chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

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whouyto problens.In 1924 holh thc club and dre i. C. \Nlnre, The Good
132 GRANDMASTER becane Rell estabtished and lhe pionee.ing problcms sere solled the radngs were given nunen- CRANDMASmR, an over-tbe-board player oI thc highcst class.. des.ripdon conmonly used belo.e 1950 whcn nDE inhoduced the lornat tiile tntema' lional Crandnlastcr A coruespondent writinS to Ad'sadc l8Feb. lS3Sreferto r.vrsas'oDrpast Srand mnster', p.obably lhe firsl use olihiste.m in conneclion with chess. Subsequendy G. w^rcR and othc6 rclened to pnnJDoR as a grandmasler, and aleworhcr playcrwcrc socntnlcd The word gai.ed wider currency in the early 20th century when tournamenls were sonetines designated grandmastcr eve.k, e.g. Ostend 1907- S.n Seb6 tian 19i2. (see als nDr rrr.Es.) CR {NDMASTER DRAW, a sho gane in shich neilher player srives lo win and bolh .gree ro a draw. l hc tcrm ismisleading,forgrandrasteN arc noi mo.e prone than othe8 ro play thn way. Allhoughsuchdrawsarcunpopularwitbthepublic tney are not necessanly 10 be (nicized. A player qho is wcll ahcad of thc licld mat dccidc to play safe in the closing rounds oIa tou.nament. aad hh oplonenr nal be sarislied ro gain a hallpoini aSaiDsr thc lcader: or No plates in a 6arch ma! need a pause to rccupcratc. Attcmprs to pr.lcnt shorr draws by neansolspecial rules have proved ineffecrive. One such rule specified tbat a draw should not be agreed unil ar leasr 30 6oves had been made, but playes intcnt upon drawing obserted only lhe lelter of tbe laN. Organize6 musr share rhe blane when there are too m.dy Srandmastcr drass in a tournamcntr il is witnnr their power nor to invire player known for rhen GRASSIIOPPER, a piccc inlcntcd bl, DAwsoN in 1912 Io. use in hrRy sRoBLLMs. lt may bc ,nolcd any dnt.nce along rank, files. and diagonals lo occupy, or clp1uie on, a square inmedi{lel} beyond an intcrucnine man ofcnhcrcolour: il c.n neifterbe noved unle$ it hops nor hop ovcr tNo mcn The nost popular oI iI fairy pieces. the g.asshoppcr k rcprcscntcd by the synbol G or lhe A problen by the Romanian conpose. Vale u Onitiu (18?2 1948). Die Schwalbe, 1929 1 E3 Oh4 2g.lGf4 I g-s Gh6 4g6cl6 5g?Gn8 6 gxbE=Gj the ExcErsoR task GRAZ VARIATION, 354 i. thc spANrsH opENrNG. Alois Fink (191G .) ol Graz publishcd analysk of this linc in rhe Otte eichische SthathzeitunB. 1956. and thc It,.,./.llr,., Na. h ticht. n. 19 19. GRXAT CIIESS, a ge.enc name lor unortbodox plaled -E.6es on enlrrged two dimensional boards. For morc than a lhousand ycar such varieties have been proposed but only colrER gained lasting popul..it!. There have been oder su-Egestions toi enlarged hoards: l0 x li (.ARR.RA l6lr)i 9 x 9 (Chanccllor Cbess, B. R. Foner 1887)i l0 x l0 (complete or decinal cbess. 9lh century)r 13 x 13:14 x 14i 14 x 10 (Duke of Rurlands chess inlcnred hy thc rhird Dukc, d.1r79): and 16 r 12 (rApa .ANcAidoublc chcs, Julian Grant IlayNard 1916). Othershapes a.e 11 x t0 rnb anerlfu squ.re at the righl otlhesecond rank and lnolhcr to tnc left ot lhe ninlh rank Orn!R'sches, l5thccntury)i l0 r 10wilh ancxlra squ ealeachcomer(ciiadelchess, l4lhcentury)i 8 x 8plus 3 x 8 on.llioursidesi 8 x 8plus I x 6 (cxhaf l.O on tsosides j 8 x 8plusl x 6on all lour sides (F. V. Mo.ley. M! On. Cohttibuliot to cr€sJ. 1947): 8 i 8 plLrs 1 t 4(.ewfiles onborh sidesiorlhesaneplusl x2rom.keyeltwomore lilcs (inatolc Moutcrdc). Gcncrally thc oblone boards are placed so thal lbere aremore6leslhan rinks. The odd squaresin Timuls cbess ind citadel chcss could be uscd to givc ! drawNhen occupied bya kiDg.'l hcrcarc alsoeamcssuch asar tr rdliss and nEGSDEL lhat requnc tso or more normal Some g.mes like Cap.hl.nca's double chess use onlythc siandard chcssmcn but usuallv ncs picccs are proposed. Frequendy these Nere rcinvcnred and given dilierent nanes: conversely tbe sane .amewas used fordillercntrypcsol piece. Soneol thc ncs picccs arc: aMAzoN Gnaffci prin.c. terr). D^N^B^. rR*s (dabbaba, chancellor. champion, concubine. herald), !{NcEs (arch bishop, cardinal, centaur. paynaster, police chief, rhiDoceror. MANN (dabbaba). rA',A.'-niN (rlanc). w^zr. and mant kinds ol LE^pER On enlarged boards pams .re connonly allowed an initial advance ol 1- 2, or 3 squares. AnonE lhe unorlhodoa picccs uscd for'l inruls.hcs scrc thc dabbaba. lalia, Ndir. anda,1.2, (V20)leaper. For the Duke olRutland\ chess il oithe 14pieceson thc back rank wcrc oithodor- another Nas ! princNs (callcd a couDscllor, and two wc,c 'croNned canleJ. each comrrining tbe powers ola rook and a,lrdnn. Reading iron left to righl eacb tlatcrs blck ra.k aray sls as iolloNs: R, crowned castle. N. N. B. B. Q. K. prin.css. B. B. N. croNned canle. R. Founeen pawns o.opying
