chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld
as ambasador. ln relurn d'6onwas scll paid and pensionedbut had to agrcc todress as awonan.In .luDe 1777 the Chevalier dEon de Beaumont\ nane sas hted.s a subs*iber 10 flnrjDoRs neN edirion, bul in July 1777 thc hieh court. in a lrial brought by a ganblcr, decided ind Eon\ absence that hewasa$oman.ln A!8. d Eonlumed up al Vcrsailles in his old unitom oI Crpl.in ol Dragoons whereupon rhe golcr.ncnt immcdiatcly ordered bin to dre$ as awoman. and as su.h he becane lady i.-waiting to Ma e Anroinerte for tso ycars. After rhar he enlered r convent perhaps more rhan ore +elbre reapp.aring in London.s a lenale fcn.cr and chess-player, good enough ro bcat Philidor nr one of the lalter\ blindlold dhplars. Ilis pension ceased after thc French Revoludon and in 1791 Christic s had a ihree \lay sr < ul the hook\ and rnanus.riprr of 'MaJ,mui\eil. d E.n ln lTa6dfencrnAauunJlcJ to hcr'retirement.IIe spenl the resr othis days in I ondon :nd not nnril hedied was thclruth about his sex establisbed. Thc tcnn connm has been adopled in psychiatrt for male rranslestisn. EPAI]I-ET MATE. a maie Nitb two SE1F llocKs .n ih. s,me rank or rhe \rne lile EUWE IO5 on b,1. b5. d4, e5. d2. or e2 respectively and iI unobslrucled byolherneni n couldaho attack b4. d4, d6. d8, 14, f8, d2, b4, or h6 if an inteNening man Nere placed on h3i c3. c4, c5.d3. d5, c2, e3, or e4 respectivcly, and these nolcs .annol be EQUILIBRIUM, or balance of positio., thc situation in a game Nhen nenher sidc has signiicant advantase (see rsE@y and s.Hoors or cHE$.) ESCAPE SQUARI, a squ.re vacatcd to lel lhe king escapc fronr whal nighl othcNise be check natc. For exanple, a playe. onBonly molcs a paNn in tront ol his castled hi.e 10 prevenl a BACK RAN( MArE. (co6parc the conposeri rerms A srudybyrhe SovietcomposerGlebNikolatevich ,4akhodyakin (1912- ). 6?, 1931. t h6 Ne4+ 2 KI4 Nxh6 3Kg5Ng8 4Rh2+ Kg7 5Rh7+KA 6 Rl7. (see oE{NG uraN oPF.N,Nc.) EQUAIIZE, to anive ar a posilion in vhich equilibnum is establisbed. The te.n is mon oiren used todescnbea siluationin the oPeningin which whirc\ initiarive has been rcduced to insigniff .ant propo ions.vhcn Black ksaidto ha,eequalized. (Should Black gain the iniliative ihen White will endeavour ro equalize.) EQUTHOPPIR, a piece invented lor use in hrR! PRoBLEMS by rbe Bntish conposer Geoige Lea$ em (188i 1953) in 1938. A. cquihopFr can bc moved along lilcs, ranks, diagonals, and slraight Iines formed by lwo or mo.e nroves ofa leaper, but onll ifn hopsoverone ran, ol enhercoloui, that stands at mid-point ol its movc.It cannoi hop over two men. An equihopperatb2mnld atrack b6. b8, 16, h8. D, or h2 il an interveninB nan were placed Bl.cl n lo move a.dhemustlakc action regarding his trapped bishop. ll L Bxb3? 2 Rdl Rc8 3 Bb7 Bxc2 4 Rd2 Rb8 and Whne sins a piece because ol hn threal 10 Aive a back{ank nale. lnstcadBlackcannake.n cscape squareby t. . s5 (rhis is sonerines called makin8 . venl). and after2Bd5.5 3 8.4a4 4Ra1axb3 5 cxb:l Rxc4 tbe g.ne should be drawn. tisTRIN, YAKOV BORISOVTCH (192| ), Soviel player and author, Intcrnational Corre$ pondence chess Grandmasrcr (1966), Internalion al Maner ( l9?5), lawyer. Estnn\ .cbielenenls in over the boardpl.trNerc modcst, thc bcstofthem 6Bt prizc in aminorrournanenl- Leipzig 1976i bul hc cxcclled at postal play, having taken third place alter RTTNLR and z^coRovs( in the 6th World