRpov. sodd champion
fron 1975. plays in a style nor unlike lhal oI
Capablanca, whose play acording 10 I-aslier was
the highesl development of Steinilz\ ideas. (oRcHo.
the other hand. has been compared to
"_or,
Sovier playes hale nadc ereat contri6utions to
the game. Like othe. playeBollhe line lhey have
b u ill on the vork oI their predecessors, borosing
ideas lrom nany sources. Tlev believe they hale a
nalional\chool'basedonthcgamesandlcachings
ol Chigodn, bul the time lor schools has passed.
The manner in {hich a maslerplays depends less
uponNhcre he livesrhan upon his individual styl..
SCHULZE.M[]LLER GAMBIT. 529, tbE IUSE
SCIIWARTZ DEFENCE,28, a dubious vanadon
in the ouEEN S cAMBrr Acc!reD that sas published
in Le Palanade,1842. and nn ribnled ro wilhelB
Schwartz (18r6-1912) or Livonia.
SCIIWAIZ. ADOLF (1836 1910), Hungananbom
playe. who settled at vien.a in 1812,
merchani. He Nas active id tournament play for
about ren yeaE iron 1873, and achieved bis besl
resdl ar Wiesbaden lS80whenhesbarednsrprizc
with BT.ACGURNE and ENclrscs. In match play
Schwarz deleated MrNc(w, in l87s (+3=4 2),
wNAwER in 18t0 (+3-1), and Arbin id 1897
(+2:1-l) Hc played at Graz 1880 Nben his
nephcN Jacqnes Schpaz (..185G1921) aho competed,
and rhe onl)r Bane
J acques Non was againn
his uncle, who shared 6rst pnze {nh MrN.kurz
SCORE OF GAME. a record of tbe moves of a
gane. Article 13 olthe FIDE rules requnes cach
phyer to keep a record otthe moves as t[e Sane
proceeds Thn requncment may be *aired ior a
playerin limclrouble prolidinB he keepsa noteol
rhe number of moves Played, but meanvhile he
loscs hh rigbi to ctair a draw by iEPErrrror oF
p.srrr.N .r under thc rFry-MolELAw- aid as soon
as the rimc-control is reacbed he must make good
his score. FIDE recognizes only STaNDARD Nora
rroN. bul its use is nol mandatory.
SCORE SHOEI, a lorm. usuallyprinted. onNhicb
thc moves oi a Bame have been or na! bc
.ecorded. (see p. 302.)
SCORING, A playei usually s.ores I lor a win, I
for a drar and 0 lor a los. Modern comPetnile
play began in the carlt years of the 191h century
vhen draNs were cuslomarily iAnored A match
{ould be won by the Player who li6l scored an
agreednunberof qinsorshoscoredthe mostwins
$ben a set number oI games was played. Wirh rhe
advenr oI ArL-pLAy-^rL toutuaBenls draws
became oI more conseqlence. At the Lo.don
internation.l tournanent ol 1862 drasn ganes
{ere annullcd and ihe contesranrs were required to
play another game. Sinillriuleswerc uscdinsome
other tournamenrs that lollo$ed, but gndually
fashion changed and draws were counted.s halfr
poinl Drawn eames remained udpopular witn the
chess public and at rhe end of thc ceniury a fe}
sconng synens were deviscd 10 d is cou rage dra*.
At laris 1900. lor exampte. a dr.w counted as a
quarter oI a poinr lor each Player and a sc.ond
gane sas played to determine thc allocation ol a
lunher half point. The fashion lor such devices
soon passcd. Draws aparti crnics have regarded
thc basic scoring system as too crude and many
AUxrLt^Rt scoRNc MErtsoDs havc been devised lo
meer a variery ol needs.
SCOTCT( CHESS. see p*@REssrvr crEss.
SCOTCH IOUR I(NIGIITS CAME, 463, 523,
combination of the sorcB GAME and the rouR
SCOTCII GAMBIT, 512, the most-playcd variaiion
oi the scorcs GAME duri.g irs heyday. The
Gambit may have been discovered before the
Game: around 1590 polE{o reconmendcd a 'neN
openingin order to vary the game occasionally r I
e,l e5 2 d4 exd4 3 B.4 Nc6 4 NB.
scoTcEGAME,509. Noted briefly by DEL Rro i.
1750. this opening was taten up by.ocdtuNt who
reconnended nsuse by rhc London Chess Club in