Page 2 and 3:
The game of ches exerts a fascinati
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THE OXFORD COMPANION TO CF{ESS DAVI
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PREFACE No game has surpassed chess
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THE authoE and pub
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ABBAAA DEFENCE.582, standard line,
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16 Kxe2 RcB 1713 b5 13 cib5 axb5 19
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game againsr Adolf C!:nk in lhe Kol
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l+o=b-2r dller BonrNNrr, Capablanca
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AI-GEBRAIC NOTATION 9 ,ct ro be dis
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ANDERSON 11 and oilen look less lim
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AnJenseFL. Paulsen Vienna 1373 Phil
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this squa.e ineffe.- tive, a manauv
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ASETAPADA, an ancienr Indian ra@ ga
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posal was oade by Dr zboriet of Pra
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BACEMANN, LUDWIG 0856 1937), one ol
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BARING CHESS 23 % t i w % ,9 b4 (wr
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BASIC ENDGAME 25 posnionrhar can be
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BELYAVSKY 27 xJ2 Bxg3+ is threatene
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BERLINER 29 noted rhat (l d4 c5)2.1
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BIRD 31 move, Ircm rhree lo nve and
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BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE COLOUR 33 Tso b
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he playcd. and relreshing himself r
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Philidor plarinp blindJ.ld at Px$lo
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Dr!\cnnnathe,d\mlcottr/hte!lpuM)t4N
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cur back his chess activiies. Hh Ni
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choicc of moves. These artistic req
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BOO(, k.own infornalion ahoui tbc o
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BOURDONNAIS 47 DOTVINNIK VaRIATION.
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BRINCXMANN 49 Frar Clenens Honoratu
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BUCKLE 51 shosing what mighl have o
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No-Movd conPose6 of his gene.ation.
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ioumament 1896. this defe.ce w6 use
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cibler ollhe 158 march and tournane
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caRO VARTATION- 44-1 in ib knorm \i
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.rss.. Caxton\ t.nshiior oI Cesol.\
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Checknare is a unique charactcrisli
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N. I. Greko!, M. /. cl4,r;n (1939)
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CLEAN SCORE 67 CTRCULAR CEESS. see
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novel kind of .lock was prorided by
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7E ol Jamaica and H. F. W. La.e of
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COMPANION SQUARES, COMPDNSATION, ad
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BRowNE played this ending against r
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CONTROI- NOTATION 77 eration is the
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R.8 15b.rNcd7 16Bg3Nb6 17Qb3Nfd5 l8
Page 90 and 91: CRACOW VARIATION 8I 7r. C/'6r C,n.