Corespondence Chanpioiship (1968-7r) and s.n thc ?th championship (1972 5) A leadine openings analyst, author oi many articles on the subject, co au$or oI a bool on lhc cRtNr.rD DTEN.E in 1959 he coliaborarcd $ith raNov to Nritc rhc rourth (1968) and the filtb (1973) ediliors al Ku^ Deblutav. a popular general treaise Canprehersie Ches Openihgs (1980) is a lhreevolumc Englhh iranslation of rhe fiftb ednion EUWE (pron. crvour as in feNour, MACH- GIELIS (1901 81J, Durch plarer, lnlern.tional Grandmster ( 1950), lnternatioial Arbitcr (193 I ), World Champiod 1935 7. He srew up viih the
106 EUWE Euve at the Haninss Congres, 193r gamej Nhich his parerls played. In 192l hesonlhe nadodal chadpionship (lo. the fiEt oI nany times). dr.w a nalch with M*6czy (+2=8 2). and played at Budapesl in his fi6t slrong tourname.t. A sttrdenr of mathcmatics at Amsterdam u.iveBity, he graduatcd with honous in 1923, becane a teacherof matheoatiGandnechaniBin 1924, andgained his dodorare in 1926. Ches took se.ond place tohisprote$ion and heremained an anateur throughout hh playingcareer. For nany ye ars he could 6 nd time o.ly ior small to urnamenls a.d i. one ofthen, Wiesbaden 1945, he son list prize (+3=3) aheadofsprE,.MANN and s,iM,s.E. tle natowly lost matches aSainsl ALESNE (+2=5-3) during the chnstnas vacation 192G7, and againsr BocouuBow (+2=5-3), Easter 1928. Inthe summeroft928 hewon thc second a.dlast world amatcur championship, played al The Hague. In the early 1930s he had several good ioumamenr results: Hastings 1930-1, 6rst (+6=2-l) ahead oI cApAtr,-aNcA; Ber.e 1932, second (+8=7) and zurich 1934. seond (+10:4 i), both rimes shanns the prize with From atter Alettline: Hastings 1934-5. nrst (+4=5) equal wnh Eoh. and IroMAs ahead ol Capablanca and uNrNNr(. Euwe lost a nar.h to capablanca (=8-2) in 1931, drew Nilh Flohr (+3=10 3) in 1932. and played tNo rraining natches with Spielmaan (+2=2 in 1932 and +2=4-,lin 1935).In 1935 he won a natch against Alekhine (+9=13 8) and became wortd chamwhile holding tnc title Euwe competed in lour st.ong tou.nmenrs: zandvoort 1936- second (+5=5 1) atter ENE ahead oIcREsi Nottinsnam 1936, about catecoiy 14, third (+7=5-2) equal wirh Fi.e and REsEEvsn balf a point .fter Capablanca and Botvindik abead ol Alekhine and Floh.: Amsterdan 1936- fitrt (+3:4) equal with Fine i and Bad Nauheim-Sttrttgart Carniscb 1937, fis1 (+l:2-1) ahead ol Alekhine. During this liFe he had scored two wins and a draw against Alekhitre, yer in 1937 he lost the rerum match. After he won a lonrnament al Annerdan Hillesum-Haeue in 1939 (+4:6) ahead olFlohr, and anothe. ar Budapen in 19a0 (+4=1), and narrowly lost a match ro Keres, 193q0 (+5=3 6). the Second wodd war spread to his counkv and lor aboul 6ve yeas EuNe s chcss a.livilies were mainly condned to lhe Nethedatrds. He then achieved his 6nesr tonrnament .esult at G.oningen 1946, about caiegory 12, when he took secondplac.