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]52 INTERNATIONAL ARBITER<br />
25.. Bd:l A sacrifice ofa ki'<br />
rf white captues with a rook he inte eEs<br />
wnh 'N,rRuRa.t hn bishop,.nd rhc vcrq. Thc gan'c ontinucd 26<br />
Rxd3 (afler 26 R2idr whire is mated in t*o) 26<br />
Od6 27 tsll Ocs rnd Whirc ftsisned.<br />
INTERNATIONAL ARBTTER, a litlc .rcatcd <strong>by</strong><br />
FIDE in l95l and awarded <strong>to</strong> candidates who have<br />
snitableexpe enceolconductine<strong>to</strong>umanenlsand<br />
marches. An arbile. sbould have demihd knos<br />
ledge otfteliNsindrulesandbe ablclosFak onc<br />
language (Eoglish, Frcn.h. Cernrani Russian, or<br />
Spanish) othcr lhan hn own<br />
INTERNATTONAL CORRX.SPONDENCE<br />
CIIESS GRANDMASTER, a tiileclealed <strong>by</strong>FIDE<br />
in 1953, sccond only <strong>to</strong> tbat oI world conespon<br />
INTERNATIONAL<br />
CHESS MAS'I ER, a FIDE titleranki.g belos drat<br />
of International Corespondenc. Chc$ Crand'<br />
masler. li$r asarded in 1953.<br />
INTERNATIONAL GRANDT4{S ER OG[O, IhE<br />
highest official titlc (other rhan that oI sorld<br />
ch<strong>amp</strong>ion) Ior o!rR-LEE Bo{D pla},lnst awarded<br />
<strong>by</strong> FIDE in 1950. One way ot qualifying is lo<br />
achieve CM norms ia <strong>to</strong>uflrament play. <strong>The</strong><br />
standard for these has been raised nore than once<br />
and i. 1978 FIDE laid doNn the ibllowing<br />
.equirenenrs: aplayermuslachievc a gradinglcvcl<br />
2601 (rhe GM nom) i'! rwo o<br />
in wnich ai least 24 games in all are played. <strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>to</strong>urnamenls need not be consecutive. Lowcr<br />
ranking titles are Intcrnational Master and FIDE<br />
INTDRNATTONAL GRANDMASTER I'OR<br />
clrEss coMP(,.sr1roNs, the highesr FIDE ritle<br />
for composers, fisr awarded nororis .a!sa ro<br />
I'I-DJ ANdVASERMAN<br />
in 1972. Subseqncntly composers have been able lo<br />
qualiry lor this title Nhen a sut6cient dunber ot<br />
their ompositions has been published in .ID.<br />
ADUMS. <strong>The</strong>currcntqualilicationh?5 problemsor<br />
45 studics, or an equivalenr nixture on the basis<br />
that 3 studies equal5 problens.<br />
TNTERNATIONAI- JUDGE OF CHESS CoM.<br />
POSTTTONS, a tirle creared <strong>by</strong> FIDE in 1956 and<br />
awarded <strong>to</strong> tbose Nho h.ve judged @nposing<br />
lourneys <strong>to</strong> the satislactjon ol a conhirlcc<br />
.ppointed 6y thc PcrmaneDt FIDE Commission<br />
for <strong>Chess</strong> Compositions.<br />
INTERNATIONAI- MASIER (IM), a tide lor<br />
ovcFrhe-boa.d play instiruted <strong>by</strong> FIDE in 1950.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most onn n nethod of qnalilying is <strong>by</strong><br />
rournadentplay and the requiremcnh arc similar<br />
<strong>to</strong> thosc nccdcd for the higher ranking title.IGM,<br />
except that the IM norn (a er ding level ol about<br />
2450) n lower. (Conpare EDE MASER, a <strong>to</strong>v*<br />
IN'I'ERNA'fIONAL MASTDR FOR CTIESS COM.<br />
PoslTIoNs, creared b! FIDE in 1959. ranks<br />
below $ar ollnreinaiional Giandmastcrfor ( hess<br />
Compositions. ComposeB gain the title xtcn a<br />
sniicienl .umber of tbeir conpositions (45 prob<br />
lens or 15 sludie, has bccn lublishcd in flD.<br />
INTERNATIONAL WOMAN MAS1ER (IWM).<br />
RestricEd <strong>to</strong> worcn rlaycn, this lillc, nst<br />
asarded <strong>by</strong> FIDE in 1950, ranks below lhal ol<br />
WOM^N'R^NDMS]ER (WGM).<br />
INTERPOSFj. <strong>to</strong> move a maD so that il interleres<br />
with the acrion oI a line piee ot the opposile<br />
.olour. For exanple, altcr I d4 c6 2 c4 Bb4+<br />
Whne inlerposes <strong>by</strong> moving a man <strong>to</strong> c3 or d2.<br />
INTERZONAL TOURNAMENT, a FIDE qual<br />
ilyiog <strong>to</strong>umanent lor th. wo d cha,npionship,<br />
open <strong>to</strong> those who qualilyin a<br />
or sho havc bccD seeded <strong>by</strong> FIDE. Successiul<br />
@mpctiroN beconre CANDTDATES. Eighr intezonal<br />
held at approximatcly thrccye.r<br />
inte ah liom 1948 <strong>to</strong> 1970. Tso pa.allel<br />
inlerzonalsvcre held in 1973. 1976, and i979, and<br />
three in 1982. <strong>The</strong> systen oI zonal rouinrnents<br />
may be democralic bur the @isequence is thar<br />
onpetnors in the intcrzonals lary Crcady nr<br />
playing strenglh lhc back-nrarkeB prolide foddcrlorlhc<br />
erearplayers andrarelyscorenorelhan<br />
INTRODITCIORY PLAY. i conposer\ lerm lor<br />
play thatleads ro bul is not an csscntial part ol the<br />
central idea or tnemc ofhhcomposition. AlthouBh<br />
.urently unlashionable in Problens inlroduc<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
play h a common tealLre oI studies.<br />
INIaDRTED HANHAM OPENINC, 528, so calted<br />
bectusc White sers up a deiensive cenfe sioilar 10<br />
thatser up<strong>by</strong>Blackin the SANEAM vARrarroN, 536 i<br />
Of thE PEIIDOR DETEN('<br />
INVER fED lloNGAllAN OPDNING,527, callcd<br />
thus because Wbile d.ccs his kinC\ bhhop as<br />
Black would place his in the H<br />
495.<br />
IQP, a popular abbreliation lor the $o,}'ED<br />
IRISII GAMBIT, 529, unsound line somctnncs<br />
caled the Chicago or Schulzc-Mnuer Gambil. On<br />
his dcath-bcd ihe anonymous invenlor was asked<br />
<strong>to</strong> explain his sanbn Go $e tale runs) and nis last<br />
\rords were, I hadn'1 scca the kings paNn was<br />
TRR0GULAROPDNING, inlhccarly l9th@.lury<br />
any opening that did not bcein 1e4 e5 o.l d4d5.<br />
rAENrsctr said. ',^s this dntinclion is purely arbit<br />
rary. and Dnlounded on princiPle, we cannol
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