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CIRCLES 215 10.4 Summary In this chapter, you have studied the following points : 1. The meaning of a tangent to a circle. 2. The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. 3. The lengths of the two tangents from an external point to a circle are equal.
CONSTRUCTIONS 11 11.1 Introduction In Class IX, you have done certain constructions using a straight edge (ruler) and a compass, e.g., bisecting an angle, drawing the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, some constructions of triangles etc. and also gave their justifications. In this chapter, we shall study some more constructions by using the knowledge of the earlier constructions. You would also be expected to give the mathematical reasoning behind why such constructions work. 11.2 Division of a Line Segment Suppose a line segment is given and you have to divide it in a given ratio, say 3 : 2. You may do it by measuring the length and then marking a point on it that divides it in the given ratio. But suppose you do not have any way of measuring it precisely, how would you find the point? We give below two ways for finding such a point. Construction 11.1 : To divide a line segment in a given ratio. Given a line segment AB, we want to divide it in the ratio m : n, where both m and n are positive integers. To help you to understand it, we shall take m = 3 and n = 2. Steps of Construction : 1. Draw any ray AX, making an acute angle with AB. 2. Locate 5 (= m + n) points A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 on AX so that AA 1 = A 1 A 2 = A 2 A 3 = A 3 A 4 = A 4 A 5 . 3. Join BA 5 . 4. Through the point A 3 (m = 3), draw a line parallel to A 5 B (by making an angle equal to AA 5 B) at A 3 intersecting AB at the point C (see Fig. 11.1). Then, AC : CB = 3 : 2. Fig. 11.1
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Foreword Preface Contents 1. Real N
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xi 9. Some Applications of Trigonom
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REAL NUMBERS 1 1.1 Introduction In
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REAL NUMBERS 3 moment we write down
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REAL NUMBERS 5 This algorithm works
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REAL NUMBERS 7 EXERCISE 1.1 1. Use
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REAL NUMBERS 9 An equivalent versio
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REAL NUMBERS 11 So, HCF (6, 72, 120
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3 = a b ✂ REAL NUMBERS 13 Substit
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REAL NUMBERS 15 1.5 Revisiting Rati
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REAL NUMBERS 17 We are now ready to
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REAL NUMBERS 19 You have seen that
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POLYNOMIALS 21 a cubic polynomial a
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POLYNOMIALS 23 Table 2.1 x - 2 -1 0
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POLYNOMIALS 25 Case (iii) : Here, t
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POLYNOMIALS 27 Note that 0 is the o
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a = k, b =- k(✞ + ✟) and c = k
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POLYNOMIALS 31 Example 4 : Find a q
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POLYNOMIALS 33 EXERCISE 2.2 1. Find
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POLYNOMIALS 35 Solution : Note that
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POLYNOMIALS 37 3. If the zeroes of
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PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VAR
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 71 Sridharachar
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 73 (ii) Since x
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 75 Note that we
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 77 Therefore, (
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 79 So, 9x 2 - 1
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 81 Therefore, t
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 83 If b 2 - 4ac
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 85 x = 3 25 2 B
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 87 Example 15 :
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 89 b b b If b 2
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 91 EXERCISE 4.4
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 5 5.1 Intro
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 95 In the e
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 97 Similarl
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 99 (iv) a 2
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 101 Now, lo
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 103 Example
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 105 It is a
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 107 17. Fin
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 109 Here, a
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 111 Therefo
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 113 4. How
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 115 EXERCIS
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TRIANGLES 6 6.1 Introduction You ar
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TRIANGLES 119 What can you say abou
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TRIANGLES 121 From the above, you c
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TRIANGLES 123 6.3 Similarity of Tri
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TRIANGLES 125 Therefore, from (1),
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TRIANGLES 127 Example 2 : ABCD is a
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TRIANGLES 129 5. In Fig. 6.20, DE |
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TRIANGLES 131 Let rays BP and CQ in
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TRIANGLES 133 Cut DP = AB and DQ =
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TRIANGLES 135 Now, PQ || EF and ABC
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TRIANGLES 137 Now, BD = 1.2 m × 4
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TRIANGLES 139 Fig. 6.34 2. In Fig.