(+11:6 2) atter Botvinnik ahead oI sws6v, NdDoRF, Flohr, and BorEsuvs0. In the World Championship match toumament oI1948 Euwe, nowin his fortv seventh Ycar, fared badly. He cofltinned to play in chess evenh bul never eqDalled his earlier succ.s*s. From 1957, wncn he gave up leaching, Euwe held seleral appoinhenls relating to the use ot computcm. Fron 1970 to 1978 Euwe qas presidenl ol FIDE Guc.eedins ro6*D) and rh( pcriod was one ol the most active of his life. On behalfoIFIDEhelisited mole th.n 100 cou.lries at his own expense and was largely respo.sible for tbe ainliadon of oore tban 30 nes nenber coutriesi hc was sDpreme arbiter for the conrentious championshiP matches ol 1972 and 1978. His decisions on these mattes and otheB were olten reliled, bur he steadlastly pursuedwhat hebelievedlobethe besl i.re.ests ot thc game, nor tearing unpopnlanly. A keen openings stude.t, Euwe nade inprovemenls to mady known varianons: PerhaPs his most imporhnt confibulion qas the inrroducdon oi rbe 'He is', srole &oc!. 'logic penonined, a genius oflaw and order. . . . One vould hardly call hin an attacking player yel .- . . he sfides con0den tly in to some ertraordinan ly @6plex varialions. Aleldrine noted lhal Euse was noi an outstanding stralegisl, bur a fne tadician who rarety made an unsound combinaiion. Euwe wnies: FeN people know lhal I had to repeal a year at s@ndary $hool, and tbis unpleasa.t experience may have had a decisive influence on the whole of my life. Con,inced as I was oI ny oM abiliry to pas through the school in the nininum tve yea6, so rhat my iailure was due 10 myown indolence,I fclr I had lailed in my d y to ny parenrs and resolved ro conent.ate absolulely, in future, on whatever t should happ.n to rate up ' His life was one ofceaseless activiiyi to be busy'. he said, 'is to guarmtee a good deal of one\ health.' Maried in 1926, be broughl up a family of three daushre^, aod besides his profession lollowcd awide range of interestsotner rha. chess. In these ci.cumstances his wi..i.g of ihe world title nust be accounted a great sporting Euwe wrole more books. many of then in collabo.ation wiih othe6, than a.y other great
- Page 64 and 65: ioumament 1896. this defe.ce w6 use
- Page 66 and 67: cibler ollhe 158 march and tournane
- Page 68 and 69: caRO VARTATION- 44-1 in ib knorm \i
- Page 70 and 71: .rss.. Caxton\ t.nshiior oI Cesol.\
- Page 72 and 73: Checknare is a unique charactcrisli
- Page 74 and 75: N. I. Greko!, M. /. cl4,r;n (1939)
- Page 76 and 77: CLEAN SCORE 67 CTRCULAR CEESS. see
- Page 78 and 79: novel kind of .lock was prorided by
- Page 80 and 81: 7E ol Jamaica and H. F. W. La.e of
- Page 82 and 83: COMPANION SQUARES, COMPDNSATION, ad
- Page 84 and 85: BRowNE played this ending against r
- Page 86 and 87: CONTROI- NOTATION 77 eration is the
- Page 88 and 89: R.8 15b.rNcd7 16Bg3Nb6 17Qb3Nfd5 l8
- Page 90 and 91: CRACOW VARIATION 8I 7r. C/'6r C,n.
- Page 92 and 93: CYC]TC PLAY 83 outsranding analrsr,
- Page 94 and 95: DABBABA..n uno.thodox LtaPER used i
- Page 96 and 97: DEMONSTRATION ROARIJ 3? a% "ffifrw
- Page 98 and 99: tsla.l iniourcednaloin three by23.
- Page 100 and 101: DIAGRAM, a piclorial representation
- Page 102 and 103: DoMINATIoN, a study lem indicating
- Page 104 and 105: The objecr, morc often than no1, n
- Page 106 and 107: DUPI-EX 9? comncnls on the Sxde arc
- Page 108 and 109: DUr'CIl VARIATION. 39. a standard l
- Page 110 and 111: pa of the bod! qhrch rr A dcstred t
- Page 112 and 113: ENGELS !03 FIDE title system is lou
- Page 116 and 117: nasrer, and rhey have been tanstaEd
- Page 118 and 119: entre. AIso 414 in the spaNrss opEN
- Page 120 and 121: EALKBEER VARIA'I ION, 321 . la Scha
- Page 122 and 123: A posnion bl tne French inalyst Pie
- Page 124 and 125: chess ser and sood became deeply ab
- Page 126 and 127: Mt 60 Memorobk eMd. a classic of pa
- Page 128 and 129: Ii$l pria ahead of Bogoljubow, L L.
