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VETERINARY<br />
PARASITOLOGY<br />
Department of Veterinary Parasitology<br />
Madras Veterinary College<br />
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University<br />
2016
VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY<br />
Volume - I : General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology<br />
Authors<br />
S.T. Bino Sundar<br />
Editor<br />
Bhaskaran Ravi Latha, S. Gomathinayyapgam and A. Sangaram<br />
Department of Veterinary Parasitology<br />
Madras Veterinary College<br />
Tamil Nadu Veterinar and Animal Sciences University<br />
2016<br />
Funded by<br />
IDG 2015 - 2016
Preface<br />
Veterinary Parsitology is one of the most important disciplines in the curriculum<br />
of Undergraduate and Postgraduate degree courses in Veterinary Sciences.<br />
Undertaking Veterinary Parasitology can be made much easier by using pictures<br />
and illustrations. It is said that “A picture is worth a thousand words”. This flip<br />
book presents General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology in an illustrative<br />
question - answer form so that it enables the readers to learn the subject<br />
easily. This book will be of immense use for Under Graduate and Post Graduate<br />
students in Veterinary Parasitology as well as Veterinary graduates appearing<br />
for competitive / entrance examinations such as ICAR-NET, JRF, SRF, UPS, CSIR-<br />
NET, ICMR-NET, Civil services examinations, State Public Service Commission<br />
examinations, Quiz competitions and other competitive examinations. We are<br />
sure that the readers will find it very easy to understand, memorize and recall the<br />
subject using this flip book especially before appearing for competitive exams with<br />
multiple choice questions.
Why does this cattle seem to enjoy<br />
the company of egrets?<br />
Name the association exists between them.
Commensalism<br />
It is a type of symbiotic relationship where one<br />
organism benefits greatly from the relationship<br />
Cattle egrets eat the insects emerging from soil<br />
during grazing of cattle<br />
Sometimes they also feed on the ticks present on<br />
the body of cattle
You don’t need a “whip” to answer this question<br />
Name the nematode that resembles<br />
the object shown above
Trichuris sp. of round worms<br />
They are commonly called whip worms
Nodules and blood red colour worms were noticed<br />
in oesophagus during post mortem of a dog<br />
Identify the worm
Spirocerca lupi<br />
(Gullet worm of dog,<br />
Oesophageal worm of dog)<br />
Males : 40 mm in length<br />
Females: 70 mm in length
B 12<br />
, Cyanocobalamin,<br />
the essential vitamin for<br />
erythropoiesis is competitively<br />
imbibed by a tapeworm leading<br />
to macrocytic anaemia in man<br />
Name the tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
Broad fish tapeworm<br />
Man gets infected by consuming infected<br />
raw / undercooked fish containing pleurocercoid
On post mortem,<br />
pimple or knot<br />
like features<br />
were observed<br />
in an intestine<br />
of sheep<br />
Name the nematode causing such lesions
Oesophagostomum columbianum<br />
(Nodular worm of sheep)<br />
Causes nodules in the<br />
intestinal mucosa of<br />
previously sensitized sheep<br />
The condition is called<br />
“Pimply gut” or “Knotty gut”
Definitely<br />
not<br />
a tortuous<br />
blood<br />
vessel!!!<br />
Identify this condition observed in a child<br />
having the habit of playing bare foot<br />
in areas frequented by dogs
Cutaneous larval migrans caused by the larvae<br />
of Ancylostoma caninum- hook worm of dogs<br />
Man being the unnatural host, these larvae<br />
migrate erratically under the skin and cause<br />
serpiginous tunnels
Cut section<br />
of liver of a<br />
cattle shows<br />
numerous<br />
pomegranate<br />
What are these “Pomegranate like”<br />
parasites ?
They are adult amphistomes<br />
Explanatum explanatum<br />
(Gigantocotyle explanatum), the only<br />
amphistome seen in liver. They have a<br />
big posterior sucker hence known as<br />
Gigantocotyle.<br />
Other amphistomes<br />
are located in<br />
rumen and reticulum
You see a<br />
bundle of<br />
worms inside<br />
the heart of a<br />
dog<br />
What are<br />
they?
Males : 23 cm in length<br />
Females: 30 cm in length<br />
Dirofilaria immitis, the heart worm of dog<br />
These worms are seen in the right atrium, right<br />
ventricle and pulmonary artery of dogs and<br />
causes congestive heart failure in dogs<br />
Culex sp. Mosquitoes are vectors
Can you spot the “pot belly” in the puppy?<br />
Mention the cause for the “pot belly” appearance
Toxocara canis, the large round worm of dogs cause<br />
pot belly appearance in pups<br />
This swollen belly appearance is due to<br />
hypoproteinaemia caused by these worms in dogs<br />
leading to accumulation of fluid in abdominal<br />
cavity - Ascites
Eating uncooked or raw pork will lead to a<br />
cestode infection in man. It is…<br />
I’m hungry!<br />
I don’t have<br />
time to cook my<br />
pork<br />
Can you foresee<br />
any danger?
Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm of man)<br />
Pork containing bladder worm stage Cysticercus<br />
cellulosae (Measly pork), when ingested develops into<br />
tapeworm<br />
Reverse peristalsis (Autoinfection) can lead to<br />
neurocysticercosis in brain
What is the importance of the coprophagus<br />
beetle being eaten by garden lizard?
Coprophagus beetles act as the intermediate host for<br />
gullet worm of dog, Spirocerca lupi<br />
When these beetles are eaten by garden lizard, the larvae<br />
of S. lupi will encyst in them (paratenic host)<br />
Dogs get infected by consumption of garden lizard<br />
containing encysted larvae
Can you relate these two pictures?<br />
What is the significance of cyclops in<br />
Veterinary Parasitology?
