parasitology

VETERINARY
PARASITOLOGY
Department of Veterinary Parasitology
Madras Veterinary College
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
2016

VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY
Volume - I : General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology
Authors
S.T. Bino Sundar
Editor
Bhaskaran Ravi Latha, S. Gomathinayyapgam and A. Sangaram
Department of Veterinary Parasitology
Madras Veterinary College
Tamil Nadu Veterinar and Animal Sciences University
2016
Funded by
IDG 2015 - 2016

Preface
Veterinary Parsitology is one of the most important disciplines in the curriculum
of Undergraduate and Postgraduate degree courses in Veterinary Sciences.
Undertaking Veterinary Parasitology can be made much easier by using pictures
and illustrations. It is said that “A picture is worth a thousand words”. This flip
book presents General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology in an illustrative
question - answer form so that it enables the readers to learn the subject
easily. This book will be of immense use for Under Graduate and Post Graduate
students in Veterinary Parasitology as well as Veterinary graduates appearing
for competitive / entrance examinations such as ICAR-NET, JRF, SRF, UPS, CSIR-
NET, ICMR-NET, Civil services examinations, State Public Service Commission
examinations, Quiz competitions and other competitive examinations. We are
sure that the readers will find it very easy to understand, memorize and recall the
subject using this flip book especially before appearing for competitive exams with
multiple choice questions.

Why does this cattle seem to enjoy
the company of egrets?
Name the association exists between them.

Commensalism
It is a type of symbiotic relationship where one
organism benefits greatly from the relationship
Cattle egrets eat the insects emerging from soil
during grazing of cattle
Sometimes they also feed on the ticks present on
the body of cattle

You don’t need a “whip” to answer this question
Name the nematode that resembles
the object shown above

Trichuris sp. of round worms
They are commonly called whip worms

Nodules and blood red colour worms were noticed
in oesophagus during post mortem of a dog
Identify the worm

Spirocerca lupi
(Gullet worm of dog,
Oesophageal worm of dog)
Males : 40 mm in length
Females: 70 mm in length

B 12
, Cyanocobalamin,
the essential vitamin for
erythropoiesis is competitively
imbibed by a tapeworm leading
to macrocytic anaemia in man
Name the tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum
Broad fish tapeworm
Man gets infected by consuming infected
raw / undercooked fish containing pleurocercoid

On post mortem,
pimple or knot
like features
were observed
in an intestine
of sheep
Name the nematode causing such lesions

Oesophagostomum columbianum
(Nodular worm of sheep)
Causes nodules in the
intestinal mucosa of
previously sensitized sheep
The condition is called
“Pimply gut” or “Knotty gut”

Definitely
not
a tortuous
blood
vessel!!!
Identify this condition observed in a child
having the habit of playing bare foot
in areas frequented by dogs

Cutaneous larval migrans caused by the larvae
of Ancylostoma caninum- hook worm of dogs
Man being the unnatural host, these larvae
migrate erratically under the skin and cause
serpiginous tunnels

Cut section
of liver of a
cattle shows
numerous
pomegranate
What are these “Pomegranate like”
parasites ?

They are adult amphistomes
Explanatum explanatum
(Gigantocotyle explanatum), the only
amphistome seen in liver. They have a
big posterior sucker hence known as
Gigantocotyle.
Other amphistomes
are located in
rumen and reticulum

You see a
bundle of
worms inside
the heart of a
dog
What are
they?

Males : 23 cm in length
Females: 30 cm in length
Dirofilaria immitis, the heart worm of dog
These worms are seen in the right atrium, right
ventricle and pulmonary artery of dogs and
causes congestive heart failure in dogs
Culex sp. Mosquitoes are vectors

Can you spot the “pot belly” in the puppy?
Mention the cause for the “pot belly” appearance

Toxocara canis, the large round worm of dogs cause
pot belly appearance in pups
This swollen belly appearance is due to
hypoproteinaemia caused by these worms in dogs
leading to accumulation of fluid in abdominal
cavity - Ascites

Eating uncooked or raw pork will lead to a
cestode infection in man. It is…
I’m hungry!
I don’t have
time to cook my
pork
Can you foresee
any danger?

Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm of man)
Pork containing bladder worm stage Cysticercus
cellulosae (Measly pork), when ingested develops into
tapeworm
Reverse peristalsis (Autoinfection) can lead to
neurocysticercosis in brain

What is the importance of the coprophagus
beetle being eaten by garden lizard?

Coprophagus beetles act as the intermediate host for
gullet worm of dog, Spirocerca lupi
When these beetles are eaten by garden lizard, the larvae
of S. lupi will encyst in them (paratenic host)
Dogs get infected by consumption of garden lizard
containing encysted larvae

Can you relate these two pictures?
What is the significance of cyclops in
Veterinary Parasitology?

BOTH ARE SINGLE EYED GIANTS
Cyclops swim freely in stagnant water
They act as intermediate host for the following
helminths
Diphyllobothrium latum
Gnathostoma spinigerum

These flat leaf like parasites were obtained
from the liver on post mortem of a buffalo
Can you identify these parasites?

Liver flukes, Fasciola gigantica are located
in the bile duct of cattle, buffaloes sheep
and goats
Young flukes cause traumatic hepatitis
and adults produce obstructive jaundice
These flukes are transmitted by aquatic
snails Lymnaea luteola and Lymnaea
auricularia

Name the famous Indian sports personality,
a vegetarian who was infected with neurocysticercosis

LEANDER PAES
Infection could have
been acquired by
consumption of greens
contaminated with
eggs of Taenia solium,
the pork tapeworm of
man which developed
into the bladder worm
stage “Cysticercus
cellulosae” in the
brain leading to
neurocysticercosis

This person developed severe dermatitis after
having a bath in a pond
Which trematode could cause such condition?

Cercarial dermatitis/Swimmers itch
caused by cercaria of non human Schistosomes
mainly those of birds

One of the above larval stage differ from others
Pick up the odd one

Pleurocercoid
It is the larval stage of tapeworm
All others are larval stages of flukes
Miracidium Metacercaria Cercaria

On Post mortem of a sheep with nervous
symptoms and blindness, a fluid filled cyst
in the brain was found
What could be the parasite involved ?

Coenurus cerebralis, the bladder
worm of Taenia multiceps
Presence of Coenurus cyst in brain causes
nervous symptoms, circling,
high stepping gait and blindness in sheep

Who is this eminent
personality well known
for his contributions to
Parasitology?

Francesco Redi
He is called “Father of Modern Parasitology”
He was an Italian Physician

The person is getting rid of a round worm
from a blister in his foot
What is this worm?

Dracunculus medinensis
The Guinea worm or Serpent worm
Infection is acquired by drinking of water
containing cyclops infected with larvae

This goat exhibits submandibular oedema or
bottle jaw condition
What helminthic infections can cause such a
condition?

Fasciolosis
Haemonchosis

What is the role of Grass mites/Oribatid mites
in tapeworm infections?

They act as intermediate host for
tapeworms Moniezia sp. (Ruminants) and
Anoplocephala perfoliata (Horses)
Moniezia sp. Anoplocephala sp. Cysticercoid
Animals gets infection by ingestion of mites
containing the bladder worm stage “cysticercoid”

Countries highlighted in red are affected with
one important filarial disease causing river blindness
What is it?

Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca volvulus
and transmitted by Simulium sp. of flies (Black flies)

This boy with eye lesion has the following habits
Playing bare footed in soil from dog inhabited
areas
Pica (eating soil)
Not washing hands properly before eating food
Name the nematode infection

Visceral/Ocular larval migrans caused by the larval forms
of Toxocara canis due to accidental ingestion of eggs of
Toxocara canis from soil in dog inhabited areas

This is Pilobolus fungi
It plays a major role in transmission of a
group of nematodes. Name it

Lung worms (Dictyocaulus sp.)
causing Parasitic bronchitis/Husk/Hoose
Lung worm larvae attach themselves to the
Pilobolus sporangia and spread by the bursting
or exploding of sporangia to farther places

These hydatid cysts were recovered from
gluteal muscles of cattle
What is the causative parasite?
What is the mode of infection?

