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xi 9. Some Applications of Trigonometry 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Heights and Distances 196 9.3 Summary 205 10. Circles 206 10.1 Introduction 206 10.2 Tangent to a Circle 207 10.3 Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle 209 10.4 Summary 215 11. Constructions 216 11.1 Introduction 216 11.2 Division of a Line Segment 216 11.3 Construction of Tangents to a Circle 220 11.4 Summary 222 12. Areas Related to Circles 223 12.1 Introduction 223 12.2 Perimeter and Area of a Circle — A Review 224 12.3 Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle 226 12.4 Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures 231 12.5 Summary 238 13. Surface Areas and Volumes 239 13.1 Introduction 239 13.2 Surface Area of a Combination of Solids 240 13.3 Volume of a Combination of Solids 245 13.4 Conversion of Solid from One Shape to Another 248 13.5 Frustum of a Cone 252 13.6 Summary 258 14. Statistics 260 14.1 Introduction 260 14.2 Mean of Grouped Data 260 14.3 Mode of Grouped Data 272
xii 14.4 Median of Grouped Data 277 14.5 Graphical Representation of Cumulative Frequency Distribution 289 14.6 Summary 293 15. Probability 295 15.1 Introduction 295 15.2 Probability — A Theoretical Approach 296 15.3 Summary 312 Appendix A1 : Proofs in Mathematics 313 A1.1 Introduction 313 A1.2 Mathematical Statements Revisited 313 A1.3 Deductive Reasoning 316 A1.4 Conjectures, Theorems, Proofs and Mathematical Reasoning 318 A1.5 Negation of a Statement 323 A1.6 Converse of a Statement 326 A1.7 Proof by Contradiction 329 A1.8 Summary 333 Appendix A2 : Mathematical Modelling 334 A2.1 Introduction 334 A2.2 Stages in Mathematical Modelling 335 A2.3 Some Illustrations 339 A2.4 Why is Mathematical Modelling Important? 343 A2.5 Summary 344 Answers/Hints 345
Page 2 and 3: Foreword Preface Contents 1. Real N
Page 6 and 7: REAL NUMBERS 1 1.1 Introduction In
Page 8 and 9: REAL NUMBERS 3 moment we write down
Page 10 and 11: REAL NUMBERS 5 This algorithm works
Page 12 and 13: REAL NUMBERS 7 EXERCISE 1.1 1. Use
Page 14 and 15: REAL NUMBERS 9 An equivalent versio
Page 16 and 17: REAL NUMBERS 11 So, HCF (6, 72, 120
Page 18 and 19: 3 = a b ✂ REAL NUMBERS 13 Substit
Page 20 and 21: REAL NUMBERS 15 1.5 Revisiting Rati
Page 22 and 23: REAL NUMBERS 17 We are now ready to
Page 24 and 25: REAL NUMBERS 19 You have seen that
Page 26 and 27: POLYNOMIALS 21 a cubic polynomial a
Page 28 and 29: POLYNOMIALS 23 Table 2.1 x - 2 -1 0
Page 30 and 31: POLYNOMIALS 25 Case (iii) : Here, t
Page 32 and 33: POLYNOMIALS 27 Note that 0 is the o
Page 34 and 35: a = k, b =- k(✞ + ✟) and c = k
Page 36 and 37: POLYNOMIALS 31 Example 4 : Find a q
Page 38 and 39: POLYNOMIALS 33 EXERCISE 2.2 1. Find
Page 40 and 41: POLYNOMIALS 35 Solution : Note that
Page 42 and 43: POLYNOMIALS 37 3. If the zeroes of
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PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VAR
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 71 Sridharachar
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 73 (ii) Since x
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 75 Note that we
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 77 Therefore, (
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 79 So, 9x 2 - 1
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 81 Therefore, t
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 83 If b 2 - 4ac
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 85 x = 3 25 2 B
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 87 Example 15 :
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 89 b b b If b 2
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 91 EXERCISE 4.4
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 5 5.1 Intro
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 95 In the e
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 97 Similarl
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 99 (iv) a 2
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 101 Now, lo
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 103 Example
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 105 It is a
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 107 17. Fin
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 109 Here, a
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 111 Therefo
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 113 4. How
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 115 EXERCIS
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TRIANGLES 6 6.1 Introduction You ar
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TRIANGLES 119 What can you say abou
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TRIANGLES 121 From the above, you c
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TRIANGLES 123 6.3 Similarity of Tri
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TRIANGLES 125 Therefore, from (1),
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TRIANGLES 127 Example 2 : ABCD is a
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TRIANGLES 129 5. In Fig. 6.20, DE |
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TRIANGLES 131 Let rays BP and CQ in
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TRIANGLES 133 Cut DP = AB and DQ =
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TRIANGLES 135 Now, PQ || EF and ABC
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TRIANGLES 137 Now, BD = 1.2 m × 4
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TRIANGLES 139 Fig. 6.34 2. In Fig.
