Vol. 14 Issue 4. 2019

Vol 14. 2019
FIRST CENTRE
FOR FAMILY
VIOLENCE
OPENS IN
VICTORIA
THE REALITY OF
TRAUMA FOR
EMERGENCY
SERVICE
WORKERS
POLICE WEEK 2019
14th-29th September

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Paramedics Australasia International Conference
PAIC19
BROADENING HORIZONS
28–30 NOVEMBER 2019
Wrest Point • Hobart • Tasmania
https://www.paramedics.org/events/
Photo credit: Roger Wong

CONTENTS
3
Editor’s Note
Latest Events
4
5
6
8
10
15
18
22
24
28
32
35
• ESTA Junior Triple Zero Heroes
• Emergency Services Blood
Donation Challenge
• Family Violence Centre Opens
Emergency Law with Professor
Michael Eburn
The reality of trauma for emergency
service workers
Caring for the Carers
Women making inroads in defence
Police Week 2019
Changes to violent offences affect
vulnerable women
Child centred disaster resilience
education
Public transport and alcohol fuelled
violence
New mapping technology helps
manage bushfire and floods
Cover Image:
Mt Feathertop and surrounding
landscape at sunset during winter
near Mt Hotham in Victoria
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3. Encourage
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Visit us at ruok.org.au

EDITOR’S NOTE
FROM THE EDITOR
Welcome to another edition of the Australian Emergency
Services Magazine. How is it August already! As winter
starts to loosen its chilly grip over the coming month,
thoughts will start to turn to the Summer season,
emergency management and the strategies in place
throughout the country.
It is a great time to get outside and tidy up around the
house in preparation for the warmer weather. What a
good way to get warm too! Loose items, overhanging
branches or trees that seem to look like they might drop
a branch are things to be looking out for so you are
storm and bushfire prepared. For more information
head to our website on how to be emergency ready.
A big thankyou to our contributors in this issue.
Professor Michael Eburn, ESTA, Stuart Taylor (CEO of
Springfox) and FMSA Architecture with their project
for the centre for family violence that recently opened
in Victoria. We aim to deliver relevant and up to date
content for our readers and are dedicated to promoting
the emergency services industry in Australia. The
articles from these contributors help us to achieve that,
so thankyou again,
We hope you enjoy this edition,
Happy reading
Emma Parker
Editor
Follow us on our social channels
and on our website
www.ausemergencyservices.com.au
DISCLAIMER
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LATEST EVENTS
ESTA - JUNIOR TRIPLE ZERO HERO AWARDS
A
total of 28 young
Victorians aged between
three and 16 were named
Junior Triple Zero Heroes in
June by the Emergency Services
Telecommunications Authority
(ESTA), for calling triple zero.
The young heroes are nominated by
the ESTA operators who took their
call. The awards, which are in their
fifteenth year, recognise young people
for their bravery and clear thinking in
emergencies.
This year’s heroes include:
• Five-year-old Monte and sevenyear-old
Casper who called triple
zero when their dad collapsed
and started having seizures. The
brothers relayed critical health
information to the call-taker and
worked together to turn their
dad on his side when the seizures
stopped.
• 11-year-old Chamaya who called
triple zero when her mother
started to choke on a bone
while they were eating dinner.
Chamaya calmly answered the
call-taker’s instructions and
monitored her mum’s breathing
until the ambulance arrived.
• 12-year-old Kade who called
when his dad crashed his
motorbike into a tree. Kade
showed maturity beyond his
years by calmly relaying his
longitude and latitude to the calltaker
to pinpoint their location
and caring for his dad until help
arrived.
The Minister for Police and
Emergency Services, Lisa Neville,
said: “The bravery and courage
these young Victorians show during
emergencies, often involving their
loved ones, is truly inspirational
and I congratulate them on their
outstanding efforts.”
“More than 2.5 million emergency
calls are made to ESTA through the
Triple Zero service every year, but
the actions of these brave young
Victorians in situations that would
unsettle most adults deserves our
recognition and praise.”
ESTA’s CEO Marty Smyth said:
“Teaching children when and how
to call triple zero, including knowing
their home address can save lives. We
tell parents and carers that the life a
child might save could be yours”.
ESTA provides the critical link
between the Victorian community
and the state’s emergency services
agencies. It provides Victoria’s 24-
hour emergency call-taking and
dispatch services for police, fire,
ambulance and VICSES.
The Junior Triple Zero Hero Awards
were held at Parliament House in
Melbourne on the 29th June.

LATEST EVENTS
EMERGENCY SERVICES BLOOD CHALLENGE
1ST JUNE - 31ST AUGUST 2019
Get your blood pumping
Are you ready for the Emergency
Services Blood Challenge?
It’s set to be a big one.
Just give blood or plasma between 1
June and 31 August to get involved.
We’re expecting competition to be
fierce with Red25 groups across the
country warming up to save the most
lives.
You can get a spot on the podium in
one of four categories:
• Most donations
• Highest member participation
• Most new donors
• Highest year-on-year growth
What is Red25?
Red25 brings people together to save
lives. Red25 groups are made up of
people like you who care about what’s
happening in the world. Together,
they give more than 25% of Australia’s
blood donations.
1, 2, 3, Give!
• Register a donor account online
if you don’t already have one.
• Join our Red25 group by
following the link in the top
right corner after you’ve logged
in—just search your group name
below.
• Book an appointment and
donate. Every donation you make
goes toward our group’s tally!
That’s it. You can check in on the front
runners throughout the challenge and
see how you measure up.
Spread the word! This isn’t a solo
event—it’ll take a team to win.