BOTH ARE SINGLE EYED GIANTS<br />
Cyclops swim freely in stagnant water<br />
They act as intermediate host for the following<br />
helminths<br />
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
Gnathostoma spinigerum
These flat leaf like parasites were obtained<br />
from the liver on post mortem of a buffalo<br />
Can you identify these parasites?
Liver flukes, Fasciola gigantica are located<br />
in the bile duct of cattle, buffaloes sheep<br />
and goats<br />
Young flukes cause traumatic hepatitis<br />
and adults produce obstructive jaundice<br />
These flukes are transmitted by aquatic<br />
snails Lymnaea luteola and Lymnaea<br />
auricularia
Name the famous Indian sports personality,<br />
a vegetarian who was infected with neurocysticercosis
LEANDER PAES<br />
Infection could have<br />
been acquired by<br />
consumption of greens<br />
contaminated with<br />
eggs of Taenia solium,<br />
the pork tapeworm of<br />
man which developed<br />
into the bladder worm<br />
stage “Cysticercus<br />
cellulosae” in the<br />
brain leading to<br />
neurocysticercosis
This person developed severe dermatitis after<br />
having a bath in a pond<br />
Which trematode could cause such condition?
Cercarial dermatitis/Swimmers itch<br />
caused by cercaria of non human Schistosomes<br />
mainly those of birds
One of the above larval stage differ from others<br />
Pick up the odd one
Pleurocercoid<br />
It is the larval stage of tapeworm<br />
All others are larval stages of flukes<br />
Miracidium Metacercaria Cercaria
On Post mortem of a sheep with nervous<br />
symptoms and blindness, a fluid filled cyst<br />
in the brain was found<br />
What could be the parasite involved ?
Coenurus cerebralis, the bladder<br />
worm of Taenia multiceps<br />
Presence of Coenurus cyst in brain causes<br />
nervous symptoms, circling,<br />
high stepping gait and blindness in sheep
Who is this eminent<br />
personality well known<br />
for his contributions to<br />
Parasitology?
Francesco Redi<br />
He is called “Father of Modern Parasitology”<br />
He was an Italian Physician
The person is getting rid of a round worm<br />
from a blister in his foot<br />
What is this worm?
Dracunculus medinensis<br />
The Guinea worm or Serpent worm<br />
Infection is acquired by drinking of water<br />
containing cyclops infected with larvae
This goat exhibits submandibular oedema or<br />
bottle jaw condition<br />
What helminthic infections can cause such a<br />
condition?
Fasciolosis<br />
Haemonchosis
What is the role of Grass mites/Oribatid mites<br />
in tapeworm infections?
They act as intermediate host for<br />
tapeworms Moniezia sp. (Ruminants) and<br />
Anoplocephala perfoliata (Horses)<br />
Moniezia sp. Anoplocephala sp. Cysticercoid<br />
Animals gets infection by ingestion of mites<br />
containing the bladder worm stage “cysticercoid”
Countries highlighted in red are affected with<br />
one important filarial disease causing river blindness<br />
What is it?
Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca volvulus<br />
and transmitted by Simulium sp. of flies (Black flies)
This boy with eye lesion has the following habits<br />
Playing bare footed in soil from dog inhabited<br />
areas<br />
Pica (eating soil)<br />
Not washing hands properly before eating food<br />
Name the nematode infection
Visceral/Ocular larval migrans caused by the larval forms<br />
of Toxocara canis due to accidental ingestion of eggs of<br />
Toxocara canis from soil in dog inhabited areas
This is Pilobolus fungi<br />
It plays a major role in transmission of a<br />
group of nematodes. Name it
Lung worms (Dictyocaulus sp.)<br />
causing Parasitic bronchitis/Husk/Hoose<br />
Lung worm larvae attach themselves to the<br />
Pilobolus sporangia and spread by the bursting<br />
or exploding of sporangia to farther places
These hydatid cysts were recovered from<br />
gluteal muscles of cattle<br />
What is the causative parasite?<br />
What is the mode of infection?
Muscle hydatid cysts are the bladder worms of<br />
the dwarf tapeworm of dog, Echinococcus granulosus<br />
Hydatidosis occurs by ingestion of eggs of<br />
Echinococcus granulosus along with contaminated<br />
food in animals and humans
Which of the following in an example<br />
of definitive host ?
Cattle: Definitive host harbors the<br />
mature stage of the parasite<br />
Garden lizard – Paratenic host<br />
Earthworm – Transport host<br />
Mosquito - Vector
This pig farmer is practicing a sanitation system<br />
called McLean County system<br />
This method is to control a nematode infection<br />
What is it?
Ascaris suum infection<br />
It is a sanitation system to control ascarid infection<br />
Pregnant sows are washed and scrubbed<br />
thoroughly with soap and water to remove eggs<br />
adhering to the skin before farrowing<br />
This system was developed by pig farmers in<br />
McLean County, USA
These pomegranate seed like<br />
flukes were found in the rumen of a cattle<br />
What are they?
Amphistomes<br />
Paramphistomum cervi<br />
Cotylophoron cotylophorum<br />
Gastrothylax crumenifer<br />
Fischoederius elongatus<br />
Fischoederius cobboldi
Liver of this cattle shows severe trauma with<br />
haemorrhage and numerous leaf like parasites<br />
were found tunneling into the liver<br />
What are they?
Migrating liver flukes
This Coenurus cerebralis cyst was found<br />
in the brain of a sheep<br />
What is the tapeworm involved?
Taenia multiceps, a tapeworm of dog<br />
where sheep act as the intermediate host
Red Maasai Sheep of Kenya are resistant to a<br />
major group of endoparasites. They are …..
Gastrointestinal nematodes especially<br />
Haemonchus contortus a blood sucking strongyle<br />
causes severe anemia and death
Milk spot liver lesions in pigs is caused by …..
