The Political Dynamics of Justice Reform in The U.S.
The Political Dynamics of Justice Reform in The U.S.
The Political Dynamics of Justice Reform in The U.S.
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National and International Developments<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> Concept<br />
<strong>The</strong> development <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence has been argued to <strong>in</strong>volve a cycle <strong>of</strong><br />
national law hav<strong>in</strong>g an impact on <strong>in</strong>ternational law, and <strong>in</strong>ternational law subsequently<br />
impact<strong>in</strong>g national law. This is said to occur <strong>in</strong> three phases: the first phase is<br />
characterized by the domestic development <strong>of</strong> the concept <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence, the<br />
second by the spread <strong>of</strong> these concepts <strong>in</strong>ternationally and their implementation <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational law, and the third by the implementation <strong>in</strong> national law <strong>of</strong> these newly<br />
formulated <strong>in</strong>ternational pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence.<br />
A notable example illustrat<strong>in</strong>g this cycle is the United K<strong>in</strong>gdom. <strong>The</strong> first phase occurred<br />
<strong>in</strong> England with the orig<strong>in</strong>al conception <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>in</strong> the Act <strong>of</strong> Settlement<br />
1701. <strong>The</strong> second phase was evident when England’s concepts regard<strong>in</strong>g judicial<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependence spread <strong>in</strong>ternationally, and were adopted <strong>in</strong>to the domestic law <strong>of</strong> other<br />
countries; for <strong>in</strong>stance, England served as the model for Montesquieu’s separation <strong>of</strong><br />
powers doctr<strong>in</strong>e, and the Found<strong>in</strong>g Fathers <strong>of</strong> the US Constitution used England as<br />
their dom<strong>in</strong>ant model <strong>in</strong> formulat<strong>in</strong>g the Constitution’s Article III, which is the foundation<br />
<strong>of</strong> American judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence. Other common law countries, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Canada,<br />
Australia, and India, also adopted the British model <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>in</strong>dependence.<br />
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