LATEST EVENTS
FIRST DEDICATED CENTRE FOR FAMILY
VIOLENCE OPENS IN VICTORIA
Following the declaration by
Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews
that family violence is ‘the most
urgent law and order emergency
occurring in our state,’ the first-ever
dedicated Centre of Learning for
Family Violence has opened in Glen
Waverley, providing a state-of-the-art
simulation space for the front-line
police.
Designed by leading architectural
practice FMSA Architecture for
Victoria Police, the facility includes
Australia’s first scenario training
and simulation spaces dedicated
to training those on the front-line
of family violence. A landmark
project, the building is the direct
result of academic research and key
recommendations delivered in the
2016 Royal Commission into Family
Violence.
Currently, findings suggest that
response to family violence can
take up to 40-60 per cent of frontline
police time and in 2018, there
were around 79,000 reported family
violence incidents.
Berry Street is one organisation that
sees the impact of family violence
through their work helping children,
young people and families impacted
by abuse, violence and neglect.
According to Berry Street CEO
Michael Persuco family violence
continues to be a significant problem
in our community. “Victoria Police
are often the first responders to
family violence, and their skills in
managing these complex situations
are key to ensuring the best outcomes
for affected women, children
and families, alongside partner
organisations such as Berry Street.
“This new facility, and its design
which allows scenario-based training,
is key to ensuring Victoria Police can
continue to improve intervention
and response for victim survivors of
family violence,
including children,” said Michael.
A pivotal figure in the Royal
Commission, family violence
campaigner and 2015 Australian of
the Year, Rosie Batty, anticipates this
facility will help increase survival
rates for countless innocent victims.
“Family violence is a widespread
epidemic and has a profound impact
on every community and every
suburb. It is dangerous and too often
fatal. This requires our police force to
be well trained in its complexities to
fully comprehend risk and respond
effectively.
“Scenario based training delivered

in this impressive new facility will
undoubtedly save lives and
this can’t happen soon enough,” said
Rosie.
LATEST EVENTS
The Centre of Learning for Family
Violence includes contemporary
training facilities and first-of-its-kind
Family Violence Simulation Centre,
presenting a realistic suburban
environment including a bedroom,
living room, kitchen and front yard.
Driven by a need for flexibility,
the training room is designed to
accommodate a wide range of
scenarios and demographics using
movable room dividers, props and
sensory techniques such as a dog
barking or a loud TV, to act as
distractors for trainees to improve
their response.
Fully equipped with contemporary
systems for live streaming, the centre
gives academic facilitators the ability
to conduct assessments without
interrupting the scenario, while rural
officers can also participate in training
remotely.
FMSA Architecture Director Greg
Anson believes the level of realism
offered in the centre’s specialist
training facilities will become
a pivotal direction for many
organisations in the future.
“Having designed specialised
practical training facilities for
industry and traditional educators,
we understand the positive impact of
the built environment, combined with
emerging technologies can have on
the way training is delivered.
“The Centre of Learning for Family
Violence is a primary example of
how collaboration with specialist
consultants can add value to
the curriculum. By applying
the principles of environmental
psychology, we delivered a carefully
designed environment that supports
the ongoing effectiveness and safety of
the trainees and educators,” said Greg.
Commenting on FMSA’s involvement
in this leading training facility, Greg
said “as architects we have a unique
opportunity to shape the way we
live, work and learn. The Centre
of Learning for Family Violence
demonstrates how informed and
collaborative design can boost the
quality of training environments
for front line agencies like Victoria
Police, which in turn improves social
outcomes for the wider community.”
Social responsibility is a guiding
philosophy for FMSA Architecture,
with the multi-disciplinary design
practice boasting a track record of
over 40 years successfully designing
built environments that deliver
meaningful social value through
inclusive, occupant driven design.
For more information, please visit
www.fmsa.com.au/projects/victoria-policecentre-of-learning-for-family-violence/
Photography by Rachel Dere Photography

AUSTRALIAN EMERGENCY LAW with Professor Michael Eburn
A DISCUSSION ON
THE LAW THAT
APPLIES TO OR
AFFECTS AUSTRALIA’S
EMERGENCY
SERVICES AND
EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
Putting the risk
of doing first aid
in perspective
June 14, 2019
There seems to be resurgence
in questions about legal risks
of doing first aid, in particular for
paramedics providing care when not
at work. I confess I fail to understand
the fear – there are no reported cases
of people being sued for doing first
aid whether they are untrained,
trained, paramedics, nurses or
doctors. Further the parliaments
have gone to great lengths to try and
reassure ‘good Samaritan’s’ that they
are not at legal risk.
PHD
Barrister
Leading expert in Law
relating to Emergency
Management &
Emergency Services
Follow Michael Eburn
Facebook- facebook.com/EburnM/
Twitter - @EburnM
For his latest articles on Emergency
Law go to:
www.emergencylaw.wordpress.com
Let me put this in some context.
Most people drive a car. If you’re
afraid to do first aid, you should be
terrified of driving. Everyone who
drives makes mistakes. Most of the
time they have no consequences.
Sometimes you or someone else
notices and you think ‘that was
close’. Most drivers believe they are
competent and most are most of the
time. Drivers, trying to do their
best and with no intention of hurting
anyone, can cause horrific accidents
where everything held dear – loved
ones, financial security, future health
etc can be lost in an instant.
Drivers face the risk of criminal
penalties ranging from traffic
infringement notices to
imprisonment for manslaughter.
Nearly all traffic offences can be
committed unintentionally and when
trying to do your best.
But still we get up, get in the car, and

drive off placing our lives and the lives
of every other road user at risk. Why
do we do that? Because there’s social
value in having a car – it’s convenient
and allows us all to do things we could
not otherwise do. It improves the lives
of most of us even though cars will take
the lives of some of us.
How do we manage the risk? We
back ourselves and we buy insurance.
Compulsory third party insurance is, as
the name suggests, compulsory so we
have that to ensure that anyone injured
by our negligence (and increasingly
persons injured without negligence)
receive assistance with costs that come
with allowing people to drive cars.
And many but not all take out first
party insurance to cover the losses to
our own vehicle or property damage
done to others. We spread the financial
risk via insurance and we drive to what
we believe are our levels of competency.
The risks of driving are much higher
than doing first aid – you are much
more likely to injure someone
and much more likely to face legal
consequences.
In first aid the law is so in favour of the
rescuer that the risk of being sued is as
low to zero as one can imagine. Even so
the risk can be mitigated by insurance.
Registered health professionals should
have Professional Indemnity Insurance
so they can spread the risk. For others
household contents insurance often
provides public liability cover – see
for example AAMI Home Contents
Insurance Product Disclosure Statement
(PDS dated 01/10/13), p. 36. But you
don’t need insurance – the risk of
being sued is as low to zero as one can
imagine. You probably go out in public
without thinking about insurance
but you may bump into someone but
you don’t live in fear that everyone is
looking to sue you.
And back yourself, do what you believe
is required in the best interests of the
person in need of care and do what you
believe you are competent to do.
Conclusion
If you’re prepared to drive a car, you
should not be afraid of the legal risks
of rendering first aid assistance to a
stranger.
This article originally appeared on
the blog Australian Emergency Law
(https://emergencylaw.wordpress.com/)
and is reproduced with the permission
of the author.
As a blog post it represents the author’s
opinion based on the law at the time it
was written. The blog, or this article,
is not legal advice and cannot be relied
upon to determine any person’s legal
position. How the law applies to any
specific situation or event depends on
all the circumstances.
If you need to determine legal rights
and obligations with respect to any
event that has happened, or some
action that is proposed, you must
consult a lawyer for advice based on
the particular circumstances. Trade
unions, professional indemnity insurers
and community legal centres can all be
a source for initial legal advice.