Muscle hydatid cysts are the bladder worms of
the dwarf tapeworm of dog, Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatidosis occurs by ingestion of eggs of
Echinococcus granulosus along with contaminated
food in animals and humans

Which of the following in an example
of definitive host ?

Cattle: Definitive host harbors the
mature stage of the parasite
Garden lizard – Paratenic host
Earthworm – Transport host
Mosquito - Vector

This pig farmer is practicing a sanitation system
called McLean County system
This method is to control a nematode infection
What is it?

Ascaris suum infection
It is a sanitation system to control ascarid infection
Pregnant sows are washed and scrubbed
thoroughly with soap and water to remove eggs
adhering to the skin before farrowing
This system was developed by pig farmers in
McLean County, USA

These pomegranate seed like
flukes were found in the rumen of a cattle
What are they?

Amphistomes
Paramphistomum cervi
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Fischoederius elongatus
Fischoederius cobboldi

Liver of this cattle shows severe trauma with
haemorrhage and numerous leaf like parasites
were found tunneling into the liver
What are they?

Migrating liver flukes

This Coenurus cerebralis cyst was found
in the brain of a sheep
What is the tapeworm involved?

Taenia multiceps, a tapeworm of dog
where sheep act as the intermediate host

Red Maasai Sheep of Kenya are resistant to a
major group of endoparasites. They are …..

Gastrointestinal nematodes especially
Haemonchus contortus a blood sucking strongyle
causes severe anemia and death

Milk spot liver lesions in pigs is caused by …..

Ascaris suum
Milk spot liver is caused by migration of
larvae of Ascaris suum in the liver of pigs

How does a blood sucking Ctenocephalides canis
act as intermediate host for
Dipylidium caninum ?

The flea larvae has mastigatory mouth parts
feeds on organic debris as well as feed on
gravid segments of Dipylidium caninum
Hexacanth embryo from the eggs develop into
Cysticercoid which develop in the flea to
reach the infective stage when flea becomes
adult

This man is selling
water chestnut
Eating raw water
chestnut could lead
to a trematode
infection. It is..

Fasciolopsis buski
(Giant intestinal fluke of man and pig)
Metacercaria of Fasciolopsis buski are found
encysted on the water chestnut
Infection occurs through ingestion of
metacercaria along with water chestnut

What is the liver fluke of dogs and cats?

Opisthorchis tenuicollis

These creatures are intermediate hosts for …

Poultry tapeworms
Cysticercoids of tapeworms are seen in the
tissues of intermediate hosts
Chicken gets infected by ingestion of infected
intermediate hosts

This is the drug of choice for…

Fasciolosis
It is active against both adult
and immature liver flukes

Indoplanorbis exustus snails act as intermediate
hosts for one of the major group of flukes
They are…

Schistosomes
(Blood flukes)

Chicken feeding on the young one of dragon fly
(naiads) are likely to get infected with…..

Oviduct flukes (Prosthogonimus ovatus,
Prosthogonimus pellucidus)
Dragon fly naiads
contain metacercaria of
oviduct flukes encysted
in their respiratory
chambers
Infection to chicken
occurs by ingestion of
these infected naiads
during foraging

This snail infested pond is fenced to
prevent entry of grazing livestock
This is to prevent……

Fluke infections since snails act as intermediate
host for flukes (Liver flukes, Amphistomes
and Blood flukes)

This is the largest fluke
found in intestine
of pig and man
What is it?

Fasciolopsis buski
(Intestinal fluke or Giant Intestinal
fluke of man and pig)

Macrochlamys cassida
Formica fusca
These two act as
intermediate hosts for…

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
(Lancet fluke)

Chicken in this backyard
poultry farm
are laying shell less
rubbery eggs
Which trematode infection causes
production of such eggs?

Prosthogonimus ovatus,
Prosthogonimus pellucidus
(Oviduct flukes)

These two cats are busy eating raw fish
Which trematode infections are they
likely to get?

Opisthorchis viverrini
Paragonimus westermanii

These marine creatures which are favorite dishes
in coastal areas are intermediate hosts for…

Paragonimus westermanii
(Lung fluke)

This person is coughing and his
sputum is rusty brown
Which trematode will cause such a
condition?

Paragonimus westermanii
(Lung fluke)

Gastrodiscus secundus is a common
fluke in the caecum and colon of…???

Horse

Blood flukes are hermaphrodites
Is it true?

No
Sexes are separate
Females are slender and males are stouter
Females lie in the gynecophoric canal
of the males

In lambs, infection with monieziosis
predisposes to a bacterial infection. It is..

Clostridium perfringens Type D
Causing Enterotoxaemia

The correct order of larval stages in the
life cycle of Fasciola gigantica is
Miracidium, Redia, Sporocyst, Metacercaria, Cercaria
Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst, Metacercaria, Cercaria
Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Metacercaria, Cercaria
Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria, Metacercaria

Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia,
Cercaria, Metacercaria

Trematodes and Cestodes can be parasitic or free living
True or False?

False
All trematodes and cestodes are parasitic
Liver flukes in liver
Tapeworms in intestine

Egg packets/Egg capsules
are characteristic of …

Dipylidium caninum
(Double pored dog tapeworm)

This barrel shaped brownish egg with
plug on either end is that of …

Trichuris sp. (Whip worms)

This puppy is highly anemic and
passing digested blood …
Which nematode infection could cause
this condition?

Ancylostoma caninum
(Hookworms)

Cluster of house flies feeding
on eye secretions of this cattle act as
intermediate host for the eyeworm…..

Thelazia rhodesii

Microscopic examination of this hydatid cyst
fluid revealed above structures
What are they? What is the name of such cyst?

Brood capsules
Such cyst is called fertile cyst
They are protoscolices which are also
referred to as "Hydatid sand"
Presence of protoscolices indicates
that the cyst is fertile

This cart wheel is related to the egg of …

Taenia sp.
The thick shell with radial striations giving a Cart wheel appearance
The hexacanth embryo (onchosphere)
The yellow tint

The intestine of this horse is fully packed with
thick sturdy worms with anterior broad and
posterior tapering ends
They are …

Parascaris equorum
In heavy infections worms gets clumped together
called “Ball up” and will obstruct the intestine

Parthenogenesis
(A form of reproduction in which ovum
develops into a new individual
without fertilization)
Is a feature of …

Strongyloides sp. (Thread worms)

Brownish worms found in
horse dung with pointed ends are…

Oxyuris equi
(Pinworms)

Name the sense organ
in cercaria

Eye spots

Fresh water fish acts as second
intermediate
host for a dog tapeworm ?

Diphyllobothrium latum
(Broad fish tapeworm of dog)
Pleurocercoid of Diphyllobothrium latum are found
encysted in the tissues of fresh water fish and dogs
get infected by consumption of infected fish
containing pleurocercoid

DICTOL
DIFIL
HUSKVAC
All these are vaccines against
…………. worms

Lung worms
Dictol (Now marketed as “Huskvac”) is for Dictyocaulus
viviparus in cattle
Should be given to calves above 2 months old
It is an attenuated oral vaccine
Each dose contains 1,000 X-ray irradiated
Dictyocaulus viviparus L3
Difil is a vaccine for Dictyocaulus filaria infection in

Association between sea anemone and
hermit crab is….

Commensalism
It is a relationship between two organisms
where one organism benefits from the other
without affecting it.
Commensalism means “Eating at the same
table”

This is the head end of ….

Ancylostoma caninum
(Hook worm of dogs)

Cattle liver is calcified and bile ducts are very
difficult to cut with knife
Such condition is caused in ….

Chronic Fasciolosis
In cattle it causes clay pipe stem cirrhosis or
pipe stem liver or liver rot due to calcification
of bile ducts

This Holstein Friesian calf shows pot belly
and is passing clay coloured foul smelling dung
The worm involved is..

Toxocara vitulorum
Calves gets infection through prenatal
(congenital) and transcolostral routes

Preventing grazing during dawn and dusk
is a way to prevent infection with ….

Gastrointestinal nematodes

If this nursing bitch is not dewormed it can
transmit two important helminthic infections
to the pups. They are....

Toxocariosis (Toxocara canis)
(Arrow headed worms)
Ancylostomosis (Ancylostoma caninum)
(Hookworms)
Pups get infected through lactogenic
(transmammary) route by ingesting the larvae
along with milk if the bitch is infected

What is the relevance of this picture to
incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases?