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TRIANGLES 141 11. In Fig. 6.40, E i
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TRIANGLES 143 Example 9 : In Fig. 6
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TRIANGLES 145 So, from (1) and (2),
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TRIANGLES 147 So, ✁ ✂ ✂ ✂ B
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TRIANGLES 149 or, BL 2 = ✄ AC 2
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TRIANGLES 151 8. In Fig. 6.54, O is
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TRIANGLES 153 (ii) AB 2 = AD 2 - BC
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 7 7.1 Introduct
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 157 Therefore,
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 159 Also, PQ 2
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 161 So, the req
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 163 Draw AR, PS
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 165 Therefore,
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 167 EXERCISE 7.
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 169 Example 11
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 171 EXERCISE 7.
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 8 8.1
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 175 No
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 177 Fr
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 179 Th
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 181 EX
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 183 As
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 185 Ta
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 187 1.
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 189 Ex
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 191 Is
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INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 193 =
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SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY 9
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CIRCLES 207 You might have seen a p
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CIRCLES 209 Take a point Q on XY ot
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CIRCLES 211 Theorem 10.2 : The leng
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CIRCLES 213 Now, TPR + RPO = 90° =
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CIRCLES 215 10.4 Summary In this ch
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CONSTRUCTIONS 217 Let us see how th
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CONSTRUCTIONS 219 Solution : Given
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CONSTRUCTIONS 221 Steps of Construc
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 12 12.1 In
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 225 You ca
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 227 In a w
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 229 Soluti
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 231 10. An
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 233 Altern
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 235 2. Fin
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AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 237 11. On
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 13 13.1 I
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 241 First
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 243 Examp
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 245 7. A
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 247 Examp
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 249 How a
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✁ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✄ SURFACE AREAS A
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 253 How c
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 255 So, t
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 257 Now,
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SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 259 3. Gi
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STATISTICS 261 x = n ✁ fx i 1 n i
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STATISTICS 263 Table 14.3 Class int
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STATISTICS 265 Substituting the val
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STATISTICS 267 Example 2 : The tabl
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STATISTICS 269 Example 3 : The dist
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STATISTICS 271 4. Thirty women were
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STATISTICS 273 Clearly, 2 is the nu
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STATISTICS 275 of the students. In
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STATISTICS 277 14.4 Median of Group
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STATISTICS 279 From the table above
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STATISTICS 281 Table 14.14 Marks ob
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STATISTICS 283 Example 7 : A survey
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STATISTICS 285 Solution : Class int
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STATISTICS 287 EXERCISE 14.3 1. The
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STATISTICS 289 5. The following tab
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STATISTICS 291 Remark : Note that b
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STATISTICS 293 EXERCISE 14.4 1. The
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PROBABILITY 15 The theory of probab
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PROBABILITY 297 For another example
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PROBABILITY 299 Solution : Kritika
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PROBABILITY 301 That is, the probab
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PROBABILITY 303 Example 7 : There a
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PROBABILITY 305 Let E be the event
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PROBABILITY 307 4 6 5 4 6 5 1 2 3 4
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PROBABILITY 309 10. A piggy bank co
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PROBABILITY 311 25. Which of the fo
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ANSWERS/HINTS EXERCISE 1.1 1. (i) 4
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ANSWERS/HINTS 347 his daughter. To
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ANSWERS/HINTS 349 EXERCISE 3.5 1. (
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ANSWERS/HINTS 351 5. Marks in mathe
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ANSWERS/HINTS 353 n 4. 12. By putti
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ANSWERS/HINTS 355 3. 61m; 5th line
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ANSWERS/HINTS 357 5. 40 3 m 6. 19 3
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ANSWERS/HINTS 359 EXERCISE 13.3 1.
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ANSWERS/HINTS 361 EXERCISE 15.1 1.
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ANSWERS/HINTS 363 ✆ ✂ ✂ ✂ 2
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS A1 A1.1 Intro
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 315 (v) Some
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 317 used to d
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 319 Number of
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 321 4. Using
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 323 Remark :
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 325 For examp
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 327 In genera
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 329 2. Write
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 331 Since np
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 333 EXERCISE
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 335 (v) Pred
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 337 For inst
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 339 A2.3 Som
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 341 Example
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 343 3. A T.V
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