fluid_mechanics
92 Chapter 2 ■ Fluid Statics 2.123 This problem involves the use of a cleverly designed apparatus to investigate the hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged rectangle. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. 2.124 This problem involves determining the weight needed to hold down an open-bottom box that has slanted sides when the box is filled with water. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. 2.125 This problem involves the use of a pressurized air pad to provide the vertical force to support a given load. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. ■ Life Long Learning Problems 2.126 Although it is relatively easy to calculate the net hydrostatic pressure force on a dam, it is not necessarily easy to design and construct an appropriate, long-lasting, inexpensive dam. In fact, inspection of older dams has revealed that many of them are in peril of collapse unless corrective action is soon taken. Obtain information about the severity of the poor conditions of older dams throughout the country. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 2.127 Over the years the demand for high-quality, first-growth timber has increased dramatically. Unfortunately, most of the trees that supply such lumber have already been harvested. Recently, however, several companies have started to reclaim the numerous high-quality logs that sank in lakes and oceans during the logging boom times many years ago. Many of these logs are still in excellent condition. Obtain information, particularly that associated with the use of fluid mechanics concepts, about harvesting sunken logs. Summarize your findings in a brief report. 2.128 Liquid-filled manometers and Bourdon tube pressure gages have been the mainstay for measuring pressure for many, many years. However, for many modern applications, these tried-and-true devices are not sufficient. For example, many new uses need small, accurate, inexpensive pressure transducers with digital outputs. Obtain information about some of the new concepts used for pressure measurement. Summarize your findings in a brief report. ■ FE Exam Problems Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam question for fluid mechanics are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/ college/munson.
3Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation CHAPTER OPENING PHOTO: Flow past a blunt body: On any object placed in a moving fluid there is a stagnation point on the front of the object where the velocity is zero. This location has a relatively large pressure and divides the flow field into two portions—one flowing to the left, and one flowing to the right of the body. 1Dye in water.2 1Photograph by B. R. Munson.2 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ■ discuss the application of Newton’s second law to fluid flows. ■ explain the development, uses, and limitations of the Bernoulli equation. ■ use the Bernoulli equation (stand-alone or in combination with the continuity equation) to solve simple flow problems. ■ apply the concepts of static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pressures. ■ calculate various flow properties using the energy and hydraulic grade lines. The Bernoulli equation may be the most used and abused equation in fluid mechanics. In this chapter we investigate some typical fluid motions (fluid dynamics) in an elementary way. We will discuss in some detail the use of Newton’s second law (F ma) as it is applied to fluid particle motion that is “ideal” in some sense. We will obtain the celebrated Bernoulli equation and apply it to various flows. Although this equation is one of the oldest in fluid mechanics and the assumptions involved in its derivation are numerous, it can be used effectively to predict and analyze a variety of flow situations. However, if the equation is applied without proper respect for its restrictions, serious errors can arise. Indeed, the Bernoulli equation is appropriately called “the most used and the most abused equation in fluid mechanics.” A thorough understanding of the elementary approach to fluid dynamics involved in this chapter will be useful on its own. It also provides a good foundation for the material in the following chapters where some of the present restrictions are removed and “more nearly exact” results are presented. 93
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92 Chapter 2 ■ Fluid Statics<br />
2.123 This problem involves the use of a cleverly designed apparatus<br />
to investigate the hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged<br />
rectangle. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is<br />
located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson.<br />
2.124 This problem involves determining the weight needed to hold<br />
down an open-bottom box that has slanted sides when the box is filled<br />
with water. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H which is<br />
located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson.<br />
2.125 This problem involves the use of a pressurized air pad to<br />
provide the vertical force to support a given load. To proceed with<br />
this problem, go to Appendix H which is located on the book’s web<br />
site, www.wiley.com/college/munson.<br />
■ Life Long Learning Problems<br />
2.126 Although it is relatively easy to calculate the net hydrostatic<br />
pressure force on a dam, it is not necessarily easy to design and<br />
construct an appropriate, long-lasting, inexpensive dam. In fact, inspection<br />
of older dams has revealed that many of them are in peril<br />
of collapse unless corrective action is soon taken. Obtain information<br />
about the severity of the poor conditions of older dams<br />
throughout the country. Summarize your findings in a brief report.<br />
2.127 Over the years the demand for high-quality, first-growth<br />
timber has increased dramatically. Unfortunately, most of the trees<br />
that supply such lumber have already been harvested. Recently,<br />
however, several companies have started to reclaim the numerous<br />
high-quality logs that sank in lakes and oceans during the logging<br />
boom times many years ago. Many of these logs are still in excellent<br />
condition. Obtain information, particularly that associated with<br />
the use of <strong>fluid</strong> <strong>mechanics</strong> concepts, about harvesting sunken logs.<br />
Summarize your findings in a brief report.<br />
2.128 Liquid-filled manometers and Bourdon tube pressure gages<br />
have been the mainstay for measuring pressure for many, many<br />
years. However, for many modern applications, these tried-and-true<br />
devices are not sufficient. For example, many new uses need small,<br />
accurate, inexpensive pressure transducers with digital outputs.<br />
Obtain information about some of the new concepts used for pressure<br />
measurement. Summarize your findings in a brief report.<br />
■ FE Exam Problems<br />
Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam question for <strong>fluid</strong><br />
<strong>mechanics</strong> are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/<br />
college/munson.