Geographic information systems (GIS)
Used in forecasting the occurrence of
gastrointestinal parasitic diseases

What is the name of this slide?
What is its use in clinical parasitology?

McMaster slide
It is used for quantitative faecal examination
(counting of helminth eggs/oocysts) and to
find the EPG (Eggs per gram of faeces) or
OPG (Oocyst per gram of faeces)

Pick out the egg found in canine faeces

Egg of Spirocerca lupi
(Gullet worm of dog, Oesophageal worm of dog)
It is thick shelled, gelatin capsule shaped and
contains larva inside

Modified Knotts test is used to
detect…...........in blood

Microfilaria – the larval stages
of filarid nematodes

Furcocercous cercaria of
schistosomes
enter the body of host by…

Skin penetration

This cross section shows a fluke feeding on mucosa
Which flukes have such a mode of feeding?

Amphistomes (Rumen flukes)
The immature amphistomes are “Plug feeders”
They catch hold of a fold of duodenal mucosa
This results in loss of duodenal villi, impaired
absorption of nutrients and diarrhoea

This hat of Napolean Bonaparte resembles
the egg of …..

Schistosoma spindale

This ant is feeding on slime balls left by snail
This takes place in the life cycle of ….

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
(Lancet fluke)
Slime balls contain clumps of cercaria
Ants feed on slime balls
Cercaria develop into metacercaria in ant
Infection of definitive host is by ingestion of infected ant

This arrow simulates the head end of a group
of nematodes. They are……

Ascarids of dog and cat are called
Arrow headed worms because of the
presence of alae

What is a protelean parasite ?

In Protelean parasite larval stages are
parasitic and adults are non parasitic
In equine stomach bot infection, larval forms
are parasitic whereas adult flies are non parasitic
Other examples : Oestrus ovis, Hypoderma lineatum

This horse is constantly rubbing its tail
on hard objects
The tail became like “Rat Tail”
Which nematode is involved in causing this
condition?

Oxyuris equi
(Pinworm of horses)
The female worms come out of the anal
opening to lay egg in the perianal region
causing severe irritation (Anal pruritus).
So horses rub the tail region on to hard objects
resulting in hair loss in the tail region

Whippet
Collie
Australian Shepherd
What is the relation between these breeds
and ivermectin?

Ivermectin is
contraindicated in
“White feet” dog breeds
like Collies, Australian
Shepherds, Shelties and
Long-haired Whippets
because of neurotoxicity
This is due to genetic
mutation in the MDR1
(multi-drug resistance)
gene

This apparatus used to measure the passage
of time is similar to the oesophagus of ….

Oxyuris equi, the Pin worm of horses or
False whip worm
The oesophagus is “Hour Glass” shaped

River blindness is caused by Onchocerca volvulus
Why is it called so?
What is the mechanism of river blindness?

The infection is very common along the banks of
Nile river where black flies are abundant
(They act as vectors)
When the microfilaria or larvae in the eye die,
they cause blindness

What parasite induces vomition in dogs by
causing tumours in oesophagus ?

Spirocerca lupi (Gullet worm of dog,
Oesophageal worm of dog)
Coprophagus beetles act as intermediate
host and Garden lizard act as paratenic
host for Spirocerca lupi

Name the Ascarid worm that is
transmitted transcolostrally to kitten

Toxocara cati

Name the spirurid nematode which affects
horses by causing tumours in stomach

Draschia megastoma

Immunity to superinfection due to the
presence of residual parasites is called
Concomitant immunity
Passive immunity
Premunity
Active immunity

Premunity

Name the cestode transmitted by
Ctenocephalides canis (Dog flea)
responsible for intestinal obstruction

Dipylidium caninum
Cysticercoids of Dipylidium caninum are
found encysted in dog flea and dogs get
infected by ingestion of infected flea

Eating offals with hydatid cyst
predisposes dogs to infection with…

Echinococcus granulosus
When dogs eat the offals containing
fertile hydatid cyst with protoscolices they
get infected with Echinococcus granulosus

Motile larvae (L1) seen in wet blood film are…

Microfilaria, the first larval stages (L1) of
filarid nematodes
Microfilaria are taken by vectors like
mosquitoes during blood feeding and they
further undergo development

Which of the following condition is
caused by immature amphistomes?
Husk/Hoose
Snoring disease
Gillor/Pitto
Kumri

Gillor / Pitto
Husk/Hoose – Dictyocaulus sp.
Snoring disease – Schistosoma nasale
Kumri – Setaria digitata

The whitish worms found in the
eye of a dog are…

Thelazia callipaeda
Eye worm of dogs

Name the ruminant tapeworm with
centrally placed interproglottid glands

Moniezia benedeni
(Double pored ruminant tapeworm)
(Host: Cattle)

Lithium antimony thiomalate is
the drug of choice for…

Schistosoma nasale (Nasal blood fluke)
It causes snoring disease/Nasal
schistosomosis/Nasal granuloma in cattle
especially working bullocks

Name this person well known for his
contribution towards classification and
naming of parasites

Carlous Linnaeus
He is called “Father of Taxonomy”
He was a Swedish Biologist
His system for naming, ranking and
classifying organisms is still in
wide use today

Name the nematode resembling this pattern

Gongylonema pulchrum
(Zig zag worm, Stitch worm, Gullet worm)

This subglobular, thick shelled egg with compact
yolk was found in the faecal sample of a puppy
It is the egg of …

Ascarid
(Toxocara canis)

Epistaxis as seen in Anthrax is observed in
an acute fluke infection in sheep. Name it

Acute Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica
and Fasciola gigantica

This smallest and most
pathogenic tapeworm of
poultry is …

Davainea proglottina
(Dwarf tapeworm of poultry)
They are found in the small intestine
Slugs act as intermediate hosts
They cause Ulcerative duodenitis
Slug
Ulcerative duodenitis

Earthworm act as -------------- host for cestodes

Transport

These large nematodes were recovered from
the right kidney of a dog. They are…

Hepatitis cysticercosa in sheep is caused
by a bladder worm. Name it

Dioctophyma renale
Kidney worm of dog

Cysticercus tenuicollis
It is the bladderworm stage of the dog
tapeworm Taenia hydatigena

Dog Fleas and Dog lice transmit an important
tapeworm in dogs. Name it

Dipylidium caninum, the double pored
tapeworm of dog
Cysticercoids are found encysted in dog flea
and dog louse and dogs get infected by
ingestion of infected dog flea and louse

Cysts in this tongue of cattle is…

Cysticercus bovis
caused by Taenia saginata
(Beef tapeworm of man)

Identify this egg

Strongyloides sp.
Eggs are oval, thin shelled and contain fully
developed larvae when laid

Gaping seen in this bird is due to a
round worm infection. Name it

Syngamus trachea
(Gapeworm of poultry)
Male and female worms are always at copula
They are typically “Y” shaped
In infected birds, mucous accumulation occur in the
trachea leading to difficulty in breathing and so birds
exhibit gaping

Which of the following act as intermediate
host for Habronema majus
Mosquito
House fly
Black fly
Stable fly

Stable fly
(Stomoxys calcitrans)

One of the above larval stage is absent in the
life cycle of Schistosomes. It is….

Metacercaria
In Schistosomes, cercaria directly enter
the host by skin penetration

H11 and H-gal-GP are
vaccine candidate antigens for an important
and highly pathogenic nematode of sheep
Name the worm

Haemonchus contortus
(Stomach worm, Wire worm, Barbers pole worm)

Identify this egg

Strongyle sp.
Eggs are thin shelled, oval and
contain segmented yolk

Identify this egg

Ascaris suum
Eggs are thick shelled, round/globular and
contain compact yolk with cuticular
bosses or knobs

Match these helminth eggs of ruminants correctly
Moniezia expansa
Strongyle
Trichuris ovis
Schistosoma nasale
Amphistome
Fasciola gigantica
Strongyloides
papillosus
Toxocara vitulorum

Schistosoma nasale
Amphistome
Fasciola gigantica
Toxocara vitulorum
Strongyle
Strongyloides
papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Trichuris ovis

Tabanus transmitting Trypanosoma evansi is an
example of ----------------------vector

Mechanical vector
A mechanical vector is an arthropod which
transmits a parasite in which the parasite does
not undergo any development

Tapeworm which
contains bothria or
hold fast organ is…

Diphyllobothrium latum
(Broad fish tapeworm)

Identify this egg

Fasciola sp.
Eggs are oval, yellowish tint, with indistinct
operculum and segmented yolk

This is the head end of ….

