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conquerorsolSicilyshortlyafterwards,<br />
and<strong>by</strong>Na,<br />
of the Byzanlinc Empire in the East .fiatdtrl sas<br />
laken ro Russia along atleaslthrce paths oI which<br />
thc carliest. in Lhe 91h .cntu.y. \ras probibly thc<br />
caspian volga radc route. Byzanrinc Chiistians<br />
caried the ganrc th.ough tbe Balkans while the<br />
Vikin8s did the sane lron thc Baftic. all lonE<br />
belbre thc Mongolian conqucst o11223. B, lhoul<br />
lrno the game was widely known tnrougbour<br />
Europe Already in the Islanic Period problems<br />
( M^NsnLar) werc populr, .nd<br />
uerr pirtnt rhc repeforyolit ncranr enre aine^<br />
r\pe ;R, rN HrsroR\ lor an a.cuunL oi wh3r has<br />
bccome alnost an indqEndent ropic.) fhe eadiest<br />
Eurupean r(tcrcr ces ru (he$ \hoq ia Pupulariil<br />
rmu0E rrlAnus orJerr. \omc of whuse memhcr<br />
mlne trq of it 'n<br />
Ar r F.oRrL\. Thr eade tras al\u<br />
lound nr courts and ro some exrenl imonssoldien<br />
and other nomadic groups.<br />
Arcund 1475 the moslsjgniicant otall chanees<br />
in fie lass during the recorded his<strong>to</strong>ryollhc game<br />
look place. (See Bws. HcroRYoF.) 1hc tsEN *s<br />
relldced b) rhe queen. rhe a!flN h) the bi\hop<br />
Thr pcle ol thc gdme wa.qui.kene(I. <strong>The</strong> po\crot<br />
ihc ncu prece\ mcd( rirne ut grealer imfortance:<br />
one indifierenr move in tbe openine phase mighr<br />
subiect a playcr <strong>to</strong> nrodg atta.k. <strong>The</strong> slud! of<br />
openines began. Previously the Pawn could bc<br />
,romoted onLy lo thc lowly lers, noi! it could<br />
berume l quccn: an! mo(.f rhe en(lurme<br />
Lnowl.dse prnrereJ rn the prc.edinEeiUhror ni'c<br />
hundred yca6 becane ohsolele.<br />
Tbe new gamc originated in southern Europe<br />
,nd spreadovcrnros<strong>to</strong>f western Europc, rcplacinS<br />
thc old eamewith redarhablc speed although as in<br />
medielal tines somc oI the laNs varied lrom<br />
counry <strong>to</strong>country. <strong>The</strong> earliest books on thh new<br />
SaBe hyvrc.Nri L!.rN^, DAMIANo, and Ru, Lan'*<br />
$ere aU wrttcn in the tberian pcnnNuh. In lbe<br />
second halt oI $e l6th cenlury there Bas a sNilt<br />
advance in thc status ol the g.me when ldading<br />
pllycrs in Italy were sponsoted <strong>by</strong> wcalthy, even<br />
roral. patrons. New oPeningswcre dncovered, lhe<br />
a ol anack dade rapld progress M.sters ke<br />
seciet roicbooks of iheir disco!enes- occasionally<br />
sclling copies <strong>to</strong> those sho could Iay well. Many<br />
MnNLs.dms <strong>by</strong> PoLERro, i;R..o. and olher players<br />
Che$ sc.ms <strong>to</strong> hale n.enaled lor aboul a<br />
.cnrury after Greco s dearh but hom lhe 1730s it<br />
xas played in nan, of the nunerous dnd<br />
lashionable coFFrri Ho!sES. where a iiv<br />
prole$io.ah .ould make a livelihood ho,n the<br />
incrcasing Dumber oI well lo do /,d6nu,r tather<br />
than relling on one rich laxon. Some ardns and<br />
dcadeoics sulplcmented their neagre o! etratic<br />
incomcs in this way A narkel sas crcated lor<br />
<strong>chess</strong> bookswhichbegadro aDpcarwilh regulaily.<br />
In the long run rhe mosl inpo ant ol Lhem vas<br />
pstr.rDoR s .4"alrJr (1?49). PostrroNAl n.AY<br />
Gtratcsy), so donimnr in tne old game. had<br />
received scanl .rcnrio, unlil hc Nrole lhis booL.<br />
