chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

2]6 MODENA
MODENA, an ltalian tow. near Botogna. It was
long ruled by lhe Este lamily sho built up a linc
library and encouraged ches. In rhe 18th century
and PoNzrAN' liled there. (see
MODERN BENONI, 135. onc of tnc mosl popular
vdialions of those that have lhe charaderistiG of
the lNoNr DEENCE, 20. Black usually mntinues by
nanchetloing his dark bishop. (See B6so6 or
oPPosnE cor.ouR; cnnoRcnr!; NUNNi rcsrroNAl
sa.Rro.Ei$voNi suflN.)
rn. Whatcver benefils moralides brought to the
public,theybroughttwoinparticulartochess: they
helped to make the game more widely ldoan and
lhey onlribnied to lhe breakdown of c@lesialical
prejudice againsl the gaoe. On the olher hand
moralities werc sometimcs inaccurate aboul the
nethod oI play, being more concerned with
making rhe pieces displa y I he required qua lity. and
nctions laler reAaided as hisbrical lact were
created. For cxamplc, Cessolc save each pawn a
dilfereni name. which led to the fahe belief thal
pa{ns.r lhal tide *ere separalely idenlified.
MODERN DETENCE, 67, the RolArscs DE
FENCE. or an alternative name lor th€ piR.-
MODERN PAULSEN, 272, a variation of lhe
srcrlrAN DEFENCE developed by rdr rcER in lhe
1920s, oilen characterned by the developnent oi
MODERN VARIATION. 299 in the .ARG(ANN
DEENCEI 583 in lhe eNc',s cAMBr Accepted. The
MOLLER ArTACx, 485, standard line in the
IIAN oPrNtNc malyFd by lhe Danish playcr
Jdrsen Moller (1873 1944) in Tidssknl fijt skak,
1898. Blact is prevented fro6 playing . . .
Pd7-d5. a move that oficn lrecs nis game in rhis
MOLLER DEFENCE, 369 in the spANrsH opENrNG,
an old line revived by Moler, whose analysis was
publishcd in L&stnrlair r*at, 1903.
MONIICELLI, MARIO (1902- ), ftalian
player,International M61er (1950), *in.er ol the
nadonal chanpionship in 1930,1934. md 1939. He
sas a regular conpetitor in ionr.amcnts in the
1920s and 1930s, his besr pedoma.ce beine at
Budapest 1926wncn ne tied silh CRiNELD for 6.st
prne ahead oI xlDrNsBN and RaT Monticelli
played in five Olyhpi.ds lron 192? to 1935. A
journalisl, for some lime head oi rhe foreign
depitment at coti.ru dello Setu md corespondent
of the Inbrnational News Scrui.e. he contn
buted articles abour chess and other subjccts ro
MONTTCELLI TRAP, 163, a rrap in the Bocol
rlrow DETIN.E thal may ale occur by lransposition
trom the cedl^Nc vM11or oI ihe ouEEN's
rNDraN o.F.NcE. 10 Ns5 threatens nare and atter
10. . . Qxg5 11 BxbT Whilc wins the excha.ge.
The STEMGAME is Monticelli Prokei. Budapest
't926_
MORALITIES, ALcGous witL an uplifting me$
sage. TIe mosl imporianl of these is by cssolEi
see als cBh RoMANoRUM and NNo.EM M.nAr
MORE-MOVER. a DrRE.r MAE FRoBLEM in wnicn
While is to play 68r and to gire mate in a speiied
nunber ol noles greater than three.
MORPIIY, PAUL CHARLES (1837 84), Amer
icanplayerwno defeatedthree of Elrope\ leading
masleB in 1858 and then rctned lrom lhe game.
BominNewOrle.nsoiCreolede$ent,Morphyde'
veloped exceplional talent at an early age. His fam
ily indulged him and from the aee of 8 he played
buddreds oI ganes againsr the best players of New
Orleans. At 13 he 6uld b€at them aU. a.d was
alreadyone olthe best playersin lhe USA. For a
lime he appliedl mself lohissludies, receivi.gtbc
degree ofLL B in 1857. Later lhal year he wona
national roumament at New York. He Nent 10
Europe in 1858 and slartled the chess world by
beatins LdwlrlrrBl (+9=2 3), RRwrrz
(+5:1-2). aad ANDnnssEN (+7=2 2) within the
space of sii months, proving to hinsell and his
contemPoraries lhar he was the best player in the
world. Hc returned lo the USA, and for a year
More a chess column in thc Ne|| totk Ledg*, tat
,hich he received $3,ffn. He was assisted by
anolher player who along vith the editor lound
Morphy incorrigibly lazy. He seemed incapable
'of rork a.d did notbing for the resl of his life
elcept nake two ahortive attempts to set up a law
pradice. His unPopular decision noi to side wilh
the Confcderacy .turing the Civil War, ihe shattered
eonomy of lbc South, and, nol least. his
wealoess of cbaracter made failure a certainly.
Inoeasingly withdrasn from society. he suffered
in his last years Irom delusions ofpeEeculion. Hc
was looked after by his n ot her and younger sister
uniil he died oI a stroke vhile laking a ba1h.
Mo.phy did not give up chess becau$ ot
di*ncha.tmcnt with the @nduct ot sone European
Playen, as is olte. snpposed; hefor he wenr
abroad he had decided to give up the gano upon his
return. He shared nis fanilyh belietthatchess was
no 6r ocopation fo. a grown man. but he was nor
capable ol doing anytnine else. His addiction 10
che$ is attested by the nunerous games he ptayed
and by the 'chess rcrea (his own phrase) that
assailed hin iron iime to lime. Hc kept in tou.h
with ches alfais dunry his long retnemenl. He
visitod Palis in 1863 and 1867 where he played
pnvarely ad met (or-rscE. pEmorF, and other