Ascaris suum<br />
Milk spot liver is caused by migration of<br />
larvae of Ascaris suum in the liver of pigs
How does a blood sucking Ctenocephalides canis<br />
act as intermediate host for<br />
Dipylidium caninum ?
The flea larvae has mastigatory mouth parts<br />
feeds on organic debris as well as feed on<br />
gravid segments of Dipylidium caninum<br />
Hexacanth embryo from the eggs develop into<br />
Cysticercoid which develop in the flea to<br />
reach the infective stage when flea becomes<br />
adult
This man is selling<br />
water chestnut<br />
Eating raw water<br />
chestnut could lead<br />
to a trematode<br />
infection. It is..
Fasciolopsis buski<br />
(Giant intestinal fluke of man and pig)<br />
Metacercaria of Fasciolopsis buski are found<br />
encysted on the water chestnut<br />
Infection occurs through ingestion of<br />
metacercaria along with water chestnut
What is the liver fluke of dogs and cats?
Opisthorchis tenuicollis
These creatures are intermediate hosts for …
Poultry tapeworms<br />
Cysticercoids of tapeworms are seen in the<br />
tissues of intermediate hosts<br />
Chicken gets infected by ingestion of infected<br />
intermediate hosts
This is the drug of choice for…
Fasciolosis<br />
It is active against both adult<br />
and immature liver flukes
Indoplanorbis exustus snails act as intermediate<br />
hosts for one of the major group of flukes<br />
They are…
Schistosomes<br />
(Blood flukes)
Chicken feeding on the young one of dragon fly<br />
(naiads) are likely to get infected with…..
Oviduct flukes (Prosthogonimus ovatus,<br />
Prosthogonimus pellucidus)<br />
Dragon fly naiads<br />
contain metacercaria of<br />
oviduct flukes encysted<br />
in their respiratory<br />
chambers<br />
Infection to chicken<br />
occurs by ingestion of<br />
these infected naiads<br />
during foraging
This snail infested pond is fenced to<br />
prevent entry of grazing livestock<br />
This is to prevent……
Fluke infections since snails act as intermediate<br />
host for flukes (Liver flukes, Amphistomes<br />
and Blood flukes)
This is the largest fluke<br />
found in intestine<br />
of pig and man<br />
What is it?
Fasciolopsis buski<br />
(Intestinal fluke or Giant Intestinal<br />
fluke of man and pig)
Macrochlamys cassida<br />
Formica fusca<br />
These two act as<br />
intermediate hosts for…
Dicrocoelium dendriticum<br />
(Lancet fluke)
Chicken in this backyard<br />
poultry farm<br />
are laying shell less<br />
rubbery eggs<br />
Which trematode infection causes<br />
production of such eggs?
Prosthogonimus ovatus,<br />
Prosthogonimus pellucidus<br />
(Oviduct flukes)
These two cats are busy eating raw fish<br />
Which trematode infections are they<br />
likely to get?
Opisthorchis viverrini<br />
Paragonimus westermanii
These marine creatures which are favorite dishes<br />
in coastal areas are intermediate hosts for…
Paragonimus westermanii<br />
(Lung fluke)
This person is coughing and his<br />
sputum is rusty brown<br />
Which trematode will cause such a<br />
condition?
Paragonimus westermanii<br />
(Lung fluke)
Gastrodiscus secundus is a common<br />
fluke in the caecum and colon of…???
Horse
Blood flukes are hermaphrodites<br />
Is it true?
No<br />
Sexes are separate<br />
Females are slender and males are stouter<br />
Females lie in the gynecophoric canal<br />
of the males
In lambs, infection with monieziosis<br />
predisposes to a bacterial infection. It is..
Clostridium perfringens Type D<br />
Causing Enterotoxaemia
The correct order of larval stages in the<br />
life cycle of Fasciola gigantica is<br />
Miracidium, Redia, Sporocyst, Metacercaria, Cercaria<br />
Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst, Metacercaria, Cercaria<br />
Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Metacercaria, Cercaria<br />
Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria, Metacercaria
Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia,<br />
Cercaria, Metacercaria
Trematodes and Cestodes can be parasitic or free living<br />
True or False?
False<br />
All trematodes and cestodes are parasitic<br />
Liver flukes in liver<br />
Tapeworms in intestine
Egg packets/Egg capsules<br />
are characteristic of …
Dipylidium caninum<br />
(Double pored dog tapeworm)
This barrel shaped brownish egg with<br />
plug on either end is that of …
Trichuris sp. (Whip worms)
This puppy is highly anemic and<br />
passing digested blood …<br />
Which nematode infection could cause<br />
this condition?
Ancylostoma caninum<br />
(Hookworms)
Cluster of house flies feeding<br />
on eye secretions of this cattle act as<br />
intermediate host for the eyeworm…..
Thelazia rhodesii
Microscopic examination of this hydatid cyst<br />
fluid revealed above structures<br />
What are they? What is the name of such cyst?
Brood capsules<br />
Such cyst is called fertile cyst<br />
They are protoscolices which are also<br />
referred to as "Hydatid sand"<br />
Presence of protoscolices indicates<br />
that the cyst is fertile
This cart wheel is related to the egg of …
Taenia sp.<br />
The thick shell with radial striations giving a Cart wheel appearance<br />
The hexacanth embryo (onchosphere)<br />
The yellow tint
The intestine of this horse is fully packed with<br />
thick sturdy worms with anterior broad and<br />
posterior tapering ends<br />
They are …
Parascaris equorum<br />
In heavy infections worms gets clumped together<br />
called “Ball up” and will obstruct the intestine
Parthenogenesis<br />
(A form of reproduction in which ovum<br />
develops into a new individual<br />
without fertilization)<br />
Is a feature of …
Strongyloides sp. (Thread worms)
Brownish worms found in<br />
horse dung with pointed ends are…
Oxyuris equi<br />
(Pinworms)
Name the sense organ<br />
in cercaria
Eye spots
Fresh water fish acts as second<br />
intermediate<br />
host for a dog tapeworm ?