Taenia sp. of tapeworms
The rostellum is armed with
pen knife shaped hooks

Casoni’s skin test is related to diagnosis of ….

Hydatidosis in human beings
It is a old test and now replaced
by serological tests like
Latex agglutination test and
Counter current immunoelectrophoresis

This is an egg of a tapeworm. It is…

Yellowish brown coloured small oval egg with thin
shell (similar to trematode egg)
Ends appear pointed than round
Operculum present
Diphyllobothrium latum
(Broad fish tapeworm)

Match the host and fluke correctly
Gigantocotyle explanatum
Gastrodiscoides hominis
Pesudodiscus collinsi
Prosthogonimus ovatus
Gastrodiscus secundus

Prosthogonimus ovatus
Gigantocotyle explanatum
Gastrodiscus secundus
Gastrodiscoides hominis
Pesudodiscus collinsi

Rose thorn is related to the hooks
in the scolex of the tapeworm…..

Dipylidium caninum

Pick out the ectoparasites

Fly
Tick
Louse
Flea

What is the use of saturated solution of
NaCl in Clinical Parasitology?

It is used as a floatation solution for parasitic eggs
Specific gravity of Saturated NaCl is higher
than parasitic eggs and so they float
It is prepared by dissolving 36 g of
NaCl in 100 ml of water

Identify this egg

Amphistome egg
Oval shape
Colourless (non-tinted nature)
Distinct operculum
Contains yolk and germ cells

Who is this eminent parasitologist?

Dr. V.S. Alwar
He was an authority on all veterinary parasites
His research on Trypanosoma evansi, Schistosoma
nasale and feather mites got international
recognition
He was the former Professor and Head of
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras
Veterinary College

Identify this egg

Egg of Schistosoma incognitum
or Schistosoma suis
Oval shape with a subterminal spine
Well developed miracidium in the egg

Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-Aspiration
technique (PAIR) is used as a treatment for
one of the major parasitic zoonotic disease.
Name it

Hydatidosis/Cystic Echinococcosis

This sheep is blind, circling, shows high
stepping gait and hitting on objects
Name the condition and bladder
worm involved

Gid/Sturdy/Staggers
Caused by Coenurus cerebralis
The bladder worm of Taenia multiceps

Name the double pored tapeworms of
Dog
Poultry
Sheep

Dog-Dipylidium caninum
Poultry-Cotugnia digonopora
Sheep-Moniezia expansa

Tetrathyridium is the
bladder worm stage of …..

Mesocestoides lineatus

Name the roundworm which predisposes
sheep for foot rot

Strongyloides papillosus

Fistulous withers is associated with…

Onchocerca cervicalis

Who is this well known
Veterinary Parasitologist
who authored the text book
“Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of
domesticated animals”

Dr. E.J.L. Soulsby
(Ernest Jackson Lawson Soulsby)

Which of the following act as intermediate host
for the poultry tapeworm
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
Mosquito
House fly
Slug
Earthworm

Earthworm

Name the nematode egg found in canine
faeces that resembles the following

Egg of Spirocerca lupi
Thick shell
Gelatin capsule shaped
Presence of larva inside

This worm belongs to…

Acanthocephala
(Thorny headed worms)
The worm is
Macrocanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
The thorny headed worm of swine

Tapeworm which cause nodules in
sheep intestine is….

Stilesia globipunctata

Psocids or book lice act as
intermediate host for…..

Avitellina lahorea

Pick out the odd tapeworm
with respect to HOST
Moniezia expansa
Thysanosoma actinoides
Avitellina lahorea
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Stilesia globipunctata

Anoplocephala perfoliata
All others are ruminant tapewoms

The bladder worm found in invertebrate
intermediate host among the following is….
Cysticercus
Hydatid
Tetrathyridium
Cysticercoid
Coenurus

Cysticercoid

Hepatic syndrome is an
immunological condition resulting in
response to the eggs of …

Schistosoma spindale

Identify this fluke seen in the
caecum and colon of man and pig

Gastrodiscoides hominis

Pick out the endectocides

Dose of Ivermectin and
Doramectin: 200 μg/kg bwt or 0.2 mg/kg bwt
Route: Ivermectin Strictly s/c
Doramectin s/c or i/m

Can you notice some red coloured worms seen
in the abomasum of this sheep. They are…

Haemonchus contortus
(Stomach worm, Wire worm or
Barbers pole worm)

These brownish structures attached to
grass blade are infective stages of trematodes
They are…

Metacercariae

“Boot” shaped spicule is found in male
worms of …

Dictyocaulus sp. (Lung worms)
Dictyocaulus filaria – Lungworm of sheep
Dictyocaulus viviparus – Lungworm of cattle

Which stage in the life cycle of
Schistosoma nasale is responsible for the
formation of Nasal granuloma/Actinobody
Adult schistosomes
Schistosomula
Egg containing miracidium
Cercaria

Egg containing miracidium

ICZN stands for…

SNOAPAD stands for….

STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE OF
ANIMAL PARASITIC DISEASES

Mosquitoes act as vectors
for ---------------- nematodes

Filarid nematodes
E.g. Setaria digitata
(Peritoneal worm or Intraocular eye worm)
Dirofilaria immitis
(Heart worm of dog)

Name this large intestinal worm of horse which
has two ear shaped dorsal tooth in buccal cavity

Strongylus vulgaris
(Blood worm, Red worm)

Nodular taeniasis in poultry
is caused by the tapeworm …

Raillietina echinobothrida

Which immunoglobulin is involved
in protection against helminthic infections?

IgE

The fluke which causes
cholangiocarcinoma is..

Clonorchis sinensis
(Oriental liver fluke/Chinese liver fluke)

In processing of trematodes,
1% acid alcohol is used as…
Clearing agent
Destaining agent
Dehydrating agent
Mounting agent

Destaining agent
Clearing agent – Lactophenol
Dehydrating agent – 70%, 90% and
100% or absolute alcohol
Mounting agent – Canada balsam or DPX
DPX stands for Distyrene plasticizer xylene

Aneurysm of cranial mesenteric artery
in horses is caused by …

Strongylus vulgaris (Blood worm)

Black scours are seen in infection with…

Trichostrongylus sp.
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Trichostrongylus axei
(Black scour worms)

Cerebrospinal nematodiasis or Kumri
in unnatural hosts (horse, sheep and goat)
is caused by migrating immature
larval stages of …

Setaria digitata

Hump sore or Cascado in cattle is caused by…

Stephanofilaria assamensis

Helminthic infections cause increase in

Eosinophils

Husk/Hoose or Parasitic bronchitis
in cattle is caused by…

Dictyocaulus viviparus

Name the worm involved in transmitting
Histomonas meleagridis which causes
Black Head in Turkeys

Heterakis gallinarum, Caecal worm of poultry
Egg of Heterakis gallinarum helps in sheltering
Histomonas meleagridis and thereby helps
in transmission

Dumb bell is related to the uterus of …

Stilesia globipunctata
Uterus is dumb-bell shaped with two
portions united by a transverse duct

Coracidium is the larval stage of a dog tapeworm.
Name the tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum
(Broad fish tapeworm)

Summer sore or Bursatti or Swamp cancer or
Granular dermatitis in horses
is caused by…

Habronema megastoma/Draschia megastoma

Name the filarid nematode commonly
found in the aorta of cattle

Onchocerca armillata

This funnel is related to the
pharynx of a nematode of horse
It is……

Habronema megastoma

Location of Onchocerca gibsoni is…
Ligamentum nuchae
Subcutaneous tissue
Peritoneal cavity
Aorta
Eyes

Subcutaneous tissue

Name the tapeworm of horse called
“Lappet tapeworm”

Anoplocephala perfoliata
(Dwarf tapeworm of horse)
found in small intestine

Which filarial nematode causes
“Haemorrhagic nodules” or “Haemorrhagic
filariosis” or “Verminous haemorrhagic
dermatitis” in cattle

Parafilaria bovicola
Parafilaria multipapillosa

Brown stomach worm is
Haemonchus contortus
Mecistocirrus digitatus
Strongyloides papillosus
Ostertagia ostertagi

Ostertagia ostertagi

Inverted “Y” shaped dorsal ray in the bursa
of male worms is a feature of …..

