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638 Chapter 11 ■ Compressible Flow Enthalpy change ȟ 2 ȟ 1 c p 1T 2 T 1 2 (11.9) Specific heat difference c p c v R (11.12) Specific heat ratio k c p (11.13) Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume c p c v c v Rk k 1 R k 1 (11.14) (11.15) First Tds equation T ds dǔ pd a 1 (11.16) r b Second Tds equation T ds dȟ a 1 (11.18) r b dp Entropy change s 2 s 1 c v ln T 2 R ln r 1 (11.21) T 1 Entropy change s 2 s 1 c p ln T 2 R ln p 2 (11.22) T 1 Isentropic flow p r constant k (11.25) Speed of sound c a 0p B 0r b s (11.34) Speed of sound in gas c 2RTk (11.36) Speed of sound in liquid E v c B r (11.38) Mach cone angle sin a c V 1 Ma (11.39) r 2 p 1 Mach number Ma V c (11.46) Isentropic flow dV V dA 1 A 11 Ma 2 2 (11.48) Isentropic flow dr r dA Ma 2 A 11 Ma 2 2 (11.49) Isentropic flow T 1 T 0 1 31k 1224Ma 2 (11.56) Isentropic flow k1k12 p 1 e p 0 1 31k 1224Ma f 2 (11.59) Isentropic flow 11k12 r 1 e r 0 1 31k 1224Ma f 2 (11.60) Isentropic flow-critical k1k12 p* 2 pressure ratio a p 0 k 1 b (11.61) Isentropic flow-critical temperature ratio T* 2 T 0 k 1 (11.63)

References 639 A Isentropic flow A* 1 Ma e 1 31k 12 24Ma 2 1 31k 1224 (11.71) 1 11 Ma 2 2 Fanno flow k 1 31k 1224Ma 2 f 1/* /2 ln e (11.98) k Ma 2 2 f 2k 1 31k 1224Ma D T Fanno flow (11.101) T * 1k 122 1 31k 1224Ma 2 V Fanno flow (11.103) V* e 31k 1224Ma 2 12 1 31k 1224Ma f 2 p Fanno flow (11.107) p* 1 Ma e 1k 122 12 1 31k 1224Ma f 2 Fanno flow 1 (11.109) p* 0 Ma ca 2 k 1 b a1 k 1 31k1221k124 Ma 2 bd 2 p Rayleigh flow 1 k (11.123) p a 1 kMa 2 T 11 k2Ma 2 Rayleigh flow c (11.128) T a 1 kMa d 2 r a Rayleigh flow (11.129) r V 11 k2Ma Ma c V a 1 kMa d 2 Rayleigh flow p 0 21k 12Ma 2 a1 k 1 Ma 2 b T 0 2 T 0,a 11 kMa 2 2 2 (11.131) p 0 11 k2 Rayleigh flow (11.133) p 0,a 11 kMa 2 2 ca 2 k 1 b a1 k 1 k1k12 Ma 2 bd 2 Normal shock Ma 2 y Ma x 2 321k 124 (11.149) 32k1k 124Ma 2 x 1 p y Normal shock 2k (11.150) p x k 1 Ma x 2 k 1 k 1 T y Normal shock 51 31k 12 24Ma 2 x 6532k1k 124Ma 2 x 16 (11.151) T x 51k 12 2 2 321k 1246Ma x r y 1k12 321k124 f Normal shock V x 1k 12Ma x 2 (11.154) r x V y 1k 12Ma 2 x 2 p a k 1 Ma 2 0,y 2 x b k1k12a1 k 1 k11k2 Ma 2 2 x b Normal shock (11.156) p 0,x a 2k k 1 Ma x 2 k 1 11k12 k 1 b References 1. Coles, D., “Channel Flow of a Compressible Fluid,” Summary description of film in Illustrated Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, The NCFMF Book of Film Notes, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972. 2. Moran, M. J., and Shapiro, H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., Wiley, New York, 2008.

References 639<br />

A<br />

Isentropic flow<br />

A* 1 Ma e 1 31k 12 24Ma 2<br />

1 31k 1224<br />

(11.71)<br />

1 11 Ma 2 2<br />

Fanno flow k 1 31k 1224Ma 2 f 1/* /2<br />

ln e<br />

(11.98)<br />

k Ma 2 2<br />

f <br />

2k 1 31k 1224Ma D<br />

T<br />

Fanno flow (11.101)<br />

T * <br />

1k 122<br />

1 31k 1224Ma 2<br />

V<br />

Fanno flow (11.103)<br />

V* e 31k 1224Ma 2 12<br />

1 31k 1224Ma f 2<br />

p<br />

Fanno flow (11.107)<br />

p* 1 Ma e 1k 122 12<br />

1 31k 1224Ma f 2<br />

Fanno flow 1 (11.109)<br />

p* 0 Ma ca 2<br />

k 1 b a1 k 1 31k1221k124<br />

Ma 2 bd<br />

2<br />

p<br />

Rayleigh flow <br />

1 k<br />

(11.123)<br />

p a 1 kMa 2<br />

T 11 k2Ma 2<br />

Rayleigh flow c (11.128)<br />

T a 1 kMa d 2<br />

r a<br />

Rayleigh flow (11.129)<br />

r V 11 k2Ma<br />

Ma c<br />

V a 1 kMa d 2<br />

Rayleigh flow<br />

p 0<br />

21k 12Ma 2 a1 k 1 Ma 2 b<br />

T 0<br />

2<br />

<br />

T 0,a 11 kMa 2 2 2<br />

(11.131)<br />

p 0<br />

11 k2<br />

Rayleigh flow <br />

(11.133)<br />

p 0,a 11 kMa 2 2 ca 2<br />

k 1 b a1 k 1 k1k12<br />

Ma 2 bd<br />

2<br />

Normal shock Ma 2 y Ma x 2 321k 124<br />

(11.149)<br />

32k1k 124Ma 2 x 1<br />

p y<br />

Normal shock <br />

2k<br />

(11.150)<br />

p x k 1 Ma x 2 k 1<br />

k 1<br />

T y<br />

Normal shock 51 31k 12 24Ma 2 x 6532k1k 124Ma 2 x 16<br />

(11.151)<br />

T x 51k 12 2 2<br />

321k 1246Ma x<br />

r y<br />

1k12 321k124<br />

f<br />

Normal shock V x<br />

1k 12Ma x 2<br />

(11.154)<br />

r x V y 1k 12Ma 2 x 2<br />

p<br />

a k 1 Ma 2<br />

0,y 2 x b<br />

k1k12a1 k 1 k11k2<br />

Ma 2<br />

2 x b<br />

Normal shock <br />

(11.156)<br />

p 0,x<br />

a<br />

2k<br />

k 1 Ma x 2 k 1 11k12<br />

k 1 b<br />

References<br />

1. Coles, D., “Channel Flow of a Compressible Fluid,” Summary description of film in Illustrated Experiments<br />

in Fluid Mechanics, The NCFMF Book of Film Notes, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972.<br />

2. Moran, M. J., and Shapiro, H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th Ed., Wiley,<br />

New York, 2008.

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