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
(Broad fish tapeworm of dog)<br />
Pleurocercoid of Diphyllobothrium latum are found<br />
encysted in the tissues of fresh water fish and dogs<br />
get infected by consumption of infected fish<br />
containing pleurocercoid
DICTOL<br />
DIFIL<br />
HUSKVAC<br />
All these are vaccines against<br />
…………. worms
Lung worms<br />
Dictol (Now marketed as “Huskvac”) is for Dictyocaulus<br />
viviparus in cattle<br />
Should be given to calves above 2 months old<br />
It is an attenuated oral vaccine<br />
Each dose contains 1,000 X-ray irradiated<br />
Dictyocaulus viviparus L3<br />
Difil is a vaccine for Dictyocaulus filaria infection in
Association between sea anemone and<br />
hermit crab is….
Commensalism<br />
It is a relationship between two organisms<br />
where one organism benefits from the other<br />
without affecting it.<br />
Commensalism means “Eating at the same<br />
table”
This is the head end of ….
Ancylostoma caninum<br />
(Hook worm of dogs)
Cattle liver is calcified and bile ducts are very<br />
difficult to cut with knife<br />
Such condition is caused in ….
Chronic Fasciolosis<br />
In cattle it causes clay pipe stem cirrhosis or<br />
pipe stem liver or liver rot due to calcification<br />
of bile ducts
This Holstein Friesian calf shows pot belly<br />
and is passing clay coloured foul smelling dung<br />
The worm involved is..
Toxocara vitulorum<br />
Calves gets infection through prenatal<br />
(congenital) and transcolostral routes
Preventing grazing during dawn and dusk<br />
is a way to prevent infection with ….
Gastrointestinal nematodes
If this nursing bitch is not dewormed it can<br />
transmit two important helminthic infections<br />
to the pups. They are....
Toxocariosis (Toxocara canis)<br />
(Arrow headed worms)<br />
Ancylostomosis (Ancylostoma caninum)<br />
(Hookworms)<br />
Pups get infected through lactogenic<br />
(transmammary) route by ingesting the larvae<br />
along with milk if the bitch is infected
What is the relevance of this picture to<br />
incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases?
Geographic information systems (GIS)<br />
Used in forecasting the occurrence of<br />
gastrointestinal parasitic diseases
What is the name of this slide?<br />
What is its use in clinical <strong>parasitology</strong>?
McMaster slide<br />
It is used for quantitative faecal examination<br />
(counting of helminth eggs/oocysts) and to<br />
find the EPG (Eggs per gram of faeces) or<br />
OPG (Oocyst per gram of faeces)
Pick out the egg found in canine faeces
Egg of Spirocerca lupi<br />
(Gullet worm of dog, Oesophageal worm of dog)<br />
It is thick shelled, gelatin capsule shaped and<br />
contains larva inside
Modified Knotts test is used to<br />
detect…...........in blood
Microfilaria – the larval stages<br />
of filarid nematodes
Furcocercous cercaria of<br />
schistosomes<br />
enter the body of host by…
Skin penetration
This cross section shows a fluke feeding on mucosa<br />
Which flukes have such a mode of feeding?
Amphistomes (Rumen flukes)<br />
The immature amphistomes are “Plug feeders”<br />
They catch hold of a fold of duodenal mucosa<br />
This results in loss of duodenal villi, impaired<br />
absorption of nutrients and diarrhoea
This hat of Napolean Bonaparte resembles<br />
the egg of …..
Schistosoma spindale
This ant is feeding on slime balls left by snail<br />
This takes place in the life cycle of ….
Dicrocoelium dendriticum<br />
(Lancet fluke)<br />
Slime balls contain clumps of cercaria<br />
Ants feed on slime balls<br />
Cercaria develop into metacercaria in ant<br />
Infection of definitive host is by ingestion of infected ant
This arrow simulates the head end of a group<br />
of nematodes. They are……
Ascarids of dog and cat are called<br />
Arrow headed worms because of the<br />
presence of alae
What is a protelean parasite ?
In Protelean parasite larval stages are<br />
parasitic and adults are non parasitic<br />
In equine stomach bot infection, larval forms<br />
are parasitic whereas adult flies are non parasitic<br />
Other examples : Oestrus ovis, Hypoderma lineatum
This horse is constantly rubbing its tail<br />
on hard objects<br />
The tail became like “Rat Tail”<br />
Which nematode is involved in causing this<br />
condition?
Oxyuris equi<br />
(Pinworm of horses)<br />
The female worms come out of the anal<br />
opening to lay egg in the perianal region<br />
causing severe irritation (Anal pruritus).<br />
So horses rub the tail region on to hard objects<br />
resulting in hair loss in the tail region
Whippet<br />
Collie<br />
Australian Shepherd<br />
What is the relation between these breeds<br />
and ivermectin?
Ivermectin is<br />
contraindicated in<br />
“White feet” dog breeds<br />
like Collies, Australian<br />
Shepherds, Shelties and<br />
Long-haired Whippets<br />
because of neurotoxicity<br />
This is due to genetic<br />
mutation in the MDR1<br />
(multi-drug resistance)<br />
gene
This apparatus used to measure the passage<br />
of time is similar to the oesophagus of ….
Oxyuris equi, the Pin worm of horses or<br />
False whip worm<br />
The oesophagus is “Hour Glass” shaped
River blindness is caused by Onchocerca volvulus<br />
Why is it called so?<br />
What is the mechanism of river blindness?
The infection is very common along the banks of<br />
Nile river where black flies are abundant<br />
(They act as vectors)<br />
When the microfilaria or larvae in the eye die,<br />
they cause blindness
What parasite induces vomition in dogs by<br />
causing tumours in oesophagus ?