Page 92 and 93: CYC]TC PLAY 83 outsranding analrsr,
Page 94 and 95: DABBABA..n uno.thodox LtaPER used i
Page 96 and 97: DEMONSTRATION ROARIJ 3? a% "ffifrw
Page 98 and 99: tsla.l iniourcednaloin three by23.
Page 100 and 101: DIAGRAM, a piclorial representation
Page 102 and 103: DoMINATIoN, a study lem indicating
Page 104 and 105: The objecr, morc often than no1, n
Page 106 and 107: DUPI-EX 9? comncnls on the Sxde arc
Page 108 and 109: DUr'CIl VARIATION. 39. a standard l
Page 110 and 111: pa of the bod! qhrch rr A dcstred t
Page 112 and 113: ENGELS !03 FIDE title system is lou
Page 114 and 115: as ambasador. ln relurn d'6onwas sc
Page 116 and 117: nasrer, and rhey have been tanstaEd
Page 118 and 119: entre. AIso 414 in the spaNrss opEN
Page 120 and 121: EALKBEER VARIA'I ION, 321 . la Scha
Page 122 and 123: A posnion bl tne French inalyst Pie
Page 124 and 125: chess ser and sood became deeply ab
Page 126 and 127: Mt 60 Memorobk eMd. a classic of pa
Page 128 and 129: Ii$l pria ahead of Bogoljubow, L L.
Page 130 and 131: seond board lor bis suntry in tbe O
Page 132 and 133: Masaz c (Dec.1786). This essay in p
Page 134 and 135: FYFE GAMBTT i25 saved.19.. . Bxh2+
Page 136 and 137: GELLER I27 1833) in 1813 and by Bre
Page 138 and 139: trutto della Munieta di Gilocar'a S
Page 142 and 143: cach player'ssecond rankcould be ad
Page 144 and 145: GA(A orGADAforWhite. SAWA oTSAPA fo
Page 146 and 147: 2r e5 eb ?2 Ogl Nrs 23 Ne4 ts$3 ?4
Page 148 and 149: Whrre \ I]a{n on rl r r hrlfPc$ed l
Page 150 and 151: There was 6uch a.rimony between riv
Page 152 and 153: Ilaingunoflicially adoptcd a. l lye
Page 154 and 155: conquerorsolSicilyshortlyafterwards
Page 156 and 157: HUBNER 14? rr rN.oDened htrchesr dn
Page 158 and 159: I IBCA, thc Intenratioml Braille Ch
Page 160 and 161: INTERFERENCE ]5I to be faia!. In mn
Page 162 and 163: TVKOV 153 ou$clves adopl it. We dis
Page 164 and 165: J'ADOUBE. A waming givcn by a playe
Page 166 and 167: JUNGE 157 forerunner ol thc problem
Page 168 and 169: Kaeov in 1932 L€nidgrad Universir
Page 170 and 171: HebecamcacaNDrD^Ebywinning(+?=6)the
Page 172 and 173: KERES 163 and having lew opportunit
Page 174 and 175: 0'0 g6 7 Rcl Bg7 3 h3 Nh6 I Ncr b6
Page 176 and 177: KNAAK 16? caied play iollowing 3 .
Page 178 and 179: KOLISCH 169 KNIGIIT WEEEL, a proble
Page 180 and 181: sdnine the soviel masicr tiilc (195
Page 182 and 183: KROCIUS I73 rhe (rcnuNr hcciN 19 Oh
Page 184 and 185: KUPREICEIK. VIKTOR DAVIDOVICH (1949
Page 186 and 187: delearollvko!(+4:3 l)rhenalossloTal
Page 188 and 189: 1914, a historic event because Capa
Page 190 and 191:
playc$ from Riga, in particular by
Page 192 and 193:
FwIs 133 men1, ln narch play he del
Page 194 and 195:
LDWIS COUNmR-GAMBIT, 335, an aggres
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the G..r.Il,.hrc, neady nnished, wa
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LtvlNG CHESS 189 Anong the many poe
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Thc hmiLiar GREE( crF rollo*\ 2l Bx
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L6PEZ-4TANUTIO COTNTDR.GAMBIT. 569
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idea- although manyye rspasscd bclo
Page 206 and 207:
MCCUTCmON VARIATION. 640. a line in
Page 208 and 209:
t7Qh6+ Krh6 rsNhr5+ Bxf5 19Nxl5+ (h
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€ndgme,havebecomcstandardized. (S
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was not conducive to success 1n sho
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MARSHALL DEFENCE 205 York in 1896.