THE REALITY
OF TRAUMA IN
EMERGENCY
SERVICE WORKERS
Stuart Taylor
CEO & Co-founder of Springfox
The leading provider of resilience programs in Australia
www.springfox.com
When it comes to providing care to others, the
saying goes that you can’t pour from an empty
cup. It speaks to the importance of looking after
our own needs before we attempt to look after the needs of
others. But what happens when the cup is fractured? Can
it still hold its contents? And for how long can it be used
before the fractures restrict its function?
A recent study of Australia’s police and emergency services
workers by Beyond Blue found that an alarmingly high
number of workers and volunteers were grappling with poor
mental health as a result of job-related trauma.
The study found that more than half of all workers surveyed
had been deeply affected by a traumatic experience in their
work, while a further 1 in 3 continue to experience ongoing
psychological distress. Worryingly, the study also revealed
that the prevalence of suicidal thoughts were twice as high
in emergency services workers compared to the wider
population.
The study’s findings highlight the concerning reality of a
workforce acutely impacted by the nature of their work.
In responding to calls for assistance, emergency services
workers are continually placing themselves in front of
distressing scenes and often unknown dangers, entering
high-risk situations to provide critical aid.
While this line of work will always come with its unique
challenges, to effectively operate in high-risk, high-pressure
environments, emergency services workers require a great
deal of personal resilience.

Stuart Taylor
CEO and
Co-founder
of Springfox
For over a decade, Stuart has engaged and inspired
with his workshops, keynotes and conference
presentations to more than 20,000 people globally
with measurable impact achieved across many
organisations.
His early career included periods of rapid
advancement within organisations as diverse as
the Royal Australian Air Force, KPMG, and Heinz,
developing his broad experience in aerospace
engineering, IT, finance and psychology.
A potentially devastating diagnosis of brain cancer
in 2002 led Stuart on a personal journey back to
physical, cognitive, emotional and spiritual health.
The experience gave Stuart a unique appreciation
of the tangible benefits of the practices that helped
him overcome a 2.5-year prognosis and demanding
cancer treatments.
Stuart became a strong advocate for incorporating
cultural practices into the Australian workplace to
nurture wellbeing through the body, heart, mind
and spirit. Stuart formalised this resolve in 2003,
founding The Resilience Institute in Australia - now
Springfox.
Stuart’s broadened perspective and empathy-based
approach enables him to identify challenges and
customise effective strategies for clients seeking
optimal organisational performance. Stuart’s ultimate
purpose is helping people and organisations,
typically through leadership and senior teams, shift
into a more compassionate space in order to reach
sustainable high performance.

On the whole, workers are more
likely to be negatively affected by
a traumatic experience when their
resilience is lower – which has flow
on effects in both their professional
and personal lives. On a professional
level, the impact of trauma can lead
to poor performance, slower reaction
times and difficulty making decisions.
It can also spill into your personal
life, leading to strained relationships,
anxiety and an overall decrease in life
enjoyment.
Recognising the symptoms of trauma
Emergency services workers face
greater exposure to trauma than any
other profession, and it’s easy to be
affected. However, if you’re struggling,
it’s important to know that recovery is
possible.
The first step in recovering from
trauma is identifying the symptoms
and acknowledging your experience.
However, for many in the field, this is
often the biggest challenge.
According to Beyond Blue’s study,
a large number of workers whose
psychometric test results indicated
they were experiencing high levels of
distress did not recognise they had a
mental health issue at all. The findings
indicate that while many will be able
to recognise symptoms like panic
attacks, flashbacks or breakdowns,
more subtle symptoms like mood
changes and feelings of loneliness will
often go undetected.
Other subtle symptoms of trauma
include:
• Agitation, irritability or hostility
• Loss of interest or pleasure in
usually enjoyed activities
• Emotional detachment from
friends or family, or social
isolation
• Insomnia or poor-quality sleep
• Feelings of self-depreciation or
guilt
Realistically, encountering traumatic
situations is an inevitable part
of emergency service work, but
safeguarding against the psychological
impact is vital for protecting the wellbeing
of workers.
It’s for this reason that emergency
services workers require significantly
higher levels of resilience than those
in low-risk, low-pressure professions.
Resilience creates a buffer between
the traumatic experience and the
individual facing it, and this lessens
the psychological impact of the
traumatic event – allowing the
individual to continue to operate with
minimal mental or emotional stress.
In fact, our recent Global Resilience
Report found that proactively
investing in resilience reduces
symptoms of distress and physical
vulnerability by up to 30%.
When resilience is running low or
depleted entirely, workers become
vulnerable to the pressures and strains
of the job, increasing their risk of
post-traumatic mental ill-health.
Building resilience against trauma
In order for emergency services
workers to operate sustainably and
efficiently in their roles, personal
resilience must be replenished and
strengthened daily.

This begins with the often-overlooked
basics – a healthy, nourishing diet,
regular physical exercise, frequent
relaxation or meditation, and a
consistent sleep cycle. A recent study
published in the Medical Journal of
Australia found that a poor diet and
lack of exercise were key contributing
factors in the onset and course of
negative mental health conditions
such as depression, while a US study
on mindful meditation found it
lowered the brain’s stress responses
by 15%.
In addition, positive relationships play
an instrumental role in speeding up
the recovery process and protecting
against trauma. These relationships
provide an important sense of safety,
security and comfort, and give the
individual a space in which to reflect,
process and heal with the support of
another.
Strong relationships also lend to a
greater sense of work-life balance.
A 2015 report on the importance
of work-life balance found 60% of
participants surveyed experienced
conflict in both their work and
personal life due to an imbalance in
commitments and responsibilities
from both areas.
While this is an even greater challenge
for emergency service workers thanks
to the long and fluctuating hours
and often highly-emotional content
of their work, creating a clear divide
between work and life is imperative.
Strategies to assist this include
pursuing a hobby, making time for
family outings, asking loved ones
about their day, and changing into
casual clothes immediately after a
shift.
For emergency services workers,
understanding the difference between
compassion and sympathy is another
critical factor in protecting against
trauma. While human tendency
sees us treat traumatic situations
with sympathy, this puts us at risk of
over-caring which can make us feel
responsible for the outcome, and can
eventually lead to emotional burnout.
Instead, it’s more sustainable to act
with compassion and empathy –
which will see you demonstrate care
with the personal understanding
that you’re there to support, not to
fix, thereby decreasing the negative
impact of the situation.
Job-related trauma is part and parcel
of emergency service work, and in
order for workers to continue to
operate efficiently within their roles,
addressing its prevalence crucial. But
it’s important to acknowledge that
there is no quick fix. Dealing with
trauma requires both proactive and
reactive approaches, where workers
are equipped with the skills to
recognise, process and recover from
their experience, to rebuild resilience
and prevent trauma from reoccurring.
Traumatic Stress Clinic
Sydney Australia
()
02 8627 3314
@

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CARING FOR THE CARER
Victoria’s royal commission into mental health on July 12 turned its attention to the families and
carers of people living with mental illness.
An estimated 2.8 million Australians provide practical day-to-day and emotional support for
someone they care about. Of those informal carers, around 240,000, or 8.6%, are looking after
someone with a mental illness. And this number is likely an underestimate. Carers often support
loved ones with multiple difficulties. So while they may report looking after someone with a physical
illness, this person could be experiencing mental health challenges, too.
Jaelea Skehan and
Sally Fitzpatrick
School of Medicine and
Public Health
University of Newcastle

People providing care and
support for someone with a
mental illness don’t always
recognise themselves as “carers”. They
are likely to view their role more
simply as that of a partner, parent,
sibling, flatmate or friend.
We’ve been working to better
understand the needs of people who
provide care and support to the one
million Australians who experience
depression each year, as well as those
who provide support to the 65,000
Australians who attempt suicide.
The demands placed on these carers
can be constant and overwhelming.
We urgently need to better support
the invisible work family and friends
do every day in caring for Australians
living with mental illness.
The impact of caring
As the largest non-clinical workforce
we have for Australians experiencing
mental illness, carers provide
human and economic returns to the
community every day.
It was recently estimated that mental
health carers save the Australian
government in excess of A$13 billion
every year. But this group is often
unsupported and unpaid (with the
exception of a Centrelink carer
allowance, in some cases).
The practical, physical, economic
and emotional demands of being a
carer can be enormous. Informal
carers of people with mental illness
might assist their loved ones to
manage their illness, for example by
identifying symptoms, working out
symptom management strategies,
and organising appointments and
medications for them.
They will often provide practical
assistance, for example by taking
on more household or financial
responsibilities. Finally, they provide
ongoing emotional support, such as
being available to listen and letting
the person know they are loved.
Research has shown carers often
report high emotional distress,
challenges with their relationships,
engage in fewer social activities,
feel lonely and isolated, and have
fewer education and employment
opportunities.
Caring has also been associated with
immediate risk of mental health
problems, with carers consistently
reporting levels of psychological
distress significantly higher than the
overall Australian population.
The case for prevention
Getting people to identify themselves
as “carers” and take time out from
their caring role to prioritise their
own well-being is an ongoing
challenge.
Ensuring programs are available in all
communities that are fit-for-purpose
and cost effective is another challenge.
A survey released last month by
the Butterfly Foundation suggested
carers recognised there were impacts
on their mental health. But they
often didn’t seek support, citing a
lack of time, a lack of knowledge
about available supports and the cost
associated among the reasons why.
There have been increasing calls
for national investment in the
development of prevention programs
that address the specific needs of
those who care for someone with
mental illness, regardless of whether
they see their role as a traditional
caring one or not.
National charities like SANE
Australia have been working to
engage and support those caring for
someone with complex mental illness.
The Butterfly Foundation recently
dedicated their annual MAYDAYS
awareness and advocacy campaign
to carers of people with an eating
disorder.
We’ve been involved in the national
roll out of a program called Partners
in Depression, a six-week group
program designed to support
carers of people with depression.
Participants learn about depression
and its treatment and how to provide
positive support to their loved ones.
There is also significant focus on the
importance of looking after their
own physical and mental health,
and reaching out early if they need
support.
Reports from participants tell us this
approach can reduce psychological

distress, and help facilitate
improvements in well-being and
relationships.
The increasing availability of digital
and e-health programs in treating
mental illness and improving mental
health provides an opportunity
to think differently about services
provided to families, friends and
carers.
A call to action
People who love, live with and care
for someone with a mental illness
need timely and equitable access to
interventions that enhance their wellbeing
and prevent the onset of mental
health problems.
We need a national agenda that
recognises the rights of those who
care for someone affected by mental
illness not to have their own mental
health and well-being compromised
because of the vital caring role they
play.
The Victorian royal commission,
as well as the national productivity
commission inquiry into mental
health, provide an opportunity to
recognise the important role carers
play in our mental health service
system, the right of those in caring
roles to be involved in service
delivery, and importantly, the right of
carers to have their own mental health
and well-being supported.
Whether supports are provided
online, face-to-face, by NGOs,
through primary care or via peers, the
time for coordinated, available and
evidence-based responses is now.
If this article has raised issues for you or
you’re concerned about someone you know,
call Lifeline on 13 11 14.
This article was first published on The
Conversation

DIPLOMACY AND DEFENCE
REMAIN A BOYS’ CLUB,
BUT WOMEN ARE MAKING
INROADS

The Lowy Institute has launched
a three-year study on gender
representation in Australia’s
diplomatic, defence and intelligence
services, and the findings are critical:
gender diversity lags significantly
behind Australia’s public service and
corporate sector, as well as other
countries’ foreign services.
In a field which has long ignored
research on gender or feminist
approaches to understanding
international relations, this report is
welcome and sets forth an important
research agenda within Australia.
Gender diversity is an important
issue for all who value the pursuit of
Australia’s national interests overseas.
Attracting and retaining the best
talent is more important now than
ever before.
As then-Prime Minister Malcolm
Turnbull said in June 2017:
The economic, political and strategic
currents that have carried us for
generations are increasingly difficult
to navigate.
The report’s most significant findings
The Lowy Institute found that of all
the fields in international relations,
women are least represented in
Australia’s intelligence communities.
As the funding and resources of the
intelligence sector continue to grow,
this is a serious problem with little
transparency. The sector appears to
be struggling with a “pipeline” and
“ladder” problem: women are both
joining at lower rates and progressing
at far slower rates than their male
counterparts.
Another important finding is that
the presence of female trailblazers in
these fields, such as foreign ministers
Julie Bishop and Marise Payne and
Labor’s shadow foreign minister,
Penny Wong, may be masking
more systemic issues. This may be

leading some agencies to becoming
complacent, rather than proactive, on
gender diversity.
Women’s pathways to leadership
continue to be impeded by
institutional obstacles, such as
unconscious bias and discrimination
built into the cultures of these sectors,
as well as difficulties in supporting
staff on overseas postings. For
instance, the report notes that in
2017 the government cut assistance
packages for overseas officers,
including government childcare
subsidies. This has gendered
ramifications given that women
continue to do the bulk of domestic
labour.
As such, the most important and
high-prestige international postings
are still largely dominated by men.
DFAT’s Women in Leadership
Strategy has proved successful in
meeting initial targets for improving
women’s representation, however
the industry as a whole has not yet
followed suit.
Further, it is not enough to just
consider how many women there are,
but what roles they occupy, given that
women have often been siloed into
“soft policy” or corporate areas and
out of key operational roles needed
for career progression.
The report also draws attention to the
marginalisation of women from key
policy-shaping activities.
From the study’s research on declared
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authorship, a woman is yet to be
selected to lead on any major foreign
policy, defence, intelligence, or trade
white paper, inquiry or independent
review.
We would mention a few exceptions
of women in other high-profile
foreign policy roles – Heather Smith’s
stewardship of the G20 during
Australia’s presidency and Harinder
Sidhu’s leadership in the crucial India
High Commission. We would also
note the contribution of Jane Duke to
the ASEAN Summit in Sydney.
Rebecca Skinner has served as
associate defence secretary since
2017 and Justine Grieg was appointed
deputy secretary defence people in
2018. Major General Cheryl Pearce
was also appointed commander
of the UN peacekeeping force in
Cyprus - the first Australian woman
to command a UN peacekeeping
mission.
While the under-representation
of women in international affairs
remains a core concern, we would
argue the report could have taken a
broader look at gender representation
in foreign affairs-focused academic
communities, think tanks and
publishing industries, as well.
Many of these organisations have
similarly woeful records when
it comes to gender diversity. For
instance, Australian Foreign Affairs
magazine has been criticised for the
lack of women authors it publishes.
We know that it is not for lack of
credible voices, but rather seems
indicative of a systematic form of
marginalisation of women within the
wider foreign affairs community.
Bright spots for gender diversity
However, there is some cause
for optimism. For instance, our
current PhD project is documenting
the gender make-up of leaders
and internationally deployed
representatives in the departments of
foreign affairs and trade, defence and
home affairs, as well as the Australian
Federal Police. As of this January,
women represented 39.5% of those in
the senior executive service in DFAT,
and 41.4% of those employed as heads
of Australian embassies and high
commissions globally.
Further, we’ve found an increase
recently in the number of women
who work in diplomatic defence roles.
While the Lowy report notes that
women held just 11% of international
roles in defence in 2016 (it is unclear
exactly what international roles they
are talking about), we found a slightly
higher percentage of women (19%)
currently employed in defence attaché
roles.
The achievements made in this sphere
are not just limited to gender either,
with women from culturally and
linguistically diverse backgrounds
forming an important and growing
part of representation.
In fact, a more in-depth analysis of
the Lowy report’s data would have
produced some very interesting,
and more nuanced, findings. For
instance, foreign affairs has long
been the preserve of men, however it
has also been the preserve of certain
types of men. Diplomacy remains
a bastion of prestige, social class,
heteronormativity, and in Australia,
Anglo-Saxon privilege. It was only
last year, for example, that Australia’s
first Indigenous woman, Julie-Ann
Guivarra, was appointed ambassador
(to Spain).
Overall, as the report outlines, gender
equality is not just nice to have,
nor is it a marginal issue in foreign
policy. Rather, the findings are clear:
addressing the continued gender gaps
are imperative to Australian foreign
policy, national security and stability.
We can, and must, do better.
Australian foreign policy needs good
ideas, and it needs a lot of them. We
cannot assume they will all come
from the same place.
Susan Harris Rimmer
Australian Research Council Future
Fellow, Griffith Law School, Griffith
University
Elise Stephenson
PhD Candidate, Griffith University
This article was first published on The
Conversation
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The Police Federation Australia will
be holding Police Week across the
country on Saturday 14th September
with the 10th anniversary of the Wall
to Wall Ride for Remembrance and
conclude on Sunday 29th September,
National Police Remembrance Day.
Bookended by the Wall to Wall: Ride
for Remembrance and the National
Police Remembrance Day; the event
aims to draw the policing community
together to participate to honor those
officers who have paid the ultimate
sacrifice.
Providing a unique opportunity
to meet others who work in law
enforcement, Australia’s Police Week
2019 will draw together supporters
of policing from across the country,
in a range of formal and informal
activities. It is envisaged that Police
Week will become a major event on
the law enforcement calendar.
While a focus will be on the National
Police Memorial in Canberra, from
14– 29 September, jurisdictions
across the country will be holding
events under the auspice of Police
Week.
Events that will be held during Police
Week 2019 include the Wall to Wall,
a 100km Century Bike Ride, the
second annual Bravery Awards, a
Police Summit as well as the 2019
PFA Federal Council Meeting.
The National Police Bravery
Awards will be held on the 18th
September at the National Museum
of Australia. The Australian Police
Bravery Awards is an award for
police by police, that transcends
state and jurisdictional divides;
making the recipients truly national
heroes. Nominations for this award
have already closed. However
sponsorship packages are available.
All information is on the police week
website.
In 2018, Sen. Const. Stephanie
Bochorsky from Western Australia
was presented with the inaugural
National Police Bravery Award at the
ceremony in Canberra in recognition
of her exceptional actions when she
saved the lives of a toddler and her
older sister who were being set alight
by their father.
The following day federal parliament
thanked Steph for her bravery, with
acknowledgement from the Prime
Minister and the Leader of the
Opposition.
The men and women who choose to
dedicate thier lives to the profession
of policing truly are exceptional. It
is the type of profession that requires
you to go to work each day not
knowing what the day will bring.
These brave men and women put
thier lives on the line each day.
The 10th anniversary of the Wall
to Wall ride for Remembrance is
a testament to this bravery and
ultimate sacrifice. The ride will
be held on the 22nd of September.
Check the website for details on how
to register, donate or sponsor this
event.
Police Week and the events that
will occur from the 14th - 29th
September provide an opportunity
to celebrate police on duty today and
those that have risked and lost thier
lives whilst on duty.
For more information about each
event visit www.pfa.org.au or head to
www.policeweek.org.au
Here you will find links to each event
and a history of how the Ride for
Rememberance was envisioned and
then created.

Bob pushed me onto the floor and dragged me into the
closet. While I was in the closet he put his hand over my
mouth again and pushed on my neck. I started to feel dizzy
and was kicking my legs and hitting his arm to try to let
him know I thought I would die.
– Doya, domestic violence strangulation survivor

CHANGES TO NON-FATAL
STRANGULATION OFFENCES
WILL MAKE A DIFFERENCE
TO VULNERABLE WOMEN
Heather Douglas
Professor of Law, The University of Queensland
Among women who have been abused, Doya’s experience
is sadly not unique. In my research interviewing
women who have experienced domestic violence, 24
out of 65 women (37%) reported having been choked,
suffocated or strangled by an abusive partner or former
partner.
This type of non-fatal strangulation can have serious
health effects including memory loss, paralysis, pregnancy
miscarriage, and changes to vision, vocal chords,
hearing and breathing.
It’s also a red flag for future harm. US data shows victims
who have been strangled by their violent partner
are seven times more likely to later be killed or seriously
harmed than a woman who has been physically assaulted
or threatened by a current or former intimate partner but
not previously strangled.
Yet non-lethal strangulation remains unrecognised as a
specific criminal offence in some states. In the absence of
a specific law, strangulation is typically charged as common
assault, which carries much lower sentences.
This week Victoria has joined Queensland, New South
Wales, South Australia and the ACT and committed to
introducing a non-fatal strangulation offence.
The Queensland experience suggests introducing this
type of offence will make a big difference to Victorian
women experiencing or at risk of domestic violence.
High uptake in Queensland
Queensland introduced an offence for non-fatal strangulation
in May 2016. A person commits this offence if they
unlawfully choke, suffocate or strangle another person
without the other person’s consent. The Queensland
offence is specifically limited to domestic violence.
When the offence was introduced, the explanatory notes
identified both the inherent danger of non-fatal strangulation
and its association with escalation of violence and
future homicide.
Analysis undertaken by the Queensland Sentencing Advisory
Council shows there has been a strong take-up of the
offence across the criminal justice process in Queensland.
From June 2016 to June 2018 there were more than 400
cases sentenced for the non-fatal strangulation offence.
In almost half of those cases (49%), the non-fatal strangulation
was also a breach of a domestic violence protection
order. Nearly all offenders were male (98%) and most
received a prison sentence (76%).
While the maximum penalty for assault charges is three
years in prison, the maximum penalty for strangulation is
seven years. Recent judgements show courts increasingly
have a clear understanding of non-fatal strangulation.

kill or cause serious harm is needed for attempted murder,
and this is often hard to find.
Other charges, such as assault, fail to reflect the seriousness
of non-fatal strangulation. These offences may
conceal the particular dangers and risks associated with
non-fatal strangulation from judges considering bail,
sentence and parole.
Some charges require evidence about particular injuries.
But non-fatal strangulation often leaves no visible physical
injury. The non-fatal strangulation offence properly
labels the offending behaviour and ensures the offender’s
criminal record properly records it.
In one case, the sentencing judge acknowledged that the
victim “could have been dead within seconds” and that
the act is “inherently dangerous” and “could easily have
caused permanent serious injury or death”.
This improved knowledge should help judges to make
more appropriate decisions about bail, sentencing and
parole to help keep victims safe.
Why it needs to be a separate offence
The introduction of the offence in Queensland has underpinned
training for first responders, including police,
ambulance officers and hospital admissions staff. They
now learn about the dangers and risks of non-fatal strangulation,
how to ask about it and how to respond.
Information is now included in policy manuals and
risk-assessment tools. This helps first responders appropriately
use powers such as arrest and detention, make
appropriate referrals, and help with safety planning.
While other offences throughout Australian criminal law
can be charged when there is a non-fatal strangulation,
they may be difficult to prove. Evidence of intention to
Research found that after the introduction of a non-fatal
strangulation offence in New York ten years ago, some
perpetrators, who had previously avoided any punishment
because of a lack of visible injuries, faced criminal
sanctions for non-fatal strangulation.
Barriers to overcome
Despite positive aspects associated with the non-fatal
strangulation offence in Queensland, there are some
concerns. Imprisonment is often not the best way to
rehabilitate an offender. More resources are needed to
support programs that work intensively with perpetrators
to support behaviour change.
The abuser’s imprisonment can buy women time to
escape to safety and re-establish housing, finances and
schools for the children, but may not deter future domestic
violence offending or keep the victim safe in the
longer term.
Further, any use of criminalisation as a strategy to
respond to domestic violence is likely to contribute to
higher rates of imprisonment for Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people.
Although around 3.8% of Queensland’s population
identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, 21%
PERSONAL
PROTECTION TRAINING

of offenders sentenced for non-fatal strangulation are
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
The high use of imprisonment as a response to non-fatal
strangulation may point to a lack of sentencing options,
both for Aboriginal an Torres Strait Islander people and
non-Indigenous Australians.
There may also be concerns about the scope of the
Queensland offence. The offence must involve choking,
suffocation and strangulation but these actions are not
defined and may not encompass incidents that involve
the offender “pushing on the neck”, which has the same
risks and effects.
These matters would be worth considering as Victoria
begins to draft its new offence.
The National Sexual Assault, Family & Domestic Violence
Counselling Line – 1800 RESPECT (1800 737 732)
– is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week for any
Australian who has experienced, or is at risk of, family
and domestic violence and/or sexual assault.
This article was first published on The Conversation
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CHILD-CENTRED DISASTER
RESILIENCE EDUCATION IN
AUSTRALIA’S NORTH-WEST
Author: Linley Brown
Australian Journal of Emergency Management

In 2018, the Western Australian
Department of Fire and Emergency
Services (DFES) released a primary
school education program to
improve bushfire resilience. The
North West Bushfire Patrol is
geographically and culturally
appropriate for the north-west
regions of Western Australia.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (UNISDR
2015) and Australia’s National
Strategy for Disaster Resilience
(Attorney-General’s Department
2011) both recognise that children
play a critical role in increasing
Figure 1: The practice framework used to develop the North West Bushfire Patrol.
bushfire knowledge, awareness and
preparedness in their households and
within communities. Accordingly,
the DFES has developed programs
and allocated resources to deliver
education materials to help children
improve their resilience knowledge.
Regionally specific resources like the
North West Bushfire Patrol bring
school-based bushfire education to
Western Australia’s schools right
across the vast state.
THE RESEARCH
In 2014, the Bushfire and Natural
Hazards Cooperative Research Centre
initiated a research project ‘Building
best practice in child-centred disaster
risk reduction’. This project provided
the information and guiding tools
to help develop quality education
programs using an evidence-based
approach. Tools included a practice
framework for disaster resilience for
Australian emergency management
agencies. The framework has three
guiding principles and three core
dimensions (Figure 1). The practice
framework was a useful tool and
guided the development of North
West Bushfire Patrol.
Connection to and caring for Country
is important for Indigenous peoples.
As such, the classroom activities
focus on the environmental effects
of bushfire and the importance of
practices like traditional burning
in land management. Education
resources were developed including
considerations for the large
proportion of students in the region
with English as an additional
language or dialect. Appropriate
learning activities were developed to
include the use of illustrations and
photography.
DFES drew on the expertise of
the Department of Biodiversity,
Conservation and Attractions that
has expertise and knowledge related
to traditional burning practices and
the impacts of bushfires on plants
and animals. Other stakeholders
included Indigenous ranger groups
in the north-west, local DFES staff
and volunteers and teachers in the
Kimberley region.
DESIGNING THE PROGRAM
The Kimberley region in north-west
Australia experiences many bushfires
and a considerable number are
deliberately or accidentally ignited.
The North West Bushfire Patrol

includes clear and specific program
outcomes designed to address this
issue.
FOR PRE-PRIMARY TO YEAR 3,
THESE SKILLS INCLUDE:
• recognising unsafe campfire
behaviour
• understanding that matches and
lighters are tools not toys and
knowing what to do if they find
these items
• seeking help from an adult (or
calling Triple Zero) when there is
an unsafe fire, even if the fire is lit
accidentally.
FOR YEAR 4 TO YEAR 6, THESE
SKILLS INCLUDE:
• responding appropriately when
they see someone playing with
fire
• determining bushfire weather
and the times when it is safe to
make a fire
• locating the Fire Danger
Rating for their local area and
understanding its purpose.
Activities in the program assist
students to develop skills that:
• develop behaviours and identify
ways to stay safe when there is a
fire
• detect bushfire factors (e.g.
changes in seasons and weather
conditions) to prepare for
bushfire.
Teaching and learning activities are
varied and use a suite of learning
approaches. These include inquirybased,
interactive and action learning
as well as opportunities for students to
carry out fieldwork and get involved
in community-based activities.
IMPLEMENTING THE PROGRAM
During the program’s research stage,
NAAFLS
NORTH AUSTRALIAN
ABORIGINAL FAMILY LEGAL SERVICE

the lack of professional development
opportunities for educators was
identified as a major impediment in
the uptake of education programs.
Research shows that when teachers
are provided with assistance from
relevant experts, they are more
likely to use the resources in their
classrooms.4
As a result, the release of North
West Bushfire Patrol coincided with
a professional development session
for teachers in the Kimberley that
was held in Broome in February
2018. To ensure a high attendance
in an area where relief teachers are
rare and professional development
opportunities limited, DFES
partnered with two other government
agencies. The resulting multiagency,
multi-program professional
development session was held over
two days. Teachers were guided
through how to use the resources
in the classroom. After the training,
the teachers confirmed they were
confident to deliver the bushfire
education.
EVALUATING THE PROGRAM
The DFES Community Preparedness
Directorate implemented a
monitoring and evaluation framework
to provide a consistent approach to
evaluating programs and activities.
This framework will be used to assist
in the evaluation of North West
Bushfire Patrol and guide continuous
improvement.
North West Bushfire Patrol teacher
resources are available at www.
dfes.wa.gov.au/schooleducation/
teachersandschools/Pages/
bushfirepatrolteacherresources.aspx.
This article is licenced under creative commons
and can be found on the Australian Institute for
Disaster Resilience website
Commercial Slabs And Design
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ALL-NIGHT PUBLIC TRANSPORT
HASN’T REDUCED ALCOHOL-RELATED
HARM IN MELBOURNE
The Victorian government introduced
24-hour public transport on Friday
and Saturday nights in Melbourne
from January 1 2016. Services mostly
run every hour from 1am to 5am
on all metropolitan lines with some
additional tram and bus services.
The initiative, originally labelled
“Homesafe”, was proposed as a
convenient and safe way to travel in
and out of the city throughout the
night. But our research shows it did
not reduce alcohol-related violence
and road accidents.
The budgeted cost of the program
is almost A$300 million through
to 2020. This includes the cost of
protective services officers whose sole
role is to patrol train stations and
associated areas, ensuring the safety
of night-time public transport users.
What did the research show?
Our research evaluated the
introduction of 24-hour public
transport from two different
perspectives.
For our first study, we conducted
covert observations of four nightclub
venues in Melbourne in the year
before and after 24-hour public
transport was introduced. Patrons’
observed levels of intoxication inside
venues increased after 24-hour public
transport was introduced (see figures
1a-d).
Our second study used data on police
assaults, alcohol- and drug-related
ambulance attendances, road crashes
from the areas serviced by public

transport, Myki public transport
card touch-ons, and pedestrian
counts to determine the impact
of 24-hour public transport on
alcohol-related harms in the city.
Figure 2 shows an immediate
increase in police-recorded
assaults, until increased police
resources were allocated. A
temporary reduction followed,
although more recent data from
the Victorian Crime Statistics
Agency (see table 1) show serious
assaults have remained stable
with a peak in 2018.
Road crashes in the areas
serviced by public transport
remained relatively stable from
2015 to 2016, as figure 3 shows.
Figure 1. Proportions of patrons: a) in venue by time of observation; b) showing intoxication signs; c) too
intoxicated; d) showing signs of drug use.
drinkers on the streets.
These findings, which assess
the effects of more than A$300
million in state expenditure, are
also important when considering
current reviews of liquor laws in
Sydney and Queensland, where the
alcohol industry and aligned interest
groups are proposing 24-hour public
transport.
What else could be done?
Figure 2. Number of police-recorded assaults resulting in arrest or summons in postcode 3000
during high-alcohol hours, 2015 and 2016.
Table 1. Serious assaults recorded on a street/lane/footpath or licensed premises in postcodes 3000
and 3006 during high-alcohol hours, April 2015 to March 2019. Data: Victorian Crime Statistics
Agency
There was little change in the number
of people attending the central
business district. Figure 4 shows
pedestrian counts around Flinders
Street Station throughout the night
before and after 24-hour services
began.
While correlation doesn’t necessarily
equal causation, the measures clearly
failed to achieve any substantial
reduction of alcohol-related harms.
If the aim of the policy was to boost
“Melbourne’s 24-hour lifestyle”, then
it may be considered successful. More
people were in the city later in the
evening, using public transport and
attending bars and clubs, resulting in
higher levels of intoxication in these
venues. This is clearly a massive win
for the alcohol industry and others
that profit from very late-night
Other jurisdictions around the world
have chosen a range of approaches
to reduce alcohol-related harm. By
far the most evidence-based policy
option is to close venues earlier in the
night.
Ending the serving of alcohol at 3am
has been the most common variant
of this policy in Australia. Australian
examples of this approach have been
associated with substantial reductions
in assaults – 37% in Newcastle and
39% in Sydney’s Kings Cross.
In 2016, Queensland implemented
similar restrictions as well as
mandatory ID scanning. This means
banned patrons are reliably detected
before entering venues. Findings from
a two-year evaluation are soon to be
released.
Another possibility is an adaptation

of the violent venues scheme in New South Wales,
which has seen sustained reductions across the
state since 2008.
Our findings suggest the money spent on 24-hour
public transport is associated with increases in
intoxication and violence.
Another consideration is that reducing taxi queues
is no longer the issue it once was. The rise of Uber
has provided much more flexibility in nightlife
transport.
Figure 3. Average number of road crashes during high-alcohol hours, 2015 and 2016.
Figure 4. Count of pedestrians by Flinders Street Station foot traffic counter during high-alcohol hours,
2015 and 2016, by day and hour
Governments should trial different policy
options to determine what works for their
jurisdiction. These trials should be rigorously
and independently evaluated. Effective measures
can then be identified, unintended consequences
addressed and ineffective or overly costly measures
replaced.
Ashlee Curtis
Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Deakin University
Peter Miller
Professor of Violence Prevention and Addiction Studies,
Deakin University Article first published on The
Conversation
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NEW VEGETATION MAP
TO HELP VICTORIA
MANAGE BUSHFIRES
AND FLOODS
Monash University researchers
have developed Australia’s first
high-resolution vegetation map, in
this instance focused on the state of
Victoria.
This map has the potential to assist
with fire prevention, agricultural
planning, flood modelling, pollution
management, and mine site
monitoring and rehabilitation.
Data is sourced from the European
Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite,
and comprises more than 4300
images.
This article first appeared on
Monash University website
www.monash.edu.au
The research team consists
of Dr Francois Petitjean, Dr
Charlotte Pelletier, Zehui Ji and
Professor Geoff Webb (Monash
University); Dr Kathryn
Sheffield and Dr Elizabeth
Morse-McNabb (Agriculture
Victoria); and Oliver Hagolle
(CNES/French Space Agency).

On the back of one of the most
devastating bushfire periods in
history, Australia’s first highresolution
vegetation map of Victoria,
produced by Monash University,
could help authorities manage future
outbreaks and improve agricultural
planning.
Researchers at Monash University’s
Faculty of Information Technology
have used the most established data
from the European Space Agency’s
Sentinel-2 satellite to develop the first
land-cover map of Victoria at 10m
spatial resolution.
This the most detailed map of its
kind produced in Australia, and is
the result of the analysis of more than
4300 satellite images.
Potential high-value applications
of these new maps include fire
prevention, agricultural planning,
flood modelling, pollution
management, and mining site
monitoring and rehabilitation.
Victoria is the first state or territory
in Australia to have access to this
revolutionary image map, which is
25 times finer and more detailed
than those currently produced by the
Australian government.
“Earth observation satellites have for
years provided us with information
about the status of large-scale
agricultural, environmental and
climate problems to inform our
decisions. But the pictures we used to
see were largely static and unreliable,”
said Dr François Petitjean, project
lead and senior research fellow
from the University’s Faculty of
Information Technology.
“We’re entering a new era in Earth
observation, with latest-generation
satellites starting to produce images of
Earth frequently, in high resolution,
and at no charge to end users.
“We now have an unprecedented
opportunity to monitor the dynamics
of our region – and country – over
time, and establish a course of action
that reflects the changing nature of
the environment.”
This vegetation map of Victoria
can be applied to several scenarios,
including:
Fire management: where it’s
critical to know the condition of
trees and grasslands (in particular,
their vegetation water content and
biomass), in order to derive highquality
fuel-load maps that can be
used to model how bushfires spread
and how prescribed burns can be
conducted.
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Agricultural planning: having
knowledge of the type of crops and
stress over the territory is critical
to optimise irrigation and use of
pesticides/herbicides, or to forecast
potential exports through yield
estimates.
Flood management: predicting the
water levels after a rain event requires
to precisely know how much of the
rain is absorbed by the soil, which
is essentially dictated by the type of
vegetation.
Pollution management: mapping the
type of privately and publically owned
vegetation is essential for monitoring
the different types of pollutions that a
city can safely absorb.
Mining site monitoring and
rehabilitation: satellite images can
help monitor abnormal vegetation
growth.
“This very colourful map shows great
potential for refined modelling of
the state’s vegetation, highlighting
possible improvements that may be
required. We’re currently looking into
how we can replicate this for other
states and territories in Australia,” Dr
Petitjean said.
The Victorian vegetation map is
now available online at https://www.
monash.edu/it/vegmap
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