chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

18 ATKINSON VARIATION
N.4 7Bxc7Qxe? 3Nxe4dxe4 9Nd2f5 10Be2G0 ll
(r0e5 12d5Rl6 Ba3ral6 14s3Os5 15Ob3Rh3 16
Ks2 Qh6 1? Rh1 Nl6 13 Oc2 Bd7 l9 Kgl f4 20 cxf4
cxta 2r Nxea Nka 2 QIea
,.?&AW rur
into @mmon usage !o denole a coward or
AUSTRIAN ArTAClq 6?9, one ol the 6osr
PoPular v.riadom lor White vhen he plays againsl
the FRC-RoBAECE sysEM. Known since the gane
Tarrasch-Charouek, Nurembers 1896, this iine
was developed by the Vienrese playes Ha.s
Mnler (189G1971) and DncrcrEN.
AUSTRTAN ITEFENCE. 34. in rhe ouEN's cAMBn
Declined, $nelines called the Symmelrical De-
{eoe. Slenming frcm sAlvro, it was studied by the
Aust.ians Haberditz, E.trst cRtNrErD, and Hans
Mnller (189G1971).
22...Re3 23OBfigl 2,lt\s3Ob6+ 25c5 Ox.s+ 26
QD Ord5 27RdlQc6 23BBBC6 29 Bxc6 Qrc6 30
Rrr ad7 3r Qia7b6 r2Qb7Rh6 IOaRfrt 34Ob3+
Kn3 35R 6 gxf6 36OAOd2 White rcsisD.
AI(INSON VARTATION, 309, interesting b!1
usoutrd line played by Walre. Alkitr$n 086G
1939) oi Hull; ii was abandoded afier one
appeara.@ in naster play (Vergani Blackbume,
ATTACK, (1) an active threat. Its propo.tion may
ranAe f.om a sinAle move to a sustained assa t on
the o.emy ti,goro. sme other targel laling lor
mosl of the gane. Artacks of short dualion arc
usually c.Iled curs and they Gor ireque.tly in
all games. Altacks of longer duration, ofien
localized o. a dank or i. the cenlr€, a.e not
neessanly taclical throughout. A player may
pause 10 safeguard some pan oI his positiotr, io
prevont@urteratt.cta and there are $me artacks,
e.g. the MNow AflacR, which may be carricd ont
by means of seemitrgly quiet tutrenvres.
AITACT, (2) a term for an openi.a varia(on
idtiated by white. (compare DEFENcE (2).)
ArwOOD, GEORGE 074G1807), dislinguished
English nathematician whose pupil William Pitt
rhe YounSe. rewarded hin with lhe post of Patcnt
Searcher ofthe Customs- He played nany games
with PEiL'@R, including th€ ldt lhal the French
man played, aDd .emrded lhe moles of maf,y
Sames by Philidor and orher players ai a time when
this {6 nol otheNie done: these manusdipl
sores eve.tMlly reached Georgc wALGRi who
published lheE. Arsood also ptayed agai.sl
vERDoNr in 17%. ln siene he is renenbered for
th€ Atwood apparatu, which demonstrates certain
characte.isliB of lhe las of grality.
AUEIN. a middlc-English rerm lor rhe bishop\
aocestor. the ^LFrL
or PiL. a 2.2. (V8) LEApFB.
Becaus contemporary players were ofietr catrghl
ont by the lcap of this weak piece the 1em passed
AUTOMATON, a machine that appeaa lo Play
che$. The ongi.al and most laoous, the ruix.
u.veiled in 1769, rd also lhc li.st great cabinei
illusion and theretoro of importmce to the history
ofnagic, As with ils sucesoB, the nosr tanous
being {EEB and MEpHsrc, the exhibitor demonn
r.ated thal no one could be @n.ealed inside the
human looking tgu.o. After being clo*d trp th€
nachin. mored the chesnetr *hen it Played
membes ol lhe Public.
The only genuine che$ playing machinc made
before the eleclronic agc, 6rst shown al the end ol
the l9th entury and still in porking order, is
hoNed tu ihe Polytehnic Museum in Madrid.
Much ot rhe worl of its invcntor L.onardo Torrcs y
Ouevedo (1852-1936) w6 subsidized by the Spanish
Cove.nnent. (His di.i6b1e, lhe Astra Tores,
was used by France durinstne Fist World War.)
His ciess playing machine is reslricled to ihe
endgame kirg atrd rook vesus ldng, nor becaue
the Spanish word for rook is tone. but becaue
eracl rules for the winning proccdure are tnown.
The machine always takes White and is switched o.
when Black moves his king. Tbe best move is
calolated by a pemanent progran and the
machine phlsiely noles a pie@ before switchi.g
off. Larer Tores added a sond lrack which said
' o quhrc juEat tui!, t desprc.,,'(I don t wish ro
play turtier, I scom you) iI an opponenr made an
ilegal nole for the third limc . ioque al rcr' N\e.
giving check, and 'aare' at the end. The nachi.e
rhe. ptrts the pieces on rhen srarting squares and
verbaly offeb to play again,
Bradloy Ewarr. Ches: Man vs. Machine (San
Diego, 1980).
AtIw. se
^r
r rMw^Nn, 'N.;
AUXILIARY SCORING METEODS, wa'B of
deciding toumanent placinSs other lhan by means
oI the nomal s@rins (wjns 1, draws 1,losses 0) and
commo.ly known as tie-breaki.g methods frcm
thei. nore rece.t usage. Originally they were
intended to supplanl the notual sore tor aI
pumoses. The basic principle is that wins aeainsl
high{corers should be valued ahove wins agai,sl
back na.kers. (Few thought that loses might have
a sinilar hierarchy.) The fr6i dctrmented pro-