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anorhei 16 games and back g.nes in iurther<br />
dcmonstraiion ol his ideas.<br />
For 90 rears Philidor was both widely praised<br />
and largely misunderslood Hn eas hore liuit iD<br />
rhe Enelish school ol the 1840s. an advance soon<br />
forgotren. Afier a iurrher lapsc of time qMzo<br />
wtr .H could Nrite in his famous book ,'tlcm 5:I5r.,i<br />
{1925): ln $e llsr rcsort position pla! is nothitrC<br />
o$ei than a liebt be[veen nobility (of the<br />
pasLma$) on rhe one side and cffortslo renrain<br />
thh on rhe other. . . . In thc case oI a nobiie<br />
paNn-mass we musl thcrelo.e lool Ior collectile<br />
and not individual mobilil-v.' Since thcn Philidor<br />
has in.reasingly gained re.oenition as the ftsl ol<br />
drc lathers ol moder. ches nraleg!.<br />
<strong>The</strong> ideas otthh school arecontained in lhe Boiks<br />
oidel Rio, L0LLI, and PoNTrANr. all otwhom livcd<br />
in Modena.In 1750dcl Rio pubhhed a tcxtbook.<br />
H.rkrnE bad. L. rh! pla! ul lhe lirlian mareA ol<br />
he r,lvred his reaLler\ ro olr\ in<br />
what hc suppo;i ro be rhcold Italian sryle- ana<strong>to</strong><br />
open the gade wirh lhe u^LIAN oP.NrN{;. ID 1763<br />
the openinp variations ollhis book and sone ne$<br />
lincs added <strong>by</strong> del Rio *crc pubiished blr l-olli,<br />
wbo added a connentary. Meanwhiie del Rio had<br />
read Philidor-s book. Convinced that ?bilidor's<br />
ideas scrc wrong, incensed that Philidor had<br />
ignored lhe Italian Olening. del Rio sroic a<br />
chapterioi Lolli\ book (pp.365 7) ii criticnnr oI<br />
Philidor. ln dclail some oihn commcntssdeNsl.<br />
in aNidcr scnseirrelelant Dcl RioNas nnnltsing<br />
oDc.ing play while Philidor was concerned {ith<br />
strategy lor shich his lictnioos games were well<br />
In lhe samc chaplerdel Rio giles hh vesion oI<br />
thc principles of lhe Mode.csc scbool: a Phyei<br />
should develop his picccs,lczrnB oul the tust, ot<br />
that whi.h i! eatil untle^<strong>to</strong>o.l, ar les ih<strong>to</strong>tuatt<br />
(<strong>The</strong> iialics are ou6.) Thus he dismises rhe rwo<br />
c€ntral ideas ol<strong>chess</strong> srralegy: conlrol of the cenlr e<br />
and concern lor tne pawn lormation.<br />
ln 1769 Ponziani wrole his trealisc. In lhe<br />
revised le6ion (1782) he rcmarks lhal allhough<br />
Phil or overstared thc realm ol lhe pnNn his<br />
niddle game annotations were thoseolapcFpicacious<br />
and cDlightened pl.!er. <strong>The</strong> Modcnese idea<br />
ol fast developmenr tbllo{rd b, atrack is the besl<br />
for theopeneamei some posilions aie $rilablcfor<br />
pasn playi thc anns ol elther school mighi be<br />
appropriatc according lo ciicumstance. Ponziani<br />
has evidently noved some way fo$ard lron fie<br />
doeEadc position raken up <strong>by</strong> del Rio<br />
Phying fo. dned artack on the cncmy knrg as<br />
xdvo.ated hv rhe M.denesc schooldominated lhe<br />
game until lie 184th and strongly innuenced che$<br />
playingunil the end ofrhe 1860s. Tlis sd thc aec<br />
of dircct artack. a pbase in rhe dcvelopmenl oI<br />
<strong>chess</strong>strategy thar was both nainraland necessar!.<br />
During rhis period much was leatut aboul how slch<br />
atta.ks slrould be conduded and also ho$ they<br />