- Page 130 and 131: seond board lor bis suntry in tbe O
- Page 132 and 133: Masaz c (Dec.1786). This essay in p
- Page 134 and 135: FYFE GAMBTT i25 saved.19.. . Bxh2+
- Page 136 and 137: GELLER I27 1833) in 1813 and by Bre
- Page 138 and 139: trutto della Munieta di Gilocar'a S
- Page 140 and 141: whouyto problens.In 1924 holh thc c
- Page 142 and 143: cach player'ssecond rankcould be ad
- Page 144 and 145: GA(A orGADAforWhite. SAWA oTSAPA fo
- Page 146 and 147: 2r e5 eb ?2 Ogl Nrs 23 Ne4 ts$3 ?4
- Page 148 and 149: Whrre \ I]a{n on rl r r hrlfPc$ed l
- Page 150 and 151: There was 6uch a.rimony between riv
- Page 152 and 153: Ilaingunoflicially adoptcd a. l lye
- Page 154 and 155: conquerorsolSicilyshortlyafterwards
- Page 156 and 157: HUBNER 14? rr rN.oDened htrchesr dn
- Page 158 and 159: I IBCA, thc Intenratioml Braille Ch
- Page 160 and 161: INTERFERENCE ]5I to be faia!. In mn
- Page 162 and 163: TVKOV 153 ou$clves adopl it. We dis
as ambasador. ln relurn d'6onwas scll paid and<br />
pensionedbut had <strong>to</strong> agrcc <strong>to</strong>dress as awonan.In<br />
.luDe 1777 the Chevalier dEon de Beaumont\<br />
nane sas hted.s a subs*iber 10 flnrjDoRs neN<br />
edirion, bul in July 1777 thc hieh court. in a lrial<br />
brought <strong>by</strong> a ganblcr, decided ind Eon\ absence<br />
that hewasa$oman.ln A!8. d Eonlumed up al<br />
Vcrsailles in his old uni<strong>to</strong>m oI Crpl.in ol<br />
Dragoons whereupon rhe golcr.ncnt immcdiatcly<br />
ordered bin <strong>to</strong> dre$ as awoman. and as su.h he<br />
becane lady i.-waiting <strong>to</strong> Ma e Anroinerte for<br />
tso ycars. After rhar he enlered r convent<br />
perhaps more rhan ore +elbre reapp.aring in<br />
London.s a lenale fcn.cr and <strong>chess</strong>-player, good<br />
enough ro bcat Philidor nr one of the lalter\<br />
blindlold dhplars. Ilis pension ceased after thc<br />
French Revoludon and in 1791 Christic s had a<br />
ihree \lay sr < ul the hook\ and rnanus.riprr of<br />
'MaJ,mui\eil. d E.n ln lTa6dfencrnAauunJlcJ<br />
<strong>to</strong> hcr'retirement.IIe spenl the resr othis days in<br />
I ondon :nd not nnril hedied was thclruth about<br />
his sex establisbed. Thc tcnn connm has been<br />
adopled in psychiatrt for male rranslestisn.<br />
EPAI]I-ET MATE. a maie Nitb two SE1F llocKs<br />
.n ih. s,me rank or rhe \rne lile<br />
EUWE IO5<br />
on b,1. b5. d4, e5. d2. or e2 respectively and iI<br />
unobslrucled <strong>by</strong>olherneni n couldaho attack b4.<br />
d4, d6. d8, 14, f8, d2, b4, or h6 if an inteNening<br />
man Nere placed on h3i c3. c4, c5.d3. d5, c2, e3, or<br />
e4 respectivcly, and these nolcs .annol be<br />
EQUILIBRIUM, or balance of positio., thc situation<br />
in a game Nhen nenher sidc has signiicant<br />
advantase (see rsE@y and s.Hoors or cHE$.)<br />
ESCAPE SQUARI, a squ.re vacatcd <strong>to</strong> lel lhe<br />
king escapc fronr whal nighl othcNise be check<br />