Haemonchus contortus

Abomasal nodules
Morocco leather
Nodules resembling Morocco leather in
abomasum are lesions caused by….

Ostertagia ostertagi
(Brown stomach worm)

Which of the following nematode
has no spicules?
Haemonchus contortus
Mecistocirrus digitatus
Trichinella spiralis
Dictyocaulus viviparus

Trichinella spiralis

Ear sore in buffaloes is caused by…
Stephanofilaria assamensis
Stephanofilaria zaheeri
Parafilaria bovicola
Setaria digitata
Onchocerca gibsoni

Stephanofilaria zaheeri

The seed of cucumber is related to the
gravid segments of an important
dog tapeworm.
Name it

Dipylidium caninum
Gravid segments are cucumber seed shaped

Which of the following animal
is not the definitive host for
Protostrongylus rufescens?

Protostrongylus rufescens is the red lung
worm of sheep, goat and deer

Arecanut is used in treatment of …

Tapeworms
It contains Arecoline which is effective
against tapeworms

Fluke infection commonly
encountered in Ooty is…

Fasciolosis

Name the round worm depicted in the
official symbol of Medicine

Dracunculus medinensis

This cat predating on a mouse could get
infected with Capillaria hepatica which occur
in the liver of mice
Here cat is called as -----------------host

Intercalary host
Intercalary host is a host that liberates
the infective stages of a parasite of another
trapped in the body of the original host
E.g. Cats by eating mice liberate the eggs
of Capillaria hepatica which are trapped in
the liver parenchyma.

This cow was inseminated 3 months back and
is confirmed pregnant
Is it advisable to deworm with Albendazole?

Albendazole should not
be given to animals in
early pregnancy as it
causes teratogenesis of
early embryos

A society as early as 1974 was established
for eradication of a helminth in USA
Name the Society

Name of the helminth is
Heart worm of dog Dirofilaria immitis

Is this bird “fatty” or having pendulous abdomen?
Which fluke is responsible for causing this in hens?

This is definitely a case of
pendulous
abdomen caused by Oviduct
fluke
(Prothogonimus sp.)

What are the white ribbon like structures
hanging out from the anus of this goat?

It is Moniezia sp. of tapeworms.
This tapeworm affects young kids, and is
transmitted to goats by grass mites

Which is the blood feeding nematode
resembles this and hence named
after this logo?

Haemonchus contortus- Barber pole worm
The female worm with blood filled intestine (reddish)
is interwined with uterus (white) resembling a barber pole

This is commonly used for
culture and extraction of
non migratory larva (E.g. Ascarids)

Baermann apparatus

Name the helminth responsible
for this clinical condition?

Dog tapeworm Dipylidium caninum
Gravid segments coming out of
anus of dogs, cause severe anal pruritus
resulting in scooting of anus

Name the fluke egg that resembles the
Boomerang or Palanquine

Egg of Schistosoma nasale

Name the group of nematodes in which head ends
are structurally similar to this palisade
hence known as palisade worms

Strongyle group of nematodes possess external
and internal leaf crowns that resemble a palisade

This man eats raw green leaves without washing
from an area inhabited by stray dogs
Is he likely to get a zoonotic infection from dogs?

Yes!! Possibly Hydatid cyst
Greens may be contaminated with eggs of
Echinococcus granulosus, the smallest dog tapeworm.
When consumed without washing, it may result in
cysts in internal organs like liver

A milky white worm is seen inside the eye of a Cow
Can you guess the helminth?

Setaria sp. a filarid nematode dwelling in peritoneal cavity of cattle.
Immature worms migrate to erratic sites like eyes

Large round white worms packed in the intestine of poultry.
Name the round worm

Ascaridia galli

This anaemia guide is used
successfully in field conditions
for diagnosing an important
helminthic infection.
Name the helminth.

It is an anemia chart used to detect infection with blood feeding nematodes
(Haemonchus contortus) in small ruminants

Pick out the drug of choice for cestodes / Tapeworms

It is Niclosamide

Name the fluke involved

Schistosoma nasale, the blood fluke

Identify this instrument

Trichinoscope
It is used to detect the larvae of
Trichinella spiralis in muscles

What is this slow moving creature?
What is its relevance to fluke infections?

Lymnaea sp. of snail
It act as intermediate host for liver flukes
and rumen flukes

Name the round worm responsible for this.

Strongylus vulgaris

Water cress is a delicacy in many Asian and
European countries
Eating raw water cress could lead to a fluke
infection in human beings. It is..

Fasciolopsis buski
Metacercaria encysted on the water cress
when ingested cause infection

A poultry farmer noticed white cooked rice like
structures in the droppings of his desi birds
What could be the helminthic infection

Tapeworm infection
Segments of tapeworm look like cooked rice

Protozoa are Prokaryotic
Is the statement true?

Eukaryotic organisms have
No
Protozoa are Eukaryotic
True nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli
Membrane-bound organelles
E.g. Mitochondria, Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum

Among the protozoa, coccidia
come under the Phyla…

Apicomplexa
The name Apicomplexa is derived from Latin words —
apex (top) and complexus (infolds) and refers to a set of
organelles in the sporozoite of Coccidia

Among these Kingdoms,
Protozoa comes under…

Protista

What are these developmental
forms of haemoflagellates?

F - Flagella
K - Kinetoplast
N - Nucleus

Name the protozoa that reproduces
by the following methods

A. Longitudinal binary fission
Eg. Trypanosomes
B. Transverse binary fission
Eg. Ciliates (Balantidium coli)

What is Schizogony?

Schizogony or Multiple fission
Is the asexual reproduction by multiple fission of
nucleus followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm,
giving rise to merozoites
The parent cell is known as schizont or meront
and the daughter cells are called as merozoites/
schizozoites
Eg. Apicomplexa - Eimeria, Plasmodium etc.

Identify the protozoan stage
How does it move?

It is the trophozoite stage of the ciliate,
Balantidium coli
They move by using Cilia

Name the protozoa causing the following
symptoms in horse
Intermittent fever
Anaemia
Oedema of the
dependent parts
Severe emaciation
(looks like a bag of bones)

Trypanosoma evansi
A haemoflagellate present in blood stream as
extracellular protozoa and in CNS
Transmitted mechanically through biting of Tabanus,
Stomoxys and Hippoboscid flies
It causes a disease called “Surra” which means
“Rotten”

Name the scientist who discovered the
first pathogenic trypanosome in India

Griffith Evans
Described the pathogenic trypanosome Trypanosoma
evansi in India from the blood smear of horse and camel

Name the protozoa causing the following
symptoms in dogs
Weakness
Emaciation
Laryngeal edema
Change in voice
Corneal opacity
Nervous signs
resembling rabies

Trypanosoma evansi
Carnivores may become infected after ingesting
infected meat with trypanosomes
Also through the bite of Tabanid flies

What could be the causative protozoa?
A camel showing
Progressive anaemia
Loss of condition
Emaciation
Intermittent fever
Loss of hump

Trypanosoma evansi
Chronic condition is common in camels
The disease is known as Tibersa
It means “Three-year disease”

Who invented microscope?

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Dutch scientist known as “Father of Microbiology”

How do these vectors transmit trypanosomes?

1. Mechanically transmit
Trypanosoma evansi through
saliva Eg.Tabanus and
Stomoxys
2. Cyclical development
a.Salivaria - Anterior station development
E.g. Glossina spp transmitting
Trypanosoma brucei
b.Stercoraria - Posterior station
development
Eg. Triatoma spp (Reduvid bug)
transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi
and Tabanus transmitting
Trypanosoma theileri

What are the protozoan diseases
transmitted by Glossina spp?

East African sleeping sickness (acute form) -
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in human beings
West African sleeping sickness (chronic form) -
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in human beings
Animal trypanosomosis – T. vivax, T. congolense
and T. brucei

Vampire bat is a vector for…?