should be prelenred or repuhcd.<br />
scHool_s oF cHEss 29,<br />
Ahcady in the early 1840s books b! rAEMscn a.d<br />
von der LASA scrc revealing a lcw Fositional<br />
Gharcgic) ideas thal inliciFlcd the school ol<br />
srErNIzr but the $rtling changes dade <strong>by</strong> drc<br />
Englnh school look a different Patn lhe school<br />
was tulndcd <strong>by</strong>srruNroNin the l8,10sand gained<br />
oanylollowers on accou.t of hh Practicil succe*<br />
scs. Plav in tbe early stapes Nas not dircclcd at the<br />
enem) [rng lhc g]oun! ,,\ r. hc FrepareJ. lhe<br />
!Jnrnentccntrr .unrtul Jndkcypoin6sarrohL<br />
;oughi, and sunai.ed atlacks lotlowed only alter<br />
some strategic adlantage had been obtained To<br />
rhis end Staun<strong>to</strong>n pioneered tne use ol FLAN(<br />
op.NrN(;s, the FrANcsEno. and the sMAr.L..MRL.<br />
Hc aho invenledlh.srAU^_roN sYsrrM inrvhich the<br />
pie.es were dcvcloped behind the Fawns ro<br />
\uppn Lhcir larer d!\1nLc sr.unronn+erqr.rc<br />
!l;ur rhese r!er\ 'nd<br />
it .an lnLr be cotr cctureJ<br />
shence tbet sprang. Dislrunlul of all auihonty<br />
e\.epr hr(.w ,. stauntln mc) sc I ha\e re e(red<br />
rhe \res5.r.ontemourar\ uriLcFr JnLl pcrhip\ h.<br />
nourhhed his inasination not <strong>by</strong> reading badly<br />
edired !esions ol Philidor's boots but f ronr a sludy<br />
ewrll- and on occasion<br />
ANDERSSTN and H^RRwrz wer. among his lollow<br />
esi bur aier Staunron had tracticaliyretired irom<br />
se ous pla! (1851) the ideas ol his school were<br />
soon lorgoltcn. <strong>The</strong> age ofaltick had yetlo runits<br />
Arou.d l86d L. pnuLsEN, a pioneer ol delensile<br />
play, came lo betieve that manj/ oflhe king\ sidc<br />
attacks ol his timc sould nol hale sn.cccded had<br />
lhe delc.dcr played correcllli and it *as lhe<br />
dcrclopment oldeiensive lechniqne tbal, in time,<br />
ended the so called romanlic age oidirecr altack.<br />
A nerv lheory olthc ganedeveloPed, thal aplayer<br />
should not commence a sustained atiack unless he<br />
had Ircviously oblained an adtanlage olsome kind<br />
that would iunity such an atlack.<br />
When Stei.ilz came lo undersrand thn bc was<br />
fu.cd iriih Dew probleds: lhc nced <strong>to</strong> dele<strong>to</strong>P<br />
delcDsive techn&ue ,nd hos 'sone kind oi<br />
advanrage'nishl be pained. He retectcd the<br />
.ufent vics thai attack was morc -honourable'<br />
thaD defeDce. a view rhat h<strong>amp</strong>ered sone oI hn<br />
conrenpo.lriesqho gave lirtleihoughr <strong>to</strong> theliiol<br />
deience Hc dcveloped his accumulation rheoryi<br />
rhc gathernrg olsmall adv.ntagcs <strong>to</strong> be f olloNed <strong>by</strong><br />
an invasion oI eneny lerirory onlt when a<br />
$Ificienr ovcrall advantage has been galncd. <strong>The</strong><br />
hinds oI advantaSe Steinie sought were already<br />
knoivD: weatnesses ol various kinds in the pasn<br />
fornalion. the .xDloilation oI boles lnd adlance<br />
points, thc bctlerplacenenl ol pi..cs. and so on.<br />
Hc spccialized in Ihe exploitalion olaauEEN'sSIDE<br />
M^ioRNwhenborh kings are castled on lhekin8\<br />
side, and, promplcd <strong>by</strong> L. Paulsen. he dev.lopcd<br />
dnd refi .cdthc appropriate techniquefor handting
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