chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

280 RETRACIOR
rhe chinged posnion lorward moves (indicared bt
a plus sig.) rrc playcd. lhc sidc that rclracts thc
lasl sinele move (usually While) bcgins thc foNard
play The earliest relraclor invohing RErkoGe{Dt
ANALysrs Nas b! the English conposer Fra.cis
Chancs Collitrs (llj43-!8). In aturs P.arl-r,
1881. he pubhhed the lollowiDg posiiion (givcn i.
rosv'd \oh1'o!) 4N3/P4plpPB5k/PB:lKR?/
1N,II1]8,'PPP,IQ/R7. Wbne n 1o retract his lasl
dore and !i!e checkn.te instead His lasr nove
must harc b.ci a capturc (or Bla.k Nould havc
hccn in xLrRo'srllLnart) and il mun have beena
capture ofa paln on g5 (Blackssevenpiecesaad
bis pnw.s east ol rhe lli!e qere capluiednreviously
hy thrcc Nhilc raw.s oow on thc a.61e.) As Black
has madc no captures hh lasl nove must have been
Pg7 95. White retracts Rg8rg5 add plays hxg5ep
nale. Al rhe e.d ol rhe l9rh .entury uarRD
conposcd mant rctracton ola knrdthatcould be
callcd help{elractoB: either in the relracled
movesorin tbe lor*ardplayorinbolh Blackbelps
Whne ro lulril rhe nipulations Inleresi in thcs.
Composeb preferred rlefensive relracloF in
qhich Black (pcrso.ilicd) sould, il it w$c po$
sible. preve.l White f.om lrliuinS lhe slipnia'
lions. Two kinds oldelensive relraclor naned after
thc Romanian comFser z Proca (b. 1903) and
the Dadish composcr Umro Niek Hoeg (187G
i951) respectively were oiginated in the 1920s.
Sereral moles may be refacted bul only o.e
Iorward oore is played. so thal the emphasn is
.cntrcd o. thc rciraction play, $hich oftcn i.-
volves retrograde analysn. In lhe Proca relractu
the side reracti.g a move d.cides which n!n, ir
any, has bcen uncaptured bythat movc.ln a Hdeg
retractor, hosever. shen one side makes a
relraclion tbe olher side chooses wbich man, ilany.
may hale been uncaplured- a less narural butrore
{2,
%.affi
%
Aretractorby (oRol(ov. r?c,r.r,./r, 1963 As i.
lhe preliols examnlc Blacks rctactions arc
lbrccd but alicr Whitei 6rn retracied move 1
Ke1 hl Black has three choices: ifhe adds ablack
knight al hl and ierracrs I ND hl+ whlt.
rerracis 2 0 l), and plays lhc foNard morc I Rh8
m.tc:if Bla.krctrach l . Nb6 c8+ Whiteadds
ashitequeenat.S,retra.tszOcS cS,andplaysl
Ql8nalerif Blackrefacrs l . Bb! a7+ whire
.dds a whire knighr ar a7. rclra.rs 2 Rc7-1,. and
RE1ROGRADE ANALYSIS. .r relro anallsis,
discovery of the play that would icad to a gilen
position- . subjecr ol interesr to composeN.'lhc
objcct frav bc r. discover wheLher a posiiion is
LEC^L. whose tur. ii is l. tlay. thc l.st mo\e or
moves thal have been plated Gee L{sr KrvE
PRourFM), sherhei ce ain noles can be retra.ted
G* RErRA.aoR). Nhcth* .asdnrg is illegnl- or
rvhelher the last move lo have been playcd pcrmih
an EN PASSANrcaPlure. So called problems with.,
pdrMn. kcys, but la.king retio analylical proot.
Nere conslructcd in thc l840sl thcsc rr. puzzlEs,
not probleBs. In the 1850s a fer simtlc rctrognalttical
problens {ere composed, bnt rhere Nas
littl. ad!.ncc until roro 6ade his Sourenn
problem in 1894. It xas lh. rc-public.ti.n oi Lhis
problem. inD.,8.n€S./,d.rz.nutr!, 1907. that Lcd
to an exte.sivc dcvelopmenr ot the art oI rerro
grade anall5n. notably by DAwsoN, the Danish
composer Unro Niels H{,cg (18?6-1951), the
German conposer Wolfgang Ilu.dsdorfcr (1879-
1951). and rRolrzni subsequently.tRl^Nr. BLr.
and prA(srN b.cam. exterh in this lield.
+ 4 +l Prd€
A rerador bl lhe SNednh composcr Custav Nih
ln.$on, ErtiLr,z drrircn. 1939. While beeins
the reira.tions. I cxbsep Pb7 b5 2 Rb6 a6
Pb,l b3 3 Keri e? 0-0-0 4 exNlE=B. and in lhe
.ha.gcd posiriod (r3kn2/pppNPlpl/lRp1KP2/
2PlP3/lpP5/24) while plays exf8-O mate. AII
Black s retraclions wcrc iorced upon hin.