Spirocerca lupi (Gullet worm of dog,<br />
Oesophageal worm of dog)<br />
Coprophagus beetles act as intermediate<br />
host and Garden lizard act as paratenic<br />
host for Spirocerca lupi
Name the Ascarid worm that is<br />
transmitted transcolostrally to kitten
Toxocara cati
Name the spirurid nematode which affects<br />
horses by causing tumours in stomach
Draschia megastoma
Immunity to superinfection due to the<br />
presence of residual parasites is called<br />
Concomitant immunity<br />
Passive immunity<br />
Premunity<br />
Active immunity
Premunity
Name the cestode transmitted by<br />
Ctenocephalides canis (Dog flea)<br />
responsible for intestinal obstruction
Dipylidium caninum<br />
Cysticercoids of Dipylidium caninum are<br />
found encysted in dog flea and dogs get<br />
infected by ingestion of infected flea
Eating offals with hydatid cyst<br />
predisposes dogs to infection with…
Echinococcus granulosus<br />
When dogs eat the offals containing<br />
fertile hydatid cyst with protoscolices they<br />
get infected with Echinococcus granulosus
Motile larvae (L1) seen in wet blood film are…
Microfilaria, the first larval stages (L1) of<br />
filarid nematodes<br />
Microfilaria are taken by vectors like<br />
mosquitoes during blood feeding and they<br />
further undergo development
Which of the following condition is<br />
caused by immature amphistomes?<br />
Husk/Hoose<br />
Snoring disease<br />
Gillor/Pitto<br />
Kumri
Gillor / Pitto<br />
Husk/Hoose – Dictyocaulus sp.<br />
Snoring disease – Schistosoma nasale<br />
Kumri – Setaria digitata
The whitish worms found in the<br />
eye of a dog are…
Thelazia callipaeda<br />
Eye worm of dogs
Name the ruminant tapeworm with<br />
centrally placed interproglottid glands
Moniezia benedeni<br />
(Double pored ruminant tapeworm)<br />
(Host: Cattle)
Lithium antimony thiomalate is<br />
the drug of choice for…
Schistosoma nasale (Nasal blood fluke)<br />
It causes snoring disease/Nasal<br />
schistosomosis/Nasal granuloma in cattle<br />
especially working bullocks
Name this person well known for his<br />
contribution towards classification and<br />
naming of parasites
Carlous Linnaeus<br />
He is called “Father of Taxonomy”<br />
He was a Swedish Biologist<br />
His system for naming, ranking and<br />
classifying organisms is still in<br />
wide use today
Name the nematode resembling this pattern
Gongylonema pulchrum<br />
(Zig zag worm, Stitch worm, Gullet worm)
This subglobular, thick shelled egg with compact<br />
yolk was found in the faecal sample of a puppy<br />
It is the egg of …
Ascarid<br />
(Toxocara canis)
Epistaxis as seen in Anthrax is observed in<br />
an acute fluke infection in sheep. Name it
Acute Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica<br />
and Fasciola gigantica
This smallest and most<br />
pathogenic tapeworm of<br />
poultry is …
Davainea proglottina<br />
(Dwarf tapeworm of poultry)<br />
They are found in the small intestine<br />
Slugs act as intermediate hosts<br />
They cause Ulcerative duodenitis<br />
Slug<br />
Ulcerative duodenitis
Earthworm act as -------------- host for cestodes
Transport
These large nematodes were recovered from<br />
the right kidney of a dog. They are…
Hepatitis cysticercosa in sheep is caused<br />
by a bladder worm. Name it
Dioctophyma renale<br />
Kidney worm of dog
Cysticercus tenuicollis<br />
It is the bladderworm stage of the dog<br />
tapeworm Taenia hydatigena
Dog Fleas and Dog lice transmit an important<br />
tapeworm in dogs. Name it
Dipylidium caninum, the double pored<br />
tapeworm of dog<br />
Cysticercoids are found encysted in dog flea<br />
and dog louse and dogs get infected by<br />
ingestion of infected dog flea and louse
Cysts in this tongue of cattle is…
Cysticercus bovis<br />
caused by Taenia saginata<br />
(Beef tapeworm of man)
Identify this egg
Strongyloides sp.<br />
Eggs are oval, thin shelled and contain fully<br />
developed larvae when laid
Gaping seen in this bird is due to a<br />
round worm infection. Name it
Syngamus trachea<br />
(Gapeworm of poultry)<br />
Male and female worms are always at copula<br />
They are typically “Y” shaped<br />
In infected birds, mucous accumulation occur in the<br />
trachea leading to difficulty in breathing and so birds<br />
exhibit gaping
Which of the following act as intermediate<br />
host for Habronema majus<br />
Mosquito<br />
House fly<br />
Black fly<br />
Stable fly
Stable fly<br />
(Stomoxys calcitrans)
One of the above larval stage is absent in the<br />
life cycle of Schistosomes. It is….
Metacercaria<br />
In Schistosomes, cercaria directly enter<br />
the host by skin penetration
H11 and H-gal-GP are<br />
vaccine candidate antigens for an important<br />
and highly pathogenic nematode of sheep<br />
Name the worm
Haemonchus contortus<br />
(Stomach worm, Wire worm, Barbers pole worm)
Identify this egg
Strongyle sp.<br />
Eggs are thin shelled, oval and<br />
contain segmented yolk
Identify this egg
Ascaris suum<br />
Eggs are thick shelled, round/globular and<br />
contain compact yolk with cuticular<br />
bosses or knobs
Match these helminth eggs of ruminants correctly<br />
Moniezia expansa<br />
Strongyle<br />
Trichuris ovis<br />
Schistosoma nasale<br />
Amphistome<br />
Fasciola gigantica<br />
Strongyloides<br />
papillosus<br />
Toxocara vitulorum
Schistosoma nasale<br />
Amphistome<br />
Fasciola gigantica<br />
Toxocara vitulorum<br />
Strongyle<br />
Strongyloides<br />
papillosus<br />
Moniezia expansa<br />
Trichuris ovis
Tabanus transmitting Trypanosoma evansi is an<br />
example of ----------------------vector
Mechanical vector<br />
A mechanical vector is an arthropod which<br />
transmits a parasite in which the parasite does<br />
not undergo any development
Tapeworm which<br />
contains bothria or<br />
hold fast organ is…
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
(Broad fish tapeworm)
Identify this egg
Fasciola sp.<br />
Eggs are oval, yellowish tint, with indistinct<br />
operculum and segmented yolk
This is the head end of ….
