chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

€ndgme,havebecomcstandardized. (See LUCENA
MANSFIELD, COMTNS (189G1984), English
No Mowr @mposcr widely regarded in his time as
the greatost in this 6eld. Dnring tn. life of the
Mcl-us(1913-24) he
was one of the pioneeB sho gare rcw lile to lhe
two-nover. Tbe ideas then introdued have since
beode lraditional, andM sEeld has adhered to
them, contin ng to gatu su@esses although not
alwals following the latesl tend. I. 1942 he wrote
Adventules in Cohposnion. an eicellenl Suide to
the art of compGing. In 1957 he was awardcd the
tideollnternational JudgeolChessCompositions:
in 1963 he acepted and held fo. eight ye.rs the
presidency ol the rrDE Connission lor Chess
Comp6irionsa in 1972 he sas one oftt.66t four
tohe awarded the litle oflnlematio.al Grandnas
ter lor chess Compositio.s. (see ,AvA BEMEi
A. c- wnie, A Geni6 oJ the Two-movt (1936)
@nlaiN 113 problems hy Mans6eldi B. P. Bames,
Coniat Mastletd MBE: ches Prcbkns oJ d
Gra"dudrel (1976) conlains 200 problems.
MANSLtsA (pl. -ar.rrbd4, an Arab tern ior a
chess position usually conposed and nor fron tne
opening pba* lhal issel forinstruction (its prinary
purpose) o. solyi.s. ConPosing, at its besi in the
loth centtrry, @niinued until the l8lh century i.
thow parts ol lhe world shere the old game was
played and not unlil then 6uld others mat.h the
Arab\ skill at probled conslrnctio. and e.dgade
H I R MnxnAy examined about 1.600 hd-
.116rl from numerous Arabic and PeBian ma.uscriprs
dating lrom I140 to 1795. dd he identided
553 distindly different positions which he pub
hhed in his llir,orl o/ Clers (i913). He believcd
tharat least 200 were compced belore aD 1000.In
modern te.ms hh colleciion onsists ofabout 241
e same s or studies. 246 problens , and. probably
alater delelopnent, 66 @ndilional problcms. Tnc
studcnt or olver is told the result io be expected
(win o. draw) but he is not requned to achieve this
in a sel nunbei ot moves. The laws are those oI
ssAeNr. The positions may contai. oBrRUsrvE
p,ncEs (F,RziNs) and, in the case oI problems,
illegal paw. lo.narions, bnr the E-[s are al*ays
pla@d on squares rhey @uld have reached in a
gane. T1'e roots were thc onty line-pieces and
most of ihe line-themes oI the nodern prohlem
could not be shown. All but about 24 ol the
problems have solutions conshting entneh oI
chc.ks and in more lhan halfoilhe problems the
defending side threatens instant nare. Both these
characteristics were devhed to avoid c@rc. Extra
mcn are Dftcn addcd to nake a gamelike positio.
and feB p.oblens show reaso.able lcoNoMY oI
rorce. MGI problems are MoRE MoERs (nedian
length six moves, aleraee scvcn). (Nc truNrs
MANS,BA 2OI
lastingm.nynovesNerepopnlar.Theweaknessof
ihe firan .nd lil suitcd this tind ot problen: held
by the defeflder lhese piees could &t as sEuslocc
and yet Dot inrerfere with the cha*i hetd by
the aua.ker they @uld euard FrcHrs atrd y€t l.ck
rhe strength 10 support allemalive slutions. The
ArabsapprciaiedsA.EEcE,especiallyintheearly
stage ol lhe soluiiod, and mating the ki.e on the
nosr inprobable squar. or with the weakest Piece,
the frI. About 100 problems end witn PUR6 MEs
and morc than hall of &ese are MoDEL MArB. In
the diag.mstheduan (F)wiicbcanbemovedo.e
square diaEonally is shown 6 a queen, atrd the lil
(A) a 2,2, (V8) leaper is shown as a bishop. (scc
%ruw
wwffi
A sludy given by as sali showing how a potential
cor.ouR wsKNEss mav be avoidcd.l s4AIa 296
Ah6 3 g5 Al8 4 g7 and a whne pa*n will cartu.e
Black's lil and bc promoted to a dark lizrnondS,
t8, oi h8 afte. which Black will win byB rEKNG.
Ther€ are two tnes: I gxl41 Axf4 and I 8xh6? fxg3,
shen Whne would nol gain sumcient.ontrol otthe
dark squares to force the exchange of the dark
Iiizan or firzans thal Blact could oblain by
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s"a% u w
A study lrom a manusnpt dated 157. A knight
and lirzen usnatly draw against a knighl but here
Whne can lorce an exchange andwinbybarekin8:
I Kc7 Na6+ 2 (b? Kb5 3 Na3+ Ka5 4 Nc4+
rb5 5Nd6+ Ka5 6FdNcs+ ?Kc6Nc6 8
Nb7+ Ka4 9 Nc5+.