fluid_mechanics

References 523
determine the lift and drag on an object from the given pressure and shear stress distributions
on the object.
for flow past a flat plate, calculate the boundary layer thickness, the wall shear stress, the
friction drag, and determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
explain the concept of the pressure gradient and its relationship to boundary layer separation.
for a given object, obtain the drag coefficient from appropriate tables, figures, or equations
and calculate the drag on the object.
explain why golf balls have dimples.
for a given object, obtain the lift coefficient from appropriate figures and calculate the lift
on the object.
Some of the important equations in this chapter are:
Lift coefficient and drag coefficient C C D
d
L
l
(9.39), (9.36)
1
1
2rU 2 A , 2rU 2 A
Boundary layer displacement thickness d* a1 u (9.3)
U b dy
Boundary layer momentum thickness u
(9.4)
U a1 u U b dy
Blasius boundary layer
thickness, displacement
thickness, and momentum
thickness for flat plate
d d *
, , (9.15), (9.16), (9.17)
x 0.664
x 1.721
x 5
1Re x 1Re x 1Re x
rm
Blasius wall shear stress for flat plate t w 0.332U 3 2
(9.18)
B x
Drag on flat plate d rbU 2
(9.23)
Blasius wall friction coefficient
and friction drag coefficient c , C (9.32)
Df 1.328
f 0.664
for flat plate
1Re x 1Re /
0
0
References
1. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 8th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
2. Rosenhead, L., Laminar Boundary Layers, Oxford University Press, London, 1963.
3. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
4. Currie, I. G., Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
5. Blevins, R. D., Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984.
6. Hoerner, S. F., Fluid-Dynamic Drag, published by the author, Library of Congress No. 64,19666,
1965.
7. Happel, J., Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965.
8. Van Dyke, M., An Album of Fluid Motion, Parabolic Press, Stanford, Calif., 1982.
9. Thompson, P. A., Compressible-Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
10. Zucrow, M. J., and Hoffman, J. D., Gas Dynamics, Vol. I, Wiley, New York, 1976.
11. Clayton, B. R., and Bishop, R. E. D., Mechanics of Marine Vehicles, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,
1982.
12. CRC Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,
1973.
13. Shevell, R. S., Fundamentals of Flight, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.
14. Kuethe, A. M., and Chow, C. Y., Foundations of Aerodynamics, Bases of Aerodynamics Design, 4th
Ed., Wiley, New York, 1986.