Taenia sp. of tapeworms<br />
The rostellum is armed with<br />
pen knife shaped hooks
Casoni’s skin test is related to diagnosis of ….
Hydatidosis in human beings<br />
It is a old test and now replaced<br />
by serological tests like<br />
Latex agglutination test and<br />
Counter current immunoelectrophoresis
This is an egg of a tapeworm. It is…
Yellowish brown coloured small oval egg with thin<br />
shell (similar to trematode egg)<br />
Ends appear pointed than round<br />
Operculum present<br />
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
(Broad fish tapeworm)
Match the host and fluke correctly<br />
Gigantocotyle explanatum<br />
Gastrodiscoides hominis<br />
Pesudodiscus collinsi<br />
Prosthogonimus ovatus<br />
Gastrodiscus secundus
Prosthogonimus ovatus<br />
Gigantocotyle explanatum<br />
Gastrodiscus secundus<br />
Gastrodiscoides hominis<br />
Pesudodiscus collinsi
Rose thorn is related to the hooks<br />
in the scolex of the tapeworm…..
Dipylidium caninum
Pick out the ectoparasites
Fly<br />
Tick<br />
Louse<br />
Flea
What is the use of saturated solution of<br />
NaCl in Clinical Parasitology?
It is used as a floatation solution for parasitic eggs<br />
Specific gravity of Saturated NaCl is higher<br />
than parasitic eggs and so they float<br />
It is prepared by dissolving 36 g of<br />
NaCl in 100 ml of water
Identify this egg
Amphistome egg<br />
Oval shape<br />
Colourless (non-tinted nature)<br />
Distinct operculum<br />
Contains yolk and germ cells
Who is this eminent parasitologist?
Dr. V.S. Alwar<br />
He was an authority on all veterinary parasites<br />
His research on Trypanosoma evansi, Schistosoma<br />
nasale and feather mites got international<br />
recognition<br />
He was the former Professor and Head of<br />
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras<br />
Veterinary College
Identify this egg
Egg of Schistosoma incognitum<br />
or Schistosoma suis<br />
Oval shape with a subterminal spine<br />
Well developed miracidium in the egg
Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-Aspiration<br />
technique (PAIR) is used as a treatment for<br />
one of the major parasitic zoonotic disease.<br />
Name it
Hydatidosis/Cystic Echinococcosis
This sheep is blind, circling, shows high<br />
stepping gait and hitting on objects<br />
Name the condition and bladder<br />
worm involved
Gid/Sturdy/Staggers<br />
Caused by Coenurus cerebralis<br />
The bladder worm of Taenia multiceps
Name the double pored tapeworms of<br />
Dog<br />
Poultry<br />
Sheep
Dog-Dipylidium caninum<br />
Poultry-Cotugnia digonopora<br />
Sheep-Moniezia expansa
Tetrathyridium is the<br />
bladder worm stage of …..
Mesocestoides lineatus
Name the roundworm which predisposes<br />
sheep for foot rot
Strongyloides papillosus
Fistulous withers is associated with…
Onchocerca cervicalis
Who is this well known<br />
Veterinary Parasitologist<br />
who authored the text book<br />
“Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of<br />
domesticated animals”
Dr. E.J.L. Soulsby<br />
(Ernest Jackson Lawson Soulsby)
Which of the following act as intermediate host<br />
for the poultry tapeworm<br />
Amoebotaenia sphenoides<br />
Mosquito<br />
House fly<br />
Slug<br />
Earthworm
Earthworm
Name the nematode egg found in canine<br />
faeces that resembles the following
Egg of Spirocerca lupi<br />
Thick shell<br />
Gelatin capsule shaped<br />
Presence of larva inside
This worm belongs to…
Acanthocephala<br />
(Thorny headed worms)<br />
The worm is<br />
Macrocanthorhynchus hirudinaceus<br />
The thorny headed worm of swine
Tapeworm which cause nodules in<br />
sheep intestine is….
Stilesia globipunctata
Psocids or book lice act as<br />
intermediate host for…..
Avitellina lahorea
Pick out the odd tapeworm<br />
with respect to HOST<br />
Moniezia expansa<br />
Thysanosoma actinoides<br />
Avitellina lahorea<br />
Anoplocephala perfoliata<br />
Stilesia globipunctata
Anoplocephala perfoliata<br />
All others are ruminant tapewoms
The bladder worm found in invertebrate<br />
intermediate host among the following is….<br />
Cysticercus<br />
Hydatid<br />
Tetrathyridium<br />
Cysticercoid<br />
Coenurus
Cysticercoid
Hepatic syndrome is an<br />
immunological condition resulting in<br />
response to the eggs of …
Schistosoma spindale
Identify this fluke seen in the<br />
caecum and colon of man and pig
Gastrodiscoides hominis
Pick out the endectocides
Dose of Ivermectin and<br />
Doramectin: 200 μg/kg bwt or 0.2 mg/kg bwt<br />
Route: Ivermectin Strictly s/c<br />
Doramectin s/c or i/m
Can you notice some red coloured worms seen<br />
in the abomasum of this sheep. They are…
Haemonchus contortus<br />
(Stomach worm, Wire worm or<br />
Barbers pole worm)
These brownish structures attached to<br />
grass blade are infective stages of trematodes<br />
They are…
Metacercariae
“Boot” shaped spicule is found in male<br />
worms of …
Dictyocaulus sp. (Lung worms)<br />
Dictyocaulus filaria – Lungworm of sheep<br />
Dictyocaulus viviparus – Lungworm of cattle
Which stage in the life cycle of<br />
Schistosoma nasale is responsible for the<br />
formation of Nasal granuloma/Actinobody<br />
Adult schistosomes<br />
Schistosomula<br />
Egg containing miracidium<br />
Cercaria
Egg containing miracidium
ICZN stands for…
SNOAPAD stands for….
STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE OF<br />
ANIMAL PARASITIC DISEASES
Mosquitoes act as vectors<br />
for ---------------- nematodes
Filarid nematodes<br />
E.g. Setaria digitata<br />
(Peritoneal worm or Intraocular eye worm)<br />
Dirofilaria immitis<br />
(Heart worm of dog)
Name this large intestinal worm of horse which<br />
has two ear shaped dorsal tooth in buccal cavity
Strongylus vulgaris<br />
(Blood worm, Red worm)
Nodular taeniasis in poultry<br />
is caused by the tapeworm …
Raillietina echinobothrida
Which immunoglobulin is involved<br />
in protection against helminthic infections?
IgE
The fluke which causes<br />
cholangiocarcinoma is..
Clonorchis sinensis<br />
(Oriental liver fluke/Chinese liver fluke)
In processing of trematodes,<br />
1% acid alcohol is used as…<br />
Clearing agent<br />
Destaining agent<br />
Dehydrating agent<br />
Mounting agent
Destaining agent<br />
Clearing agent – Lactophenol<br />
Dehydrating agent – 70%, 90% and<br />
100% or absolute alcohol<br />
Mounting agent – Canada balsam or DPX<br />
DPX stands for Distyrene plasticizer xylene
Aneurysm of cranial mesenteric artery<br />
in horses is caused by …
Strongylus vulgaris (Blood worm)
Black scours are seen in infection with…
Trichostrongylus sp.<br />
Trichostrongylus colubriformis<br />
Trichostrongylus axei<br />
(Black scour worms)
Cerebrospinal nematodiasis or Kumri<br />
in unnatural hosts (horse, sheep and goat)<br />
is caused by migrating immature<br />
larval stages of …
Setaria digitata
Hump sore or Cascado in cattle is caused by…
Stephanofilaria assamensis
Helminthic infections cause increase in
Eosinophils
Husk/Hoose or Parasitic bronchitis<br />
in cattle is caused by…
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Name the worm involved in transmitting<br />
Histomonas meleagridis which causes<br />
Black Head in Turkeys
Heterakis gallinarum, Caecal worm of poultry<br />
Egg of Heterakis gallinarum helps in sheltering<br />
Histomonas meleagridis and thereby helps<br />
in transmission
Dumb bell is related to the uterus of …
Stilesia globipunctata<br />
Uterus is dumb-bell shaped with two<br />
portions united by a transverse duct
Coracidium is the larval stage of a dog tapeworm.<br />
Name the tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum<br />
(Broad fish tapeworm)
Summer sore or Bursatti or Swamp cancer or<br />
Granular dermatitis in horses<br />
is caused by…
Habronema megastoma/Draschia megastoma
Name the filarid nematode commonly<br />
found in the aorta of cattle
Onchocerca armillata
This funnel is related to the<br />
pharynx of a nematode of horse<br />
It is……
Habronema megastoma
Location of Onchocerca gibsoni is…<br />
Ligamentum nuchae<br />
Subcutaneous tissue<br />
Peritoneal cavity<br />
Aorta<br />
Eyes
Subcutaneous tissue
Name the tapeworm of horse called<br />
“Lappet tapeworm”
Anoplocephala perfoliata<br />
(Dwarf tapeworm of horse)<br />
found in small intestine
Which filarial nematode causes<br />
“Haemorrhagic nodules” or “Haemorrhagic<br />
filariosis” or “Verminous haemorrhagic<br />
dermatitis” in cattle
Parafilaria bovicola<br />
Parafilaria multipapillosa
Brown stomach worm is<br />
Haemonchus contortus<br />
Mecistocirrus digitatus<br />
Strongyloides papillosus<br />
Ostertagia ostertagi
Ostertagia ostertagi
Inverted “Y” shaped dorsal ray in the bursa<br />
of male worms is a feature of …..
Haemonchus contortus
Abomasal nodules<br />
Morocco leather<br />
Nodules resembling Morocco leather in<br />
abomasum are lesions caused by….
Ostertagia ostertagi<br />
(Brown stomach worm)
Which of the following nematode<br />
has no spicules?<br />
Haemonchus contortus<br />
Mecistocirrus digitatus<br />
Trichinella spiralis<br />
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Trichinella spiralis
Ear sore in buffaloes is caused by…<br />
Stephanofilaria assamensis<br />
Stephanofilaria zaheeri<br />
Parafilaria bovicola<br />
Setaria digitata<br />
Onchocerca gibsoni
Stephanofilaria zaheeri
The seed of cucumber is related to the<br />
gravid segments of an important<br />
dog tapeworm.<br />
Name it
Dipylidium caninum<br />
Gravid segments are cucumber seed shaped
Which of the following animal<br />
is not the definitive host for<br />
Protostrongylus rufescens?
