Diagnostic Ultrasound - Abdomen and Pelvis
Endometritis (Left) Longitudinal transvaginal ultrasound shows endometrial thickening ſt and scattered foci of gas in a patient following recent cesarean section 3 weeks earlier. (Right) Sagittal unenhanced CT in the same patient demonstrates the lowdensity thickened endometrium ſt with a scattered foci of gas . Diagnoses: Female Pelvis (Left) Longitudinal transvaginal ultrasound shows extensive gas and heterogeneous material in the endometrial cavity; consistent with pyometrium, extending to the cervical os ſt. The patient presented with foul-smelling vaginal discharge and pelvic pain, with no history of recent pregnancy or instrumentation. (Right) Axial unenhanced CT in the same patient shows the endometrial gas ſt as well as extension into the myometrium . (Left) Transverse endovaginal ultrasound shows only subtle gas in the left cornua region in this patient with pelvic pain and vaginal discharge, which is consistent with clinical endometritis. (Right) Coronal unenhanced CT in the same patient more clearly demonstrates the focus of gas in the left fundal region. 769
Intrauterine Device Diagnoses: Female Pelvis TERMINOLOGY • 2 types of IUDs in United States ○ Copper-containing ○ Levonorgestrel-releasing • Device inserted into endometrial cavity to prevent pregnancy • T-shaped polyethylene frame with polyethylene monofilament string IMAGING • US ○ IUD stem is linear bright echo aligned with endometrial cavity ○ If difficult to visualize, look for shadowing ○ ≤ 3 mm between top of IUD and fundal endometrium ○ Arms/cross bars extend laterally at fundus • Radiography ○ KUB helps to differentiate IUD expulsion from perforation KEY FACTS ○ Image from diaphragm to pelvis ○ Differentiates expulsion from perforation when IUD is not seen in uterus on US • CT: May be helpful in select cases to evaluate for complications related to perforation and intraabdominal IUD • Perforation ○ IUD above pelvic brim, far lateral, or anterior/posterior CLINICAL ISSUES • Complications ○ Displacement (25%) ○ Embedment (18%) ○ Uterine expulsion (10%) ○ Complete perforation (0.1%) DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST • Entire IUD should be visualized within endometrial cavity with arms in appropriate orientation (Left) Longitudinal endovaginal US shows the typical appearance of well positioned IUD stem ſt as an area of reverberation and posterior acoustic shadowing st. (Right) Transverse US in the same patient shows normal position of arms/cross bars ſt extending laterally along the endometrial cavity at the fundus pointing towards the cornua. Note shadowing at the ends that are typical of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. (Left) 3D MPR US shows an IUD in its entirety in the appropriate position, with the stem positioned longitudinally along the canal, the arms ſt pointing towards the cornua, and the proximal end ≤ 3mm from the fundal endometrium. (Right) Longitudinal endovaginal US shows an abnormally low IUD ſt in the lower uterine segment extending into the cervix. Note the echogenic signature that is typical of a copper IUD. 770
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Endometritis<br />
(Left) Longitudinal<br />
transvaginal ultrasound shows<br />
endometrial thickening ſt <strong>and</strong><br />
scattered foci of gas in a<br />
patient following recent<br />
cesarean section 3 weeks<br />
earlier. (Right) Sagittal<br />
unenhanced CT in the same<br />
patient demonstrates the lowdensity<br />
thickened<br />
endometrium ſt with a<br />
scattered foci of gas .<br />
Diagnoses: Female <strong>Pelvis</strong><br />
(Left) Longitudinal<br />
transvaginal ultrasound shows<br />
extensive gas <strong>and</strong><br />
heterogeneous material in<br />
the endometrial cavity;<br />
consistent with pyometrium,<br />
extending to the cervical os<br />
ſt. The patient presented<br />
with foul-smelling vaginal<br />
discharge <strong>and</strong> pelvic pain, with<br />
no history of recent pregnancy<br />
or instrumentation. (Right)<br />
Axial unenhanced CT in the<br />
same patient shows the<br />
endometrial gas ſt as well as<br />
extension into the<br />
myometrium .<br />
(Left) Transverse endovaginal<br />
ultrasound shows only subtle<br />
gas in the left cornua<br />
region in this patient with<br />
pelvic pain <strong>and</strong> vaginal<br />
discharge, which is consistent<br />
with clinical endometritis.<br />
(Right) Coronal unenhanced<br />
CT in the same patient more<br />
clearly demonstrates the focus<br />
of gas in the left fundal<br />
region.<br />
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