natc. For exanple, a playe. onBonly molcs a<br />
paNn in tront ol his castled hi.e 10 prevenl a<br />
BACK RAN( MArE. (co6parc the conposeri rerms<br />
A srudy<strong>by</strong>rhe SovietcomposerGlebNikolatevich<br />
,4akhodyakin (1912- ). 6?, 1931. t h6 Ne4+ 2<br />
KI4 Nxh6 3Kg5Ng8 4Rh2+ Kg7 5Rh7+KA<br />
6 Rl7. (see oE{NG uraN oPF.N,Nc.)<br />
EQUAIIZE, <strong>to</strong> anive ar a posilion in vhich<br />
equilibnum is establisbed. <strong>The</strong> te.n is mon oiren<br />
used <strong>to</strong>descnbea siluationin the oPeningin which<br />
whirc\ initiarive has been rcduced <strong>to</strong> insigniff .ant<br />
propo ions.vhcn Black ksaid<strong>to</strong> ha,eequalized.<br />
(Should Black gain the iniliative ihen White will<br />
endeavour ro equalize.)<br />
EQUTHOPPIR, a piece invented lor use in hrR!<br />
PRoBLEMS <strong>by</strong> rbe Bntish conposer Geoige Lea$<br />
em (188i 1953) in 1938. A. cquihopFr can bc<br />
moved along lilcs, ranks, diagonals, and slraight<br />
Iines formed <strong>by</strong> lwo or mo.e nroves ofa leaper, but<br />
onll ifn hopsoverone ran, ol enhercoloui, that<br />
stands at mid-point ol its movc.It cannoi hop over<br />
two men. An equihopperatb2mnld atrack b6. b8,<br />
16, h8. D, or h2 il an interveninB nan were placed<br />
Bl.cl n lo move a.dhemustlakc action regarding<br />
his trapped bishop. ll L Bxb3? 2 Rdl Rc8 3<br />
Bb7 Bxc2 4 Rd2 Rb8 and Whne sins a piece<br />
because ol hn threal 10 Aive a back{ank nale.<br />
lnstcadBlackcannake.n cscape square<strong>by</strong> t. .<br />
s5 (rhis is sonerines called makin8 . venl). and<br />
after2Bd5.5 3 8.4a4 4Ra1axb3 5 cxb:l Rxc4<br />
tbe g.ne should be drawn.<br />
tisTRIN, YAKOV BORISOVTCH (192| ),<br />
Soviel player and author, Intcrnational Corre$<br />
pondence <strong>chess</strong> Grandmasrcr (1966), Internalion<br />
al Maner ( l9?5), lawyer. Estnn\ .cbielenenls in<br />
over the boardpl.trNerc modcst, thc bcs<strong>to</strong>fthem<br />
6Bt prizc in aminorrournanenl- Leipzig 1976i bul<br />
hc cxcclled at postal play, having taken third place<br />
alter RTTNLR and z^coRovs( in the 6th World<br />
Corespondence Chanpioiship (1968-7r) and<br />
s.n thc ?th ch<strong>amp</strong>ionship (1972 5) A leadine<br />
openings analyst, author oi many articles on the<br />
subject, co au$or oI a bool on lhc cRtNr.rD<br />
DTEN.E in 1959 he coliaborarcd $ith raNov <strong>to</strong><br />
Nritc rhc rourth (1968) and the filtb (1973) ediliors<br />
al Ku^ Deblutav. a popular general treaise<br />
Canprehersie Ches Openihgs (1980) is a lhreevolumc<br />
Englhh iranslation of rhe fiftb ednion<br />
EUWE (pron. crvour as in feNour, MACH-<br />
GIELIS (1901 81J, Durch plarer, lnlern.tional<br />
Grandmster ( 1950), lnternatioial Arbitcr (193 I ),<br />
World Ch<strong>amp</strong>iod 1935 7. He srew up viih the
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