fluid_mechanics
460 Chapter 8 ■ Viscous Flow in Pipes 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Rotameter F I G U R E P8.125 ■ Lab Problems 3 in. 8.126 This problem involves the determination of the friction factor in a pipe for laminar and transitional flow conditions. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. 8.127 This problem involves the calibration of an orifice meter and a Venturi meter. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson. 8.128 This problem involves the flow of water from a tank and through a pipe system. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley. com/college/munson. 8.129 This problem involves the flow of water pumped from a tank and through a pipe system. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley. com/college/munson. 8.130 This problem involves the pressure distribution in the entrance region of a pipe. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley. com/college/munson. 8.131 This problem involves the power loss due to friction in a coiled pipe. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. ■ Life Long Learning Problems 8.132 The field of bioengineering has undergone significant growth in recent years. Some universities have undergraduate and graduate programs in this field. Bioengineering applies engineering principles to help solve problems in the medical field for human health. Obtain information about bioengineering applications in blood flow. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 8.133 Data used in the Moody diagram were first published in 1944. Since then, there have been many innovations in pipe material, pipe design, and measurement techniques. Investigate whether there have been any improvements or enhancements to the Moody chart. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 8.134 As discussed in Sec. 8.4.2, flow separation in pipes can lead to losses (we will also see in Chapter 9 that external flow separation is a significant problem). For external flows, there have been many mechanisms devised to help mitigate and control flow separation from the surface, e.g., from the wing of an airplane. Investigate either passive or active flow control mechanisms that can reduce or eliminate internal flow separation (e.g., flow separation in a diffuser). Summarize your findings in a brief report. ■ FlowLab Problems *8.135 This FlowLab problem involves simulating the flow in the entrance region of a pipe and looking at basic concepts involved with the flow regime. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.136 This FlowLab problem involves investigation of the centerline pressure distribution along a pipe. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.137 This FlowLab problem involves conducting a parametric study to see how Reynolds number affects the entrance length of a pipe. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.138 This FlowLab problem involves investigation of pressure drop in the entrance region of a pipe as a function of Reynolds number as well as comparing simulation results to analytic values. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www. wiley.com/college/munson. *8.139 This FlowLab problem involves the simulation of fully developed pipe flow and how the Reynolds number affects the wall friction. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.140 This FlowLab problem involves conducting a parametric study on the effects of a sudden pipe expansion on the overall pressure drop in a pipe. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.141 This FlowLab problem involves investigation of effects of the pipe expansion ratio on flow separation. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.142 This FlowLab problem involves investigation of geometric effects of a diffuser on the resulting flow field. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. *8.143 This FlowLab problem involves investigating the effects of the diameter ratio for a flat plate type orifice meter. To proceed with this problem, go to the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson. ■ FE Exam Problems Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam questions for fluid mechanics are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley. com/college/munson.
9Flow over Immersed Bodies CHAPTER OPENING PHOTO: Impulsive start of flow past an array of cylinders: The complex structure of laminar flow past a relatively simple geometric structure illustrates why it is often difficult to obtain exact analytical results for external flows. 1Dye in water.2 (Photograph courtesy of ONERA, France.) Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ■ identify and discuss the features of external flow. ■ explain the fundamental characteristics of a boundary layer, including laminar, transitional, and turbulent regimes. ■ calculate boundary layer paremeters for flow past a flat plate. ■ provide a description of boundary layer separation. ■ calculate the lift and drag forces for various objects. Many practical situations involve flow past objects. In this chapter we consider various aspects of the flow over bodies that are immersed in a fluid. Examples include the flow of air around airplanes, automobiles, and falling snowflakes, or the flow of water around submarines and fish. In these situations the object is completely surrounded by the fluid and the flows are termed external flows. External flows involving air are often termed aerodynamics in response to the important external flows produced when an object such as an airplane flies through the atmosphere. Although this field of external flows is extremely important, there are many other examples that are of equal importance. The fluid force 1lift and drag2 on surface vehicles 1cars, trucks, bicycles2 has become a very important topic. By correctly designing cars and trucks, it has become possible to greatly decrease the fuel consumption and improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle. Similar efforts have resulted in improved ships, whether they are surface vessels 1surrounded by two fluids, air and water2 or submersible vessels 1surrounded completely by water2. Other applications of external flows involve objects that are not completely surrounded by fluid, although they are placed in some external-type flow. For example, the proper design of a 461
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9Flow over<br />
Immersed Bodies<br />
CHAPTER OPENING PHOTO: Impulsive start of flow past an array of cylinders: The complex structure of laminar<br />
flow past a relatively simple geometric structure illustrates why it is often difficult to obtain exact analytical<br />
results for external flows. 1Dye in water.2 (Photograph courtesy of ONERA, France.)<br />
Learning Objectives<br />
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:<br />
■ identify and discuss the features of external flow.<br />
■ explain the fundamental characteristics of a boundary layer, including laminar,<br />
transitional, and turbulent regimes.<br />
■ calculate boundary layer paremeters for flow past a flat plate.<br />
■ provide a description of boundary layer separation.<br />
■ calculate the lift and drag forces for various objects.<br />
Many practical situations<br />
involve<br />
flow past objects.<br />
In this chapter we consider various aspects of the flow over bodies that are immersed in a <strong>fluid</strong>.<br />
Examples include the flow of air around airplanes, automobiles, and falling snowflakes, or the flow<br />
of water around submarines and fish. In these situations the object is completely surrounded by<br />
the <strong>fluid</strong> and the flows are termed external flows.<br />
External flows involving air are often termed aerodynamics in response to the important external<br />
flows produced when an object such as an airplane flies through the atmosphere. Although this<br />
field of external flows is extremely important, there are many other examples that are of equal importance.<br />
The <strong>fluid</strong> force 1lift and drag2 on surface vehicles 1cars, trucks, bicycles2 has become a very<br />
important topic. By correctly designing cars and trucks, it has become possible to greatly decrease the<br />
fuel consumption and improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle. Similar efforts have resulted<br />
in improved ships, whether they are surface vessels 1surrounded by two <strong>fluid</strong>s, air and water2 or submersible<br />
vessels 1surrounded completely by water2.<br />
Other applications of external flows involve objects that are not completely surrounded by<br />
<strong>fluid</strong>, although they are placed in some external-type flow. For example, the proper design of a<br />
461
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