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as rhe grh centu4 are on rc.ord, bu
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a1 15 he won (+3=3) the 6nal (or pl
Page 220 and 221:
The play is somelines said to show
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nlemaiional Grandmaster (1982). He
Page 224 and 225:
MODEL MATE 215 Tara*h-Tci.hiann O$e
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playemi bur he would not !isi1 thc
Page 228 and 229:
While and 39 or 40 single nov6 by B
Page 230 and 231:
N, a symboliorthe knieht ohen uscd
Page 232 and 233:
NEWSIAPER COLUMNS 223 NEUMANN. GUST
Page 234 and 235:
temporarily retired) lrom ahoul 192
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indicaEs clearlylhrtir is whitcvho
Page 238 and 239:
OBLIGATORY CEECT, a term u*d by Idr
Page 240 and 241:
was little advance md the l9th i th
Page 242 and 243:
inplying the .eciprocal relationshi
Page 244 and 245:
white cannotplay I Nl6+ because thi
Page 246 and 247:
PACITMAN, l-LrDiK (1924 ). Czech-bo
Page 248 and 249:
An.r long derence Blact bc8nr hn.tu
Page 250 and 251:
PAULSEN VARIATION 2,1I Quiet .nd un
Page 252 and 253:
any player in thc world. None of bi
Page 254 and 255:
seak or otheoise. Exanioation may r
Page 256 and 257:
asainst iAENrscn nr the 1840s. Serg
Page 258 and 259:
was the nore proDablc cause. (See D
Page 260 and 261:
tbe frrs1*nler ro exahine a BAsrc E
Page 262 and 263:
ioblcm by Shinkman. D.,rdi, Ire? Pr
Page 264 and 265:
%z % A study; poco$ANis that von se
Page 266 and 267:
twtrfi.t %* %'& t wt% w % tst* w- F
Page 268 and 269:
publishedbisanalysisinDearsches Wac
Page 270 and 271:
E. Varnusz. .S.l..l?l (;an6 af Lajo
Page 272 and 273:
Bla.l nos makes a p.sirional srrili
Page 274 and 275:
The evenl thlt kindled the enlhusil
Page 276 and 277:
(li-Ehmins wa, becausc of thc short
Page 278 and 279:
PSEUDO-TWO-MOVER, a kind ol problen
Page 280 and 281:
Q, the English languagc symbol for
Page 282 and 283:
RABAR, BRASLAV 0919-r3). Yugoslav p
Page 284 and 285:
RAT OPENING 2?5 ard sele.ts a piece
Page 286 and 287:
RFjFLEX CtlESS. an unorrhodox gamc
Page 288 and 289:
1925 he played 29 blindf old games
Page 290 and 291:
A pionccr problem by an unkroNn con
Page 292 and 293:
stalionary shootinS ns target oil t
Page 294 and 295:
naring continuation rhat v.s nol av
Page 296 and 297:
Engl.nd, Germany. a.d India around
Page 298 and 299:
...Ngl 2Nd4.AfterthekeyiBI4(threale
Page 300 and 301:
s, aslmbol ior lhe knight(GernanJp,
Page 302 and 303:
In 1634 he published 1/ P,ri,o, all
Page 304 and 305:
SAVON. VL,ADIMIR ANDREYEViCH (1940-
Page 306 and 307:
Schlechteis laler achielemenls in.l
Page 308 and 309:
anorhei 16 games and back g.nes in
Page 310 and 311:
SCOTCH GAME 3l]I inte.est in dank o
Page 312 and 313:
sealed arc Nritlcn on tbe envelope.