Trypanosoma evansi
Vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus, in South and
Central America are hosts, reservoirs and vectors of
T. evansi
Recovered bats serve as carriers

What is Chancre?
In which protozoan disease does it occur?

Chancre is a localized skin reaction on the bite site
of trypanosome-infected Glossina fly, indicative of
trypanosomosis
This ulcerated nodule is the first visible response in
human beings and livestock and is accompanied by
a regional lymphadenitis that lasts 1 to 2 weeks
The chancre precedes parasitemia

Name the vector and it’s importance

Reduvid bug - Triatoma sp
Also called as kissing bug/cone nosed bug
It transmits Trypanosoma cruzi which causes
Chagas disease or American Trypanosomosis in
human beings

Characteristic periorbital swelling related to a
protozoan infection termed...

Romana's sign
Characteristic sign of Chagas disease in acute
condition
Characterised by unilateral painless periorbital
swelling

Which protozoa causes acute sleeping
sickness in human beings?

Trypanosoma rhodesiense
Transmitted by Glossina morsitans
Game animals and livestock act as reservoir host

Winter bottom sign in human beings
is caused by…

Trypanosoma gambiense
Winter bottom sign is enlarged lymph nodes in the
post cervical region seen in chronic form of West
African sleeping sickness in humans
Transmitted by Glossina palpalis (Riverine type)
swelling

Name the protozoa causing this
condition in human beings?
Cardiomyopathy with lesions of
megaesophagus and megacolon

Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease or South American trypanosomosis

Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of…..

Trypanosoma cruzi
In Xenodiagnosis, 30-40 laboratory-reared reduvid
bugs are allowed to feed on the blood of a person
suspected to have Chagas disease
One month later, intestinal contents of the bugs
are extracted and examined microscopically for the
presence of Trypanosoma cruzi

Name the protozoan disease of veneral origin
in equines with the following symptoms

Dourine/Horse Syphilis
(Trypanosoma equiperdum)
Unlike other trypanosomal infections, dourine is
transmitted almost exclusively during breeding/
coitus
Dollar spot is the pathognomonic lesion in
Dourinepresence of Trypanosoma cruzi

Which of the following drug is used both as
prophylactic and curative drug for
trypanosomosis?

Quinapyramine prosalt
It contains Antrycide chloride and sulfate in 3:2 ratio
and available in the name of Tribexine, Triquine,
Tevansi and Trypanil
Dosage : 7.4mg/kg, S/C
Suramin is only used for therapy with a
dose of 4g/45kg, I/V

In which trypanosome free flagellum is absent?

Trypanosoma congolense
Causes Nagana in cattle (Nagana is a Zulu term
meaning " to be in low or depressed spirits")
This is the smallest African trypanosome

Name the protozoa causing this ulcerated
cutaneous lesion in human beings

Leishmania tropica
The condition is otherwise called
as Oriental sore / Tropical
ulcer / Delhi boil / Old world
cutaneous leishmaniosis / Aleppo
button, a more common form of
leishmaniosis in man
The cutaneous form presents
with skin ulcers is transmitted by
Phlebotomus sergenti

What is the location of the following
stages of Leishmania?

Promastigote stage
A motile form seen in the vector
Phlebotomus sp. as well as in culture
Amastigote stage
A non motile intracellular form seen in
macrophages and other cells of reticulo
endothelial system like spleen, liver, bone
marrow and lymph node

Name the protozoa which causes the condition
in a child with the following clinical signs
Chronic fever
Distended abdomen
Bleeding from gums
Weight loss and
Pancytopenia

Leishmania donovani
Causes Visceral leishmanosis / Kala azar / Black
fever / Dumdum fever
Commonly affects young adults between 10 and 20
years of age

Which protozoa causes
Mucocutaneous leishmanosis?

Giardia- Trophozoite stage
An actively multiplying, feeding and motile form
Its characteristic pattern resembles the familiar
“Smiley face" symbol

Name these two scientists involved in the
discovery of the causative agent of Kala azar

In 1901, Leishman identified Leishmania
donovani from spleen smears of a
patient who had died from "dum-dum
fever" (Dum Dum in Calcutta)
A few months later, Charles
Donovan (1863–1951) confirmed the
finding of Leishman-Donovan bodies in
smears taken from patients in Madras

These methods are useful for diagnosis of…
Smear from skin ulcer
Skin test with parasite
antigen (Montenegro test)

Cutaneous leishmanosis
(Leishmania tropica)

What is NNN medium?
Name the protozoa which can be grown
in this medium

NNN is Novy Nicolle Mac Neal medium
It is used for cultivation of
Trypanosomes and Leishmania

This nodular skin lesion in face occurs due to
complication of an important protozoan disease
Name the lesion and the protozoan disease involved

This lesion is Post kala azar dermal leishmanoid (PKDL),
a complication of Visceral Leishmanosis (VL)

This drug is the treatment of choice for…

Leishmanosis
Dose is 20 mg /kg/day
(maximum 850 mg) IV/IM for 20-28 days

Who am I and what is my stage?

Name the protozoa transmitted by
this method in human beings

Cyst formation
Giardia lamblia - Giardiosis
Entamoeba histolytica -Amoebosis
Balantidium coli - Balantidiosis
Oocyst formation
Cryptosporidium parvum –
Cryptosporidiosis

Name the protozoan diseases for
which this drug is used

Tinidazole is used to treat Giardiosis
and Amoebosis
Dose: 4 g single dose
or
50 mg/kg or 500 mg b.i.d for 5 days orally

Identify the protozoan stage A and B

A. Entamoeba histolytica Mature Cyst
Mature cysts are spherical
Have 4 nucleus (Quadrinucleate)
Passed in the feces
B. Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite
Have single spherical nucleus with
distinct central endosome
Move by pseudopodia
Has food vacuole which contains RBC

Name the locomotory organelle of
Entamoeba histolytica

Pseudopodia (False feet)
Is a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell
for movement and feeding

Flask shaped ulcers in the intestine and
abscess in liver of human beings is caused by…

Entamoeba histolytica
Intestinal infection -
Amoebosis/amoebic dysentery
Extraintestinal infection -
Amoebic liver abscess
Pathognomonic lesions -
Flask shaped ulcers in large
intestine

Name the flagellate protozoa which is a
pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract

Tritrichomonas foetus
Causes Trichomonosis, a veneral disease in cattle causing
early embryonic death and abortion in cattle

Name the route of transmission of
Trichomonas gallinae in pigeon

1. Feeding of “Pigeon milk“ or “Crop milk” by infected
older pigeons (carriers) to newly hatched squabs
2. Contaminated drinking water
3. Raptors get infected by preying on infected birds

Which protozoa causes “Yellow button”
like lesion in the oral cavity of pigeon?

Trichomonas gallinae
The lesion is also known as Pigeon canker or Roup
Characterised by yellowish-white caseous nodules
(cheese-like lesions)
Affected birds are unable to swallow feed leading to
emaciation and death

Modified Diamonds medium is useful for….

Culture of Trichomonas spp
An enriched and selective medium for the isolation
and cultivation of Trichomonas sp
Incubated aerobically for 96 hours at 35 O C
In positive samples turbidity develops in the lower
portion of tube

Name the protozoa that causes the
following lesions in chicken
Enlarged caeca filled with
fresh or clotted blood
Later stage, the caecal
content becomes thicker,
mixed with fibrinous
exudate and acquires a
cheese like appearance
Enlarged caeca filled with
fresh or clotted blood

Eimeria tenella
(Caecal Coccidiosis)
It commonly affects chicken around 4 weeks of age
particularly in broilers
Infection occurs by ingestion of sporulated oocysts
Second generation schizonts cause
the maximum pathogenicity

Diagnose the protozoan disease based on the
following symptoms in chicken

Coccidiosis
Caused by protozoa of genus Eimeria
The common species are Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix,
E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. brunetti
They infect various sites in the intestine and cause
damage

Following changes were noticed during post
mortem of a chicken
Ballooning of intestine
Petechial hemorrhages with thickened intestinal wall
Lumen filled with blood, mucus and fluid
Name the protozoa which causes
this condition in chicken

Eimeria necatrix
(Intestinal Coccidiosis)
Affects anterior and middle portions of small
intestine
Small white spots (schizonts), usually intermingled
with red spots (Haemorrhages) seen on serosa
This appearance is described as “Salt and Pepper”
markings

Rectal coccidiosis in chicken is caused by…

Eimeria brunetti
Affects lower small intestine, rectum, caeca and
cloaca
Whitish blood streaked faeces is characteristic

Post mortem of rabbit shows an enlarged liver with
multifocal, flat, yellow-white lesions
containing yellow exudate
Which is the protozoan disease?