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TRIANGLES 141 11. In Fig. 6.40, E i
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TRIANGLES 143 Example 9 : In Fig. 6
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TRIANGLES 145 So, from (1) and (2),
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TRIANGLES 147 So, ✁ ✂ ✂ ✂ B
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TRIANGLES 149 or, BL 2 = ✄ AC 2
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TRIANGLES 151 8. In Fig. 6.54, O is
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TRIANGLES 153 (ii) AB 2 = AD 2 - BC
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 7 7.1 Introduct
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 157 Therefore,
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 159 Also, PQ 2
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 161 So, the req
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY 163 Draw AR, PS
Page 170 and 171: COORDINATE GEOMETRY 165 Therefore,
Page 172 and 173: COORDINATE GEOMETRY 167 EXERCISE 7.
Page 174 and 175: COORDINATE GEOMETRY 169 Example 11
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Page 178 and 179: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 8 8.1
Page 180 and 181: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 175 No
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Page 188 and 189: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 183 As
Page 190 and 191: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 185 Ta
Page 192 and 193: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 187 1.
Page 194 and 195: INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 189 Ex
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Page 212 and 213: CIRCLES 207 You might have seen a p
Page 214 and 215: CIRCLES 209 Take a point Q on XY ot
Page 216 and 217: CIRCLES 211 Theorem 10.2 : The leng
Page 218 and 219: CIRCLES 213 Now, TPR + RPO = 90° =
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Page 228 and 229: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 12 12.1 In
Page 230 and 231: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 225 You ca
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Page 234 and 235: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 229 Soluti
Page 236 and 237: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 231 10. An
Page 238 and 239: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 233 Altern
Page 240 and 241: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 235 2. Fin
Page 242 and 243: AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 237 11. On
Page 244 and 245: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 13 13.1 I
Page 246 and 247: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 241 First
Page 248 and 249: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 243 Examp
Page 250 and 251: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 245 7. A
Page 252 and 253: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 247 Examp
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Page 256 and 257: ✁ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✄ SURFACE AREAS A
Page 258 and 259: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 253 How c
Page 260 and 261: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 255 So, t
Page 262 and 263: SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 257 Now,
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Page 266 and 267: STATISTICS 261 x = n ✁ fx i 1 n i
Page 268 and 269: STATISTICS 263 Table 14.3 Class int
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STATISTICS 265 Substituting the val
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STATISTICS 267 Example 2 : The tabl
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STATISTICS 269 Example 3 : The dist
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STATISTICS 271 4. Thirty women were
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STATISTICS 273 Clearly, 2 is the nu
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STATISTICS 275 of the students. In
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STATISTICS 277 14.4 Median of Group
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STATISTICS 279 From the table above
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STATISTICS 281 Table 14.14 Marks ob
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STATISTICS 283 Example 7 : A survey
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STATISTICS 285 Solution : Class int
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STATISTICS 287 EXERCISE 14.3 1. The
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STATISTICS 289 5. The following tab
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STATISTICS 291 Remark : Note that b
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STATISTICS 293 EXERCISE 14.4 1. The
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PROBABILITY 15 The theory of probab
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PROBABILITY 297 For another example
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PROBABILITY 299 Solution : Kritika
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PROBABILITY 301 That is, the probab
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PROBABILITY 303 Example 7 : There a
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PROBABILITY 305 Let E be the event
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PROBABILITY 307 4 6 5 4 6 5 1 2 3 4
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PROBABILITY 309 10. A piggy bank co
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PROBABILITY 311 25. Which of the fo
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ANSWERS/HINTS EXERCISE 1.1 1. (i) 4
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ANSWERS/HINTS 347 his daughter. To
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ANSWERS/HINTS 349 EXERCISE 3.5 1. (
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ANSWERS/HINTS 351 5. Marks in mathe
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ANSWERS/HINTS 353 n 4. 12. By putti
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ANSWERS/HINTS 355 3. 61m; 5th line
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ANSWERS/HINTS 357 5. 40 3 m 6. 19 3
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ANSWERS/HINTS 359 EXERCISE 13.3 1.
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ANSWERS/HINTS 361 EXERCISE 15.1 1.
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ANSWERS/HINTS 363 ✆ ✂ ✂ ✂ 2
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS A1 A1.1 Intro
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 315 (v) Some
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 317 used to d
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 319 Number of
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 321 4. Using
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 323 Remark :
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 325 For examp
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 327 In genera
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 329 2. Write
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 331 Since np
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PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS 333 EXERCISE
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 335 (v) Pred
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 337 For inst
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 339 A2.3 Som
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 341 Example
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 343 3. A T.V
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