A field guide to mesozoic birds and other winged dinosaurs

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Appendix C: Evolutionary Linnaean Classification Several attempts have been made in recent years to construct traditional or Linnaean classifications of Mesozoic birds. However, most of these attempts have been flawed in some way. For example, Livezey & Zusi (2007) presented a classification of all birds which included only a few Mesozoic taxa. These were united in several unorthodox, often paraphyletic groups which contradicted most contemporary phylogenies (e.g. uniting Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis in a single group to the exclusion of other birds, including Rahonavis as an euenantiornithean etc.). While Linnaean classifications are clearly not as useful as phylogenies for elucidating the interrelationships of taxa, there are situations where they may be useful for communication. For that reason they should be made as comprehensive and as phylogenetically rigorous as possible within the confines of the Linnaean structure, and for these reasons Livezey & Zusi’s classification is considered inadequate. Another Linnaean classification was presented by Benton (2004). While more phylogenetically rigorous than that of Livezey & Zusi (2007), it suffered from oversimplification due to few included taxa. Presented here is a more comprehensive and rigorous Linnaean taxonomy of all known Mesozoic bird taxa (Subfamily rank and above). The goal of this taxonomy is not to be used in preference to phylogenetic nomenclature, but to be available as an alternative to published Linnaean classifications on the occasion that the use of Linnaean ranks is necessary or preferred by the author. The names and placement of taxa listed here are informed by their phylogenetic definitions in Appendix B. Class Aves Linnaeus 1758 Order Caenagnathiformes Sternberg 1940 Family Caudipteridae Zhou & Wang 2000 Family Avimimidae Kurzanov, 1981 Superfamily Caenagnathoidea Sternberg 1940 Family Caenagnathidae Sternberg 1940 Subfamily Caenagnathinae Sternberg 1940 Subfamily Elmisaurinae Osmolska 1981 Family Oviraptoridae Osborn 1924 180
Subfamily Oviraptorinae Osborn 1924 Subfamily “Ingeniinae” Barsbold 1981 (preoccupied) Order Deinonychosauria Colbert & Russell 1969 Family Troodontidae Gilmore 1924 Subfamily Jinfengopteryginae Turner & al. 2012 Subfamily Troodontinae Gilmore 1924 Subfamily Saurornithoidinae Barsbold 1974 Family Ornithodesmidae Hooley 1913 Subfamily Microraptorinae Longrich & Currie 2009 Subfamily Unenlagiinae Makovicky & al. 2005 Subfamily Saurornitholestinae Longrich & Currie 2009 Subfamily Itemirinae Kurzanov 1976 Subfamily Dromaeosaurinae Matthew & Brown 1924 Family Scansoriopterygidae Czerkas & Yuan 2002 Family Archaeopterygidae Huxley 1871 Family Jeholornithidae Zhou & Zhang 2006 Family Yandangornithidae Cai & Zhou 1999 Family Omnivoropterygidae Czerkas & Ji 2002 Order Confuciusornithiformes Hou & al. 1995 Family Confuciusornithidae Hou & al. 1995 Subclass Enantiornithes Walker 1981 Order Iberomesornithiformes Sanz & Bonaparte 1992 Family Iberomesornithidae Sanz & Bonaparte 1992 Family Liaoningornithidae Hou 1996 Family Protopterygidae Zhang & Zhou 2006 Family Alexornithidae Brodkorb 1976 Family Gobipterygidae Elzanowski 1974 Order Eoenantiornithiformes Hou & al 1999 Family Eoenantiornithidae Hou & al 1999 Family Longipterygidae Zhang & al. 2001 Order Cathayornithiformes Zhou & al. 1992 Family Cathayornithidae Zhou & al. 1992 Superfamily Avisauroidea Paul & Brett-Surman 1985 Family Mystiornithidae Kurochkin & al. 2011 Family Concornithidae Kurochkin 1996 Family Avisauridae Paul & Brett-Surman 1985 Order Enantiornithiformes Martin 1983 Family Enantiornithidae Nessov 1984 Order Chaoyangiformes Hou 1997 Family Patagopterygidae Alvarenga & Bonaparte 1992 Family Hongshanornithidae O’Connor & al. 2009 Family Songlingornithidae Hou 1997 Family Eurolimnornithidae Kessler & Jurcsak 1986 Order Palaeocursornithiformes Kessler & Jurcsak 1986 Family Palaeocursornithidae Kessler & Jurcsak 1988 Family Gansuidae Hou & Liu 1984 Family Ambiortidae Kuochkin 1982 Subclass Hesperornithes Marsh 1875 Family Enaliornithidae Fürbringer 1888 181
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A Field Guide to Mesozoic Birds and
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To my wife Rashida, For always bugg
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Enantiornithiformes................
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Introduction
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up of remains from various reptiles
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enough information about their plum
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Bird Origins & Evolution
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fur-like filaments called pycnofibr
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This same group (Chuniaoae) is wher
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20
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erately long rachides with long bar
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istles, the opposite of filoplumes,
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ers are anchored to a single plough
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using their wings to passively exte
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modern downstroke where the arm mov
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While Mesozoic birds and other anci
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Feathers & Wings Feathers are class
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longest digit is called the major d
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which aids in aerial maneuverabilit
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Hesperornis, the premaxillary nail
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carnivorous. However, many deinonyc
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Feather Color Recent work by Jakob
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Above: Hypothetical restoration of
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48
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Guide to Mesozoic Birds
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like in life based on fossil and ot
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Above: Relationships of basal caena
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Above: Relationships of caenagnatho
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very unusual looking birds.” Even
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Above: Relationships of microraptor
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Above: Relationships of eudromaeosa
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juv. adult 89
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Above: Relationships of unenlagiine
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Above: Relationships of troodontids
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Above: Relationships of avialans ov
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adult male adult female imm. male f
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For that reason only well-known spe
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Above: Relationships of eoenantiorn
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Page 133 and 134: Above: Relationships of cathayornit
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Page 145 and 146: Above: Relationships of euornithean
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Page 155 and 156: Above: Relationships of carinatans
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Page 161 and 162: million years in the Cenozoic. Not
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Page 165 and 166: Above: Relationships of hesperornit
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Page 171 and 172: • “Euronychodon” portucalensi
Page 173 and 174: • Palintropus retusus - a possibl
Page 175 and 176: Oviraptor ~ Caenagnathus Oviraptori
Page 177 and 178: Ornithothoraces Chiappe & Calvo 199
Page 179: Hesperornithidae Marsh 1872 [Clarke
Page 183 and 184: Glossary • Alula: Vaned, pennaceo
Page 185 and 186: References Benton, M.J. (2004). Ver
Page 187 and 188: nonychus antirrhopus (Saurischia, T
Page 189: Matthew P. Martyniuk is an illustra
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A field guide to mesozoic birds and other winged dinosaurs

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