fluid_mechanics

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Contents
9
FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES 461
Learning Objectives 461
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 462
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 463
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past
an Object 466
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 470
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and
Thickness on a Flat Plate 470
9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary
Layer Solution 474
9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary
Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 478
9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow 483
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 485
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 488
9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary
Layer Equation with Nonzero
Pressure Gradient 492
9.3 Drag 493
9.3.1 Friction Drag 494
9.3.2 Pressure Drag 495
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 497
9.4 Lift 509
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 509
9.4.2 Circulation 518
9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 522
References 523
Review Problems 524
Problems 524
10
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 534
Learning Objectives 534
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-
Channel Flow 535
10.2 Surface Waves 536
10.2.1 Wave Speed 536
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 539
10.3 Energy Considerations 541
10.3.1 Specific Energy 542
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations 545
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 546
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 546
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning
Equations 547
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples 550
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 554
10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes 000
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually
Varied Flows 000
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 555
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 556
10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 561
10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 564
10.6.4 Underflow Gates 566
10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 568
References 569
Review Problems 569
Problems 570
11
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 579
Learning Objectives 579
11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships 580
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 585
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow 588
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 592
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow
Cross-Sectional Area 593
11.4.2 Converging–Diverging Duct Flow 595
11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow 609
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 609
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct
Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow) 609
11.5.2 Frictionless Constant-Area
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer
(Rayleigh Flow) 620
11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves 626
11.6 Analogy between Compressible
and Open-Channel Flows 633
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow 635
11.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 636
References 639
Review Problems 640
Problems 640
12
TURBOMACHINES 645
Learning Objectives 645
12.1 Introduction 646
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 647
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations 651
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 653
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 654
12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 658
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 660
12.4.4 System Characteristics and
Pump Selection 662
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and
Similarity Laws 666
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 668
12.5.2 Specific Speed 669
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 670