Hepatic coccidiosis
(Eimeria stiedae)
In young rabbits it leads to anorexia, debilitation
and pendulous abdomen with hepatomegaly
Diarrhea is uncommon

These symptoms in calves is caused due to…
Calf with severe bloody
diarrhea and Tenesmus
Matted hair on the rump
Appear as if red paint is
smeared in hind quarters

Coccidiosis
Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis
Also known as Winter coccidiosis/Red dysentery seen
in young calves less than 1 year old
High stocking density, poor ventilation and wet
bedding are risk factors

Name the protozoan disease causing
following symptoms in kid
Diarrhoea with or
without mucus or blood
At necropsy intestine showed
Polyp-like whitish nodules
within jejunum and ileum

Coccidiosis
(Eimeria arloingi)
Highly pathogenic in kids (3 weeks - 5 months)
Oocyst with prominent
micropyle cap/polar cap

Identify the piroplasms found in the
RBC of cattle and dog blood smear

Cattle: Babesia bigemina
Merozoites are large and
pear shaped
Lie in pairs forming acute
angle in the RBC’s
Dog: Babesia canis
Merozoites are large and
pyriform
Occasionally upto 16
organisms may be found in a
single RBC

Identify the piroplasm found in the
RBC of horse blood smear

Babesia equi (Theileria equi)
Merozoites are divided into four daughter
organisms in tetrads forming a Maltese
cross in the RBC’s
Babesia equi
(Theileria equi)
Maltese cross

What is Livacox?

Vaccine for Chicken Coccidiosis
LIVACOX® Q is a quadrivalent live attenuated
coccidiosis vaccine for breeders and layers
Contains sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina,
E. maxima, E. tenella and E. necatrix
Administered orally to 1-10 day old chicken by
drinking water or coarse spray

What is Immucox?

Vaccine for Chicken Coccidiosis
IMMUCOX - Vetech lab, Canada. – virulent, is a Nonattenuated
vaccine used in the hatchery breeding stock
administered 1-5 day old birds in cold water or edible gel
Contains sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima,
E. necatrix, E. tenella and E. brunetti

Diminazine aceturate is used to treat…

Babesiosis and Trypanosomosis
Dosage: 3.5-7 mg/kg deep I/M

Name these two scientists who demonstrated
the transmission of Texas fever in
cattle by a tick

Theobald Smith and F.L.Kilbourne
Theobald Smith
F.L.Kilbourne
Theobald Smith, worked on Texas fever caused by Babesia
bigemina in cattle
In 1889, he along with the veterinarian F.L.Kilbourne
discovered the transmission of Babesia bigemina by
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks
This epoch making discovery revealed the transmission of an
infectious disease through arthropods

Name the protozoan diseases transmitted
by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
ticks in cattle

Babesiosis
They are the main vectors of Babesia bigemina and B. bovis
Transmission occurs transovarially

Diagnose the disease based on these symptoms
Cattle with pale and
icteric mucous membrane
Enlargement of superficial
lymphnodes
Stained blood smear shows dot like organism in RBC

Anaplasmosis or Gall sickness
Exotic and crossbred cattle are highly susceptible
Caused by Anaplasma marginale (margin of RBC) and
Anaplasma centrale (centre of RBC)

Mention the common route of transmission
for Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

Coitus
Trichomonosis is a veneral disease in cattle causing
early embryonic death, abortion and pyometra
leading to infertility

Haemoglobinuria in cattle is a characteristic
symptom in which protozoan disease?

Babesiosis
The organisms multiply inside the RBC and cause hemolysis
leading to hemoglobinuria (Coffee coloured urine)
High mortality in adults and calves are resistant (Inverse age
resistance)

Imidocarb is used for the treatment of…

Babesiosis/Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis
Dosage
Cattle : 1 ml per 100 kg bodyweight
In treating mixed infections due to Anaplasma and Babesia,
administer 2.5 ml per 100 kg bodyweight

Trichguard is a vaccine for…

Tritrichomonas foetus

Rapid multiplying form during acute phase
in the lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii is …

Tachyzoites or Endozoites
(tachos means “Speed” in Greek)
Arc like or crescent shaped

The life cycle stage occurring in
chronic toxoplasmosis is …

Bradyzoites
(brady means “Slow” in Greek)
Also known as tissue cyst/ meront / pseudocyst /
cystozoites
Cyst size is about 100 µm and contains 60,000 lancet
shaped tightly packed bradyzoites

A zoonotic protozoan disease
transmitted through domestic cat …

Toxoplasmosis
Transmission may occur through
Ingestion of food and water contaminated with oocysts of
Toxoplasma gondii
Transplacental route
Consumption of undercooked or raw meat of infected
intermediate hosts
Eating contaminated fruits or vegetables

Name the protozoa involved in causing the
following conditions in human beings
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephaly

Toxoplasma gondii
Congenital toxoplasmosis increases the risk of
fetal death or premature birth

Sabin Feldman Methylene Blue Dye Test is a
diagnostic test for…

Toxoplasma gondii
Sabin Feldman dye test is a confirmatory
method to demonstrated live tachyzoites
which stain blue with alkaline methylene
blue dye

In Apicomplexa, the female gametes are
called as microgametes
Is it true…

False
The female gametes are called as macrogametes

The sexual cycle of
malarial parasite usually occurs in…

Mosquitoes
Sexual - Syngamy and Sporogony occur in
mosquitoes
Asexual method occurs in human beings

Identify the oocysts A and B
A. 4 sporocysts, each containing 2 sporozoites
B. 2 sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites

A. Eimeria spp. B. Isospora spp.

Toxovax is a vaccine for…

Toxoplasmosis in sheep (breeding ewes)
Toxovax contains the suspension of live attenuated
tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (Strain 48)
Given 2 ml intramuscularly 4 weeks before tupping in ewes
Single dose gives life time protection

Abortion storm in sheep is caused by

Toxoplasma gondii
In abortion caused by toxoplasmosis, development
of small white areas in the cotyledons (buttons) of
placenta occur

This charts depicts the lifecycle of..

Sarcocystis cruzi (S.bovicanis)
Definitive Host : Dogs, wolves,
coyotes, racoons,
foxes and hyenas
Intermediate Host : Cattle

Dumb bell shaped Oocyst is
characteristic of…

Sarcocystis cruzi
Dumb bell shaped oocyst with 2 sporocyst each
containing 4 sporozoites is passed in dog faeces
Sporulation occurs endogenously

Name the protozoa causing cooked rice like
cyst in striated muscle and myocardium of cow

Sarcocystis cruzi
The cooked rice like cysts are sarcocysts which are meronts
Cylindrical/spindle shaped and 1 cm in length
Larger ones are called Miescher’s tubules and mature ones
contain only bradyzoites called Rainey’s corpuscles

This charts depicts the lifecycle of..

Neospora caninum
Neosporosis is an important
neuromuscular disease of domestic
dogs world-wide
Definitive host: Canine
Intermediate host: Herbivores
particularly cattle
Congenital infections occur in both
cattle and dogs

Name the protozoan disease causing
the following lesions in Turkeys
Circular yellow necrotic tissue
surrounded with white rings
Ceca with a thickened wall,
ulcerated mucosa and caseous
exudate
Liver with yellowish to grey areas of
necrosis (1-2 cm diameter)

Histomonosis/Infectious enterohepatitis/
Black head disease
Caused by Histomonas meleagridis, transmitted in the ova of
caecal worms (Heterakis gallinarum) and earth worms
Prominent hepatic and caecal lesions are pathognomonic
Section of Liver shows
histomonas trophozoites
Section of caeca shows
histomonas amoeba form

Name the intermediate host and transport
host for Histomonas meleagridis?