Page 314 and 315:
lron those oI the Tarrasch Deledce,
Page 316 and 317:
SHATRANJ 307 sqnares are on hisodd-
Page 318 and 319:
SHORT, NIGEL DAVID (1965 ), Enghh p
Page 320 and 321:
SISIlR SQUARES 311 SICIIRJONSSON, G
Page 322 and 323:
the cenrre pasns scrc adranced late
Page 324 and 325:
i ,5tt t %wt "&,%ru 20 Bb7 (Blrck!
Page 326 and 327:
Black mu$ conccdc nor spae in rhc .
Page 328 and 329:
man.csin l930 rscoreol+5=5 3bshrren
Page 330 and 331:
SQUEEZE 32I 18 Os,l Ob5 19 Oc4 Od7
Page 332 and 333:
A position f.on rhe gane N. hoscki-
Page 334 and 335:
S'I'AUNTON 325 to rccruil Ameicans
Page 336 and 337:
about chess be lenrned by himsell.
Page 338 and 339:
1972,second (+6=81 afler Polusaye,s
Page 340 and 341:
oad, nh bearins sturdy. IHis leatur
Page 342 and 343:
STRATEGY ]33 SIIPULATIONS, inslrlct
Page 344 and 345:
striving to win: To gain a lourname
Page 346 and 347:
clined; 634 in the rxEN.s DEENCE. T
Page 348 and 349:
yearFl0o 000 no!e, conrains 22 game
Page 350 and 351:
TAIMANOV 341 gxn3, and \:!tne has t
Page 352 and 353:
Sbo ly alter losi.g the title Tal n
Page 354 and 355:
% 7Z&, H@ &s*t"& %&m .r1r . . . d5
Page 356 and 357:
A pos un trcm lh€ Scme BoNrntrrk
Page 358 and 359:
A position from the gane Gligona El
Page 360 and 361:
correc{y played game siould cnd in
Page 362 and 363:
TIME 353 deleated G. wALrcR and oth
Page 364 and 365:
.I'IMING OF MOVES 355 given penod o
Page 366 and 367:
sound enough for the higheslhonou6.
Page 368 and 369:
the results ohtained by applying EI
Page 370 and 371:
showed the winning procedurer I Ka3
Page 372 and 373:
TtJR( 361 Thc Toik, displayed so as
Page 374 and 375:
TWO.PAWNS ATTACK 365 voyag€s, Hor
Page 376 and 377:
UNCAPTURE, to rctract (takc back) a
Page 378 and 379:
VACAITON. se LNE !a.^noN vADAsz, LA
Page 380 and 381:
2l h4f6 22h5Bif 23Os4Kh3 24Nh4 Nbl
Page 382 and 383:
Conpositio6 rhen i1 was i.trodrced
Page 384 and 385:
AL\iscE. walkcr esrablished rhe cus
Page 386 and 387:
uy a car Bhen he landed and scll it
Page 388 and 389:
woLF l7q srrArr. but of drbious ner
Page 390 and 391:
worzburger. Black\ bhhop on c2 iS t
Page 392 and 393:
YUSUPOV 383 shared find dace alter
Page 394 and 395:
in the second world war and in 1949
Page 396 and 397:
Samnch NiDovitch Copcnlra8en 1921 Q
Page 398 and 399:
APPENDIX I OPENINGS O pEN r N G lin
Page 400 and 401:
lhdet 01 None.l t)FninBs ddJ vanatt
Page 402 and 403:
thd.\ ol Naned Openiryt and variati
Page 404 and 405:
l,tlc\ ot l\ou?tl Opchnps ahd vattu
Page 406 and 407:
lhdex oJ Narud Opekiass and vatidti
Page 408 and 409:
lnder oJ Namdl Opehings ahd ratidti
Page 410 and 411:
Iadex of Naded Operings atd yatiuti
Page 412 and 413:
lndo of NaheJ OphtnBs and va, idt o
Page 414 and 415:
APPENDIX II GLOSSARY OF CHESS TERMI
Page 416 and 417:
Glossart of ChN TeminoloLy npoEE rc
Page 418:
0- 1,1 ;q0-8 ,|ffi[ ||il1 192 ffill
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chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld