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Glossary<br />
• Alula: Vaned, pennaceous feathers extending from the alular digit, also “bastard<br />
wing”<br />
• Alular digit: The first digit finger of the h<strong>and</strong><br />
• Arboreal: Tree-dwelling<br />
• Basal: A species or group positioned near the base of its parent clade’s family tree<br />
• Barb: Thin filament branching from the rachis <strong>and</strong> forming the vane of a feather<br />
• Barbule: Small filaments branching from the barbs, adhering <strong>to</strong> adjacent barbs via<br />
hooklets<br />
• Bastard wing: See alula<br />
• Clade: A natural group, consisting of two specified sub-groups, their conces<strong>to</strong>r, <strong>and</strong><br />
all of its descendants<br />
• Closed-vaned feather: See vaned feather<br />
• Conces<strong>to</strong>r: The most recent common ances<strong>to</strong>r of two given species or clades<br />
• Con<strong>to</strong>ur feather: Vaned feathers covering the body<br />
• Covert: Small vaned, pennaceous feathers covering the bases of remiges or rectrices<br />
• Crown: Feathers covering the <strong>to</strong>p of the skull, especially when forming a raised crest<br />
• Derived: A species or group positioned far from the base of its parent clade’s family<br />
tree<br />
• Digit: “Finger” of the h<strong>and</strong> (manual digit) or “<strong>to</strong>e” of the foot (pedal digit)<br />
• Down: Feather with a short or thin rachis <strong>and</strong> soft barbs lacking barbules<br />
• Fan-tail: Rectrices arranged in a fan attaching <strong>to</strong> a pygostyle with rectrical bulb<br />
• Frond-tail: Rectrices arranged in pairs along the length of a tail with discrete vertebrae<br />
• Hallux: Fouth digit of the foot, usually reversed (backward-pointed <strong>and</strong> opposable)<br />
in perching species<br />
• Hindwing: Wing-like structure formed by vaned feathers attached in a planar arrangement<br />
<strong>to</strong> the tarsus<br />
• Hooklet: Microscopic hook-shaped filament holding barbs <strong>and</strong> barbules <strong>to</strong>gether in<br />
the vane of a feather<br />
• Humerus: Bone of the upper arm, <strong>to</strong> which tertial feather ligaments anchor<br />
• Major digit: The second (usually largest) finger of the h<strong>and</strong><br />
• Manus: H<strong>and</strong> including the metacarpals <strong>and</strong> digits<br />
• Minor digit: The third finger of the h<strong>and</strong>, often reduced <strong>and</strong>/or fused <strong>to</strong> the major<br />
digit<br />
• Open-vaned feather: Pennaceous feathers lacking barbules, but in which the barbs are<br />
large <strong>and</strong> relatively stiff, forming a loosely planar surface<br />
• Propatagium: Skin <strong>and</strong> ligaments connecting the wrist <strong>to</strong> the shoulder in a wing<br />
• Pygostyle: Fused tail vertebrae, anchoring the rectrical bulb <strong>and</strong> rectrices<br />
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