Diagnostic Ultrasound - Abdomen and Pelvis
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis (Left) Longitudinal oblique ultrasound of acute acalculous cholecystis with gangrene in a lung transplant recipient shows gallbladder distension with viscous sludge. The wall is thick and discontinuous ſt. (Right) Longitudinal oblique ultrasound of the same patient shows hyperemia around the gallbladder ſt with no color flow in the necrotic wall. Diagnoses: Biliary System (Left) Axial CECT of acute acalculous cholecystitis shows a distended, thick-walled gallbladder ſt with fluid and inflammation in the pericholecystic fat st. Note the poor enhancement of the fundal wall . (Right) Transverse ultrasound of acalculous cholecystitis shows sludge , wall thickening st, and percutaneous cholecystostomy tube ſt. Pericholecystic fluid is noted. (Left) Transverse ultrasound of acute emphysematous cholecystitis with perforation shows that the gallbladder wall st is disrupted with loss of echogenic mucosal line. There is gas in the lumen ſt and a pericholecystic collection . (Right) Axial CECT of the same patient shows acute emphysematous cholecystitis with perforation. The gallbladder wall st is focally disrupted. There is gas in the lumen ſt and a pericholecystic collection containing gas . 307
Chronic Cholecystitis Diagnoses: Biliary System TERMINOLOGY • Chronic inflammation of (GB) gallbladder causing wall thickening and fibrosis IMAGING • Diffuse GB wall thickening, ±contraction • Presence of gallstones in nearly all cases • Pericholecystic inflammation usually absent • No increased flow within thickened gallbladder wall • US is initial imaging tool but is nonspecific • Clinical history is critical TOP DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES • Sympathetic/reactive GB wall thickening • Adenomyomatosis of gallbladder • Gallbladder carcinoma PATHOLOGY • Most common pathology of gallbladder KEY FACTS • 95% associated with gallstone disease • Intermittent obstruction of cystic duct causes chronic inflammatory infiltration of wall, which can lead to fibrosis and contraction CLINICAL ISSUES • Seen in same population as gallstone disease (i.e., female < male, middle age, obesity, etc.) • Good prognosis with minimal symptoms • Complications include acute cholecystitis, gallbladder carcinoma, and rarely, biliary-enteric fistula DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST • Thick-walled gallbladder • Gallstones • No pericholecystic fluid • Clinical history of recurrent biliary colic with typical US findings is diagnostic (Left) Graphic shows multiple gallstones inside a contracted thick-walled gallbladder (GB), characteristic features of chronic cholecystitis. (Right) A contracted gallbladder is shown with diffuse wall thickening ſt and shadowing gallstones st. Note the absence of pericholecystic free fluid. (Left) Transverse transabdominal ultrasound shows a GB with diffuse wall thickening ſt containing an echogenic sludge ball and nonshadowing gallstones st. (Right) Transverse transabdominal ultrasound shows diffuse wall thickening ſt within the contracted gallbladder. Note the presence of echogenic sludge and stones within the GB. 308
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Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis<br />
(Left) Longitudinal oblique<br />
ultrasound of acute acalculous<br />
cholecystis with gangrene in a<br />
lung transplant recipient<br />
shows gallbladder distension<br />
with viscous sludge. The wall<br />
is thick <strong>and</strong> discontinuous ſt.<br />
(Right) Longitudinal oblique<br />
ultrasound of the same<br />
patient shows hyperemia<br />
around the gallbladder ſt<br />
with no color flow in the<br />
necrotic wall.<br />
Diagnoses: Biliary System<br />
(Left) Axial CECT of acute<br />
acalculous cholecystitis shows<br />
a distended, thick-walled<br />
gallbladder ſt with fluid <strong>and</strong><br />
inflammation in the<br />
pericholecystic fat st. Note<br />
the poor enhancement of the<br />
fundal wall . (Right)<br />
Transverse ultrasound of<br />
acalculous cholecystitis shows<br />
sludge , wall thickening st,<br />
<strong>and</strong> percutaneous<br />
cholecystostomy tube ſt.<br />
Pericholecystic fluid is<br />
noted.<br />
(Left) Transverse ultrasound of<br />
acute emphysematous<br />
cholecystitis with perforation<br />
shows that the gallbladder<br />
wall st is disrupted with loss<br />
of echogenic mucosal line.<br />
There is gas in the lumen ſt<br />
<strong>and</strong> a pericholecystic<br />
collection . (Right) Axial<br />
CECT of the same patient<br />
shows acute emphysematous<br />
cholecystitis with perforation.<br />
The gallbladder wall st is<br />
focally disrupted. There is gas<br />
in the lumen ſt <strong>and</strong> a<br />
pericholecystic collection<br />
containing gas .<br />
307