His rdeas wer. attacked <strong>by</strong> rival autbo6 ind the<br />
HISTORY OF CIIESS i45<br />
odcepl of sc!ooi.s or.Htss developed. Und 1800<br />
che$-player were isolaled geographically but<br />
sooD those in ciries <strong>to</strong>med cluhs. and matcnes<br />
behvee. these clubs wer. arranged <strong>by</strong> lhe only<br />
practical neans, coRREsroNDLN.r cHEss. Players<br />
were incrcasingly d.asn from lhe middle.lasscs,<br />
the fashioa lo. the game baving dcclined among<br />
tnc aris<strong>to</strong>cracy sine lhe 1780s. laft was the<br />
leadingcenlie, ik nost lanrous resortftecAFiDr<br />
rA RicENc., its most lanous plater souRDoNNArs:<br />
his scries ofmalches witb MCDoNNET.L in 1834 was<br />
dre most inportanr <strong>chess</strong> clcnr oI the 1830s.<br />
A switt advance bcgan in lhe 18,10s, ils monentun<br />
lasting nDril ihe present day. NEwsPArLk<br />
corUMNS and <strong>chess</strong> PERroDrcALs grew in number.<br />
oRd^NrzAroN delelopcd. with rhe Publication ol<br />
Bilguer\ nANDuucH and a book <strong>by</strong> ,A.NIscH lhe<br />
techniquc ol openi.g plly began <strong>to</strong> make raPid<br />
srrides. Inremadonal MArcn.s betseen individual<br />
plarers <strong>to</strong>ok place, norably the ontest berwccn<br />
s^rNr M{Nr a.d srAlNroN in 1843, Proragonhts<br />
oI Francc and England respecilely. Staun<strong>to</strong>n's<br />
msrrbNAl rhY shoved inlcrcsliDg developmenN<br />
and with his lic<strong>to</strong>ry Eflgland <strong>to</strong>ok over thc<br />
leade$hip of tnc <strong>chess</strong> world iron Francc Slauni..<br />
.dvocaled stmdards 10r LAws. NorArroN. the<br />
shalc of.HLSSMEN. and the rrinN{i ots MolLs. He<br />
oreanized rhe lis! intcrnational rouNAMENr.<br />
Londo! 1851r AND.RssrNwon. heralding aperiod<br />
{hen Gcrman players led the<strong>chess</strong>sorld aftnough<br />
I-ondon remained the cbess ce.lrc until the 1870s.<br />
At aboui lh.t tinc a lom ol snobbishness<br />
developed $hi.h led <strong>to</strong> acinoty bctqccn<br />
anateurs and prolessionils, a dhtinction seldon<br />
made in <strong>chess</strong>. Proiessionah were discouraged<br />
irom seltling nr London so tha!, wjth a fcw<br />
excepio.s. mediocrity prelailed. Mcanwhile. in<br />
1&s8, MoRpHy cane lo Europc, deieated several<br />
lcading players qirhin thc space oia few nonths,<br />
rerumed home, and retired. By 1872 srt'Nrrz. a<br />
natile oi Praguc, had beome lhe world\ besr<br />
pl.yer. (Scc voRLD CHAMPIoN$nP ) Hc broueht<br />
ne!! standards inlo <strong>chess</strong> anatysn and harmonized<br />
thc lheory oi tbe grne, thus resolvine the issues<br />
tbat had been dispulcd <strong>by</strong> the various schoots oI<br />
cbes. (Thc lalc,useolthisPhraserclatcsiostyle<br />
rarher rhaD tundamental approach.)<br />
IDternation.l <strong>chess</strong> lifc conrpnses an increasing<br />
number oi <strong>to</strong>urnanrenls and Balches iDcluding<br />
lhose tbr the world tnle. National organization<br />
grcw sloNl, bur i. 1924 ihc creation oiFIDE, nos<br />
the internadonal governing body, bccame pos_<br />
sible. FIDE organized the li$l oLYMPTAD and lhe<br />
ftsr women s Norld chanpionsnip i. 1927, eslab<br />
lishcd nrtemational laws ard RLLEs, <strong>to</strong>ok cn,rec of<br />
tbe world ch<strong>amp</strong>ionship (preliously run on a lree<br />
(nkrpn( han, rn 1u47. c.nfcretl aLE rrLEs<br />
lrom lqsn, JlLupl
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