fluid_mechanics
146 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation ■ Lab Problems 3.118 This problem involves the pressure distribution between two parallel circular plates. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson. 3.119 This problem involves the calibration of a nozzle-type flow meter. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. 3.120 This problem involves the pressure distribution in a twodimensional channel. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson. 3.121 This problem involves the determination of the flowrate under a sluice gate as a function of the water depth. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. ■ Life Long Learning Problems 3.122 The concept of the use of a Pitot-static tube to measure the airspeed of an airplane is rather straightforward. However, the design and manufacture of reliable, accurate, inexpensive Pitot-static tube airspeed indicators is not necessarily simple. Obtain information about the design and construction of modern Pitot-static tubes. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 3.123 In recent years damage due to hurricanes has been significant, particularly in the southeastern United States. The low barometric pressure, high winds, and high tides generated by hurricanes can combine to cause considerable damage. According to some experts, in the coming years hurricane frequency may increase because of global warming. Obtain information about the fluid mechanics of hurricanes. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 3.124 Orifice, nozzle, or Venturi flow meters have been used for a long time to predict accurately the flowrate in pipes. However, recently there have been several new concepts suggested or used for such flowrate measurements. Obtain information about new methods to obtain pipe flowrate information. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 3.125 Ultra-high-pressure, thin jets of liquids can be used to cut various materials ranging from leather to steel and beyond. Obtain information about new methods and techniques proposed for liquid jet cutting and investigate how they may alter various manufacturing processes. Summarize your findings in a brief report. ■ FE Exam Problems Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam questions for fluid mechanics are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson.
4Fluid Kinematics CHAPTER OPENING PHOTO: A vortex ring: The complex, three-dimensional structure of a smoke ring is indicated in this cross-sectional view. 1Smoke in air.2 3Photograph courtesy of R. H. Magarvey and C. S. MacLatchy 1Ref. 42.4 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ■ discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of fluid motion. ■ identify various flow characteristics based on the velocity field. ■ determine the streamline pattern and acceleration field given a velocity field. ■ discuss the differences between a system and control volume. ■ apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material derivative. V4.1 Streaklines In this chapter we will discuss various aspects of fluid motion without being concerned with the actual forces necessary to produce the motion. That is, we will consider the kinematics of the motion—the velocity and acceleration of the fluid, and the description and visualization of its motion. The analysis of the specific forces necessary to produce the motion 1the dynamics of the motion2 will be discussed in detail in the following chapters. A wide variety of useful information can be gained from a thorough understanding of fluid kinematics. Such an understanding of how to describe and observe fluid motion is an essential step to the complete understanding of fluid dynamics. 4.1 The Velocity Field In general, fluids flow. That is, there is a net motion of molecules from one point in space to another point as a function of time. As is discussed in Chapter 1, a typical portion of fluid contains so many molecules that it becomes totally unrealistic 1except in special cases2 for us to attempt to 147
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146 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation<br />
■ Lab Problems<br />
3.118 This problem involves the pressure distribution between<br />
two parallel circular plates. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix<br />
H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/<br />
college/munson.<br />
3.119 This problem involves the calibration of a nozzle-type<br />
flow meter. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which<br />
is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson.<br />
3.120 This problem involves the pressure distribution in a twodimensional<br />
channel. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix<br />
H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/<br />
college/munson.<br />
3.121 This problem involves the determination of the flowrate under<br />
a sluice gate as a function of the water depth. To proceed with<br />
this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web<br />
site, www.wiley.com/college/munson.<br />
■ Life Long Learning Problems<br />
3.122 The concept of the use of a Pitot-static tube to measure the<br />
airspeed of an airplane is rather straightforward. However, the design<br />
and manufacture of reliable, accurate, inexpensive Pitot-static<br />
tube airspeed indicators is not necessarily simple. Obtain information<br />
about the design and construction of modern Pitot-static tubes.<br />
Summarize your findings in a brief report.<br />
3.123 In recent years damage due to hurricanes has been significant,<br />
particularly in the southeastern United States. The low barometric<br />
pressure, high winds, and high tides generated by hurricanes<br />
can combine to cause considerable damage. According to<br />
some experts, in the coming years hurricane frequency may increase<br />
because of global warming. Obtain information about the<br />
<strong>fluid</strong> <strong>mechanics</strong> of hurricanes. Summarize your findings in a brief<br />
report.<br />
3.124 Orifice, nozzle, or Venturi flow meters have been used for a<br />
long time to predict accurately the flowrate in pipes. However, recently<br />
there have been several new concepts suggested or used for<br />
such flowrate measurements. Obtain information about new methods<br />
to obtain pipe flowrate information. Summarize your findings<br />
in a brief report.<br />
3.125 Ultra-high-pressure, thin jets of liquids can be used to cut<br />
various materials ranging from leather to steel and beyond. Obtain<br />
information about new methods and techniques proposed for<br />
liquid jet cutting and investigate how they may alter various<br />
manufacturing processes. Summarize your findings in a brief<br />
report.<br />
■ FE Exam Problems<br />
Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam questions for <strong>fluid</strong><br />
<strong>mechanics</strong> are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/<br />
college/munson.