Intermediate host
Caecal worm
Heterakis gallinarum
Transport host
Earth worm

Name the protozoan disease with
the following symptoms in Turkey
Sulphur yellow colour diarrhoea
Sulphur yellow droppings
Cyanotic head

Histomonosis or Infectious
enterohepatitis or Black head disease

Name the protozoan disease of cattle causing
enlargement of superficial lymph nodes with
progressive anemia

Tropical Bovine Theileriosis
Caused by Theileria annulata
Transmitted by Hyalomma sp. ticks trans-stadially

Identify the protozoan stage found in the
blood and lymph node smear of cattle

Theileria annulata
Merozoites (Piroplasm) in RBC
Theileria annulata
Schizont/Koch’s blue bodies
in lymphocyte

Buparvaquone is the drug of choice for…

Theileriosis
It is active against both schizonts and piroplasm stages
of Theileria
Administered as a single dose at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg
given intramuscularly

Rakshavac T is a vaccine for…

Theileriosis
It is a Schizont infected lymphoblast (SIL) cell
culture vaccine attenuated by prolonged
in-vitro passage
A single dose of 3 ml for adult and calves aged
above 4 months given subcutaneously
Gives immunity for one year

Identify the bright red dots shown on
a blue green background

Oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp
The oocysts can be identified using modified Ziehl –
Neelsen's staining technique and the oocyst appear
bright red in colour

The protozoa transmitted by
Pseudolynchia canariensis, a hippoboscid fly
in Pigeon is…

Haemoproteus columbae
They are intracellular parasites of pigeon
that infect the erythrocytes and cause Pigeon
malaria

Identify the organisms present in
pigeon RBC

Haemoproteus columbae
Gamont stage is found inside the RBC which is
crescent or halter shaped
It cause pigeon malaria

This eminent scientist first
demonstrated that a mosquito could
transmit a (bird) malaria parasite Who is he?

Sir Ronald Ross
A British officer in the Indian Medical Service, first found
that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected
patients to mosquitoes
For his discovery, Ross was awarded Nobel Prize in 1902

Identify this parasite found in
dog blood smear

Hepatozoon canis
Transmitted by ingestion of infected brown dog tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Gelatin capsule shaped gamont stage inside neutrophil
Infects leukocytes and parenchymal tissues

What is the difference in mode of
transmission of the following tick borne
haemoprotozoan diseases of dog ?
A. Babesia canis B. Hepatozoon canis

A. Babesia canis is transmitted through the bite of the
brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus
B. Hepatozoon canis is transmitted through ingestion of
brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks by dogs

Which of the following Babesia sp. of cattle
and dog causes cerebral babesiosis?
Cattle
Babesia bigemina
Babesia bovis
Dog
Babesia canis
Babesia gibsoni

Babesia bovis and B.canis

What is Pirodog?

Vaccine for Babesiosis in dogs
Pirodog or Nobivac Piro
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine
Administered intramuscularly
Contains in vitro-cultured supernatant antigens

Pick out the odd one from the following drugs

Diminazine aceturate
Used for treatment of Trypanosomosis and
Babesiosis
All others are anticoccidials

Name the scientist who discovered
Trypanosoma brucei

David Bruce
Major-General Sir David Bruce is a Scottish
pathologist and microbiologist
Trypanosoma brucei was named after him

In coccidia which stage is infective
A. Schizont
B. Unsporulated oocyst
C. Sporulated oocyst

C. Sporulated oocyst

Wet blood film examination is useful for
diagnosis of…
A. Theileria B. Babesia
C. Trypanosoma

Trypanosomes

Which one of the following chemical is used for
in vitro sporulation of coccidian oocysts?

Potassium dichromate
2.5% Potassium dichromate solution is used for in vitro
sporulation of coccidian oocysts
It is an oxidizing agent

Identify this rickettsial organism present
in the blood smear of a dog

Ehrlichia canis
“Mulberry” or “Morula” shaped inclusion
bodies are seen in the monocytes
Causes Ehrlichiosis/Tropical canine
pancytopenia/Nairobi bleeding disease in
dogs
Transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ticks

Name the protozoan disease which
causes the following symptoms in dogs
Bilirubinuria, Jaundice
Nervous signs and severe anemia

Babesiosis
Caused by Babesia canis and Babesia
gibsoni
Transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Also known as Biliary fever/Malignant
jaundice/Canine piroplasmosis or Nambiuvu
(meaning bloody ears)
Babesia canis
Babesia gibsoni

This bird is bitten by a mosquito
Which protozoan infection it is likely to get?

Avian Malaria
Caused by Plasmodium gallinaceum
Transmitted by culicine mosquitoes

N’Dama breed of cattle in
West Africa is tolerant to a protozoan disease.
It is …

Trypanosomosis

Premunity is a feature of
Babesiosis and Theileriosis
Toxoplasmosis and Sarcocystosis
Coccidiosis and Histomonosis
Giardiosis and Amoebosis

Babesiosis and Theileriosis

Name this scientist related to
Chagas disease

Carlos Chagas
He discovered Chagas disease, also called American
trypanosomosis
This disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

In cattle, punched out abomasal ulcers and
infarcts in kidneys are pathognomonic
lesions in …
Punched out abomasal ulcer
Kidney infarcts

Theileriosis

What is the peculiarity found in trypanosomes
that prevents development of vaccine?

Antigenic variation
Trypanosomes evade host immune system by
constantly changing their surface coat due to variable
surface glycoproteins (VSG)

Exogenous sporulation occurs in …
Eimeria sp
Sarcocystis cruzi
Cryptosporidium parvum
Toxoplasma gondii

Eimeria sp and Toxoplasma gondii

Thin and Thick walled oocysts are seen in …
Eimeria sp
Sarcocystis cruzi
Cryptosporidium parvum
Toxoplasma gondii

Cryptosporidium parvum
Thick-walled oocysts are shed into the environment
Thin-walled oocysts are important for autoinfection

Name the coccidian protozoan parasite
having Monoxenous and Heteroxenous
life cycle

Monoxenous
life cycle
Heteroxenous
life cycle
Eimeria sp
Isospora sp
Sarcocystis sp
Toxoplsama sp
Neospora sp

Name the protozoa which reproduce both
by binary fission and conjugation

Balantidium coli

Blood smears are fixed in …

Methanol
Methanol is used for fixing blood smears to be
stained with Romanowsky stains
It is a non-additive precipitant fixative
It fixes proteins by dehydration and precipitation

All trypanosomes are extracellular except…

Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypomastigote Amastigote Epimastigote

Iodine is useful for diagnosis of …

Entamoeba histolytica/
Giardia lamblia
Iodine can be used to stain the floated material and
thus add contrast to allow the parasite eggs and cysts
to be seen more easily
Entamoeba
Giardia

Faecal examination of a 8 week old healthy
puppy revealed the following oocysts
Identify?

A. Sporulated Oocyst of Isospora sp (infective)
B. Unsporulated Oocyst of Isospora sp
(non infective)

Pick out the non-ionophore anticoccidial drug

Sulphadimidine

Which part of the chicken intestine is
affected by Eimeria acervulina

Duodenum
Cause whitish transverse streak like lesions in the duodenum
giving the appearance of ladder like markings

Which vitamin supplement is contraindicated
while treating coccidiosis in chicken with
amprolium
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B1
C. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin B1
Amprolium is a thiamine analogue and blocks the
thiamine transporter of Eimeria species
By blocking thiamine uptake it prevents
carbohydrate synthesis
Exogenously administered thiamine in high doses
may reverse or reduce the efficacy of amprolium

Which one of the flotation fluids is
ideal for detection of Giardia cyst?
Saturated Sodium chloride
Saturated Sodium nitrate
33.3% Zinc sulfate
Saturated Magnesium sulfate
Sheather's sugar solution

33.3% Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate 33.3% tends not to distort ova and it is superior for flotation
of protozoan cysts, especially
Giardia

Name the protozoa which possess
both macro and micronucleus?

Balantidium coli
It has a compact nucleus
The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped
which control the vegetative/metabolic functions
of the cell
The spherical micronucleus control the reproductive
function of the cell