chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

playc$ from Riga, in particular by Katl Behting
(1867 1943) whose analysis appcared in Sl Pd.B'
burser Zeitun*, 1q)9. ^nd
b\ Franz Apscheneek
(1891-1941) who played it frequently.
LAWS, or laws olchess. lntcrnalionally accepled
lass, now dras. up by rhe FIDE Pernanent
Cloonnsion tor Rnlcs ol PIay, consist oI rwelve
Art. 1 states lhat lhe Aame is played between two
opposing sides using coEssMrN on a chess board.
Arts 2,3, and,l define lhe BoAm and ik cotrcct
placing. lhc chessnen and the AnRAY. ahd lhe lerms
FrLEj kr(, and DA@NAL. oae player moves the
white nen, his opponcnt the black nen, Whitc
coBnences playandlhePlayes 6ove allcrnately.
Arts 5 and 6 descnbe $e noves of the men- See
P^wN, auEN, Roo(.
CASILING. EN I^SS^NT. A'd PROMONON.
Arr.7 d.6ncs completion ota Mov..
Ari R is rh. r6rr.E aND MovE LAw.
Arr.9 gives the @ircd procedure ro iollowitan
ILLIGAL Mov. h made or it a
Arr. 10 delines cm.x.
Ar1. 11 indicalcs lhal a game canbe won only by
cnr.oArE unless the oPpone.t R.srcNs belore
Art. 12 giles thc four ways in which. gane may
be dra$n: by agreenenl. b, srAr..MAr.i by
or undcr tne frrY-MovE
The oliicial tcxt of rhe laws n in rbe French
languagc, and authorized tanslaions, including
morc lhan one version in lhe Englhh language.
have been published by many national o.8aniza
tions. For conpetition play FIDE has drasn up
LAWS. HISTORY Or. The laws fall inro ftree
ategones fion lhe poinr olview ofdcvclodment.
Tne fi61 gronp wnich cmbraces lhe fundanenlal
laws such 6 the
^RMY.
how rh
and csEcxME has renaaned unchanged in essentials
since rhe beginningoftne eame. although the
quccn and bishop have taken tbe place oflhe ERs
a.d ^DL.
The second group coves auiliary
aspects oI play and has seen nuch chanee and
controlery. (sec
roNofrcsroN, slaEuE.)The rhird sroup has
developed but not grea{y altercd in intc.li it
cmbracesNhai mighr bccalledconventio.ssuch as
the orientation oI the board
rILFGAL Movrs. what a
speclalor 6ay or may not do, vhat to do if it is
discovcrcd that a king h6bee. in check lor sone
moves, penalties, and behaviour.
As clubs arose so did lhc nccd for lormal laws.
Commonly it would be agreed that PEtLDor or
sdMn, Ior exanple, would be iollowed, but
leading clubs in najorcities sometimcs publishcd
thcir oN. scts of laws:The Hagne i. 1803,
LEGALL DE KERMEUR I81
t ndon in 1807, Pans i.1836, a.d SiPeteEburgin
1854. This last sas p.oduced by rAENrscE, one oi
the three great workes lor a unified code to bc
nsed ror international 6ntcsts. sr uNror. at the
time of th€ L,ndon 18511oumanenr. c.lled tor a
'Constittrenl As*mbly Ior Remodellina tne Laws
ol Chess. The other leading adivisl, hsa, publisbed
his proposah i n ,9.nz.n:.i,!na, 185 4. Staun
ton's p.oposals, firsl published in the lll6tt4t.d
London News n 1860 and Chess P/d6 in the same
year, becane geneially a.cepled in Enelish
speating countries although rhe incompalible
Brirkh Chess Association code sas urcd al London
1862 and elsewhere. Olhcr lournane.t organizers
otiered thcir o{n veBions or used those publishcd
by the B.itish Chess Company in 1894 and
subsequently. German4Icaking coundes usualy
lollowed BERGER'S ycarbook or lhel.testedition oI
One of the earliest tdtsundcrlaken by EDE was
1o produce an inlemalional code. Each nenber
6unhy had its own olncial tradslation ot the
original French edilion published in 1929, and so
rhe British version wd f,ot idc.tical wilh the
Anencan one, for cxample. FIDE\ second and
lhirdeditions,l952and 1966, were also in Fiench,
but tnc fonrth. 1974. was in Enalish io the nrst
instance. Tbese la*s are nov accepled throughout
rhe w.rld hut a rewconsenativc.ount.iessuch as
rhe USSR use their osn laws for inlemal onperi
lion Obsolete or fiditious la*s nay slill be fou.d
in iu-writlen priners and compendiums oICames.
or may be supplied with cheap sets
LEAPER, a piece that is moved a ixed distance in a
single leap and rbat cannor b€ obsrrucied on its
w.v TIe unil of mcasurement is lhe disiance
beiveen the centrcs of two laterany adjoining
squrcs atrd the leapefs move 6ay be deffned by
the lenglh of ns nove or thc .o-ordinates oI ils
leap. For example thc knight h a leaper lhal n
noved a distance ol V5 squares ior *hich lhe
co-ordinares are 1 and 2. Because the length ol
move camot be laned a leaper cannoi lose lhe
nove on the nornal board.
Som€ otherleapers are: theALnL, au.rN, orrir
(V8 o.2,2,) usedin theold 8ane. thc oABBABA (V4
o.2,0,), the CAEL (V10 oi 3.1.), and the c'hFFE
(V17 or 4,1,) 6ed in Islamic unorthodox sanes:
the zdM (Vl3 or 3,2,), lhe nEj-EAprR (V25)i
and rhe V50 leaper, invcntcd for u* in FAiRY
pnoBLrMS. Each oI these lasl two has two sets oI
co-ordinates: forthe6ve leaper4,3 and5,0i lor1he
V50leaper 5.5 and 7,1.
LEGAL. in acordane {nh fte lavs of chess.
Conposers connonly use this word to describe
positions that could have aisen fron lhe aray.
LECALL DE KERMEUR (1702 92), .hamPion
player ol the cAFi DE d RrcENcE and psLrDon\
tcache.. He was descnbed as a thin, palc. old
genrleman, who bad sal in thc same seat in the