Protostrongylus rufescens is the red lung<br />
worm of sheep, goat and deer
Arecanut is used in treatment of …
Tapeworms<br />
It contains Arecoline which is effective<br />
against tapeworms
Fluke infection commonly<br />
encountered in Ooty is…
Fasciolosis
Name the round worm depicted in the<br />
official symbol of Medicine
Dracunculus medinensis
This cat predating on a mouse could get<br />
infected with Capillaria hepatica which occur<br />
in the liver of mice<br />
Here cat is called as -----------------host
Intercalary host<br />
Intercalary host is a host that liberates<br />
the infective stages of a parasite of another<br />
trapped in the body of the original host<br />
E.g. Cats by eating mice liberate the eggs<br />
of Capillaria hepatica which are trapped in<br />
the liver parenchyma.
This cow was inseminated 3 months back and<br />
is confirmed pregnant<br />
Is it advisable to deworm with Albendazole?
Albendazole should not<br />
be given to animals in<br />
early pregnancy as it<br />
causes teratogenesis of<br />
early embryos
A society as early as 1974 was established<br />
for eradication of a helminth in USA<br />
Name the Society
Name of the helminth is<br />
Heart worm of dog Dirofilaria immitis
Is this bird “fatty” or having pendulous abdomen?<br />
Which fluke is responsible for causing this in hens?
This is definitely a case of<br />
pendulous<br />
abdomen caused by Oviduct<br />
fluke<br />
(Prothogonimus sp.)
What are the white ribbon like structures<br />
hanging out from the anus of this goat?
It is Moniezia sp. of tapeworms.<br />
This tapeworm affects young kids, and is<br />
transmitted to goats by grass mites
Which is the blood feeding nematode<br />
resembles this and hence named<br />
after this logo?
Haemonchus contortus- Barber pole worm<br />
The female worm with blood filled intestine (reddish)<br />
is interwined with uterus (white) resembling a barber pole
This is commonly used for<br />
culture and extraction of<br />
non migratory larva (E.g. Ascarids)
Baermann apparatus
Name the helminth responsible<br />
for this clinical condition?
Dog tapeworm Dipylidium caninum<br />
Gravid segments coming out of<br />
anus of dogs, cause severe anal pruritus<br />
resulting in scooting of anus
Name the fluke egg that resembles the<br />
Boomerang or Palanquine
Egg of Schistosoma nasale
Name the group of nematodes in which head ends<br />
are structurally similar to this palisade<br />
hence known as palisade worms
Strongyle group of nematodes possess external<br />
and internal leaf crowns that resemble a palisade
This man eats raw green leaves without washing<br />
from an area inhabited by stray dogs<br />
Is he likely to get a zoonotic infection from dogs?
Yes!! Possibly Hydatid cyst<br />
Greens may be contaminated with eggs of<br />
Echinococcus granulosus, the smallest dog tapeworm.<br />
When consumed without washing, it may result in<br />
cysts in internal organs like liver
A milky white worm is seen inside the eye of a Cow<br />
Can you guess the helminth?
Setaria sp. a filarid nematode dwelling in peritoneal cavity of cattle.<br />
Immature worms migrate to erratic sites like eyes
Large round white worms packed in the intestine of poultry.<br />
Name the round worm
Ascaridia galli
This anaemia guide is used<br />
successfully in field conditions<br />
for diagnosing an important<br />
helminthic infection.<br />
Name the helminth.
It is an anemia chart used to detect infection with blood feeding nematodes<br />
(Haemonchus contortus) in small ruminants
Pick out the drug of choice for cestodes / Tapeworms
It is Niclosamide
Name the fluke involved
Schistosoma nasale, the blood fluke
Identify this instrument
Trichinoscope<br />
It is used to detect the larvae of<br />
Trichinella spiralis in muscles
What is this slow moving creature?<br />
What is its relevance to fluke infections?
Lymnaea sp. of snail<br />
It act as intermediate host for liver flukes<br />
and rumen flukes
Name the round worm responsible for this.
Strongylus vulgaris
Water cress is a delicacy in many Asian and<br />
European countries<br />
Eating raw water cress could lead to a fluke<br />
infection in human beings. It is..
Fasciolopsis buski<br />
Metacercaria encysted on the water cress<br />
when ingested cause infection
A poultry farmer noticed white cooked rice like<br />
structures in the droppings of his desi birds<br />
What could be the helminthic infection
Tapeworm infection<br />
Segments of tapeworm look like cooked rice
Protozoa are Prokaryotic<br />
Is the statement true?
Eukaryotic organisms have<br />
No<br />
Protozoa are Eukaryotic<br />
True nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli<br />
Membrane-bound organelles<br />
E.g. Mitochondria, Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum
Among the protozoa, coccidia<br />
come under the Phyla…
Apicomplexa<br />
The name Apicomplexa is derived from Latin words —<br />
apex (top) and complexus (infolds) and refers to a set of<br />
organelles in the sporozoite of Coccidia
Among these Kingdoms,<br />
Protozoa comes under…
Protista
What are these developmental<br />
forms of haemoflagellates?
F - Flagella<br />
K - Kinetoplast<br />
N - Nucleus
Name the protozoa that reproduces<br />
by the following methods
A. Longitudinal binary fission<br />
Eg. Trypanosomes<br />
B. Transverse binary fission<br />
Eg. Ciliates (Balantidium coli)
What is Schizogony?
Schizogony or Multiple fission<br />
Is the asexual reproduction by multiple fission of<br />
nucleus followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm,<br />
giving rise to merozoites<br />
The parent cell is known as schizont or meront<br />
and the daughter cells are called as merozoites/<br />
schizozoites<br />
Eg. Apicomplexa - Eimeria, Plasmodium etc.
Identify the protozoan stage<br />
How does it move?
It is the trophozoite stage of the ciliate,<br />
Balantidium coli<br />
They move by using Cilia
Name the protozoa causing the following<br />
symptoms in horse<br />
Intermittent fever<br />
Anaemia<br />
Oedema of the<br />
dependent parts<br />
Severe emaciation<br />
(looks like a bag of bones)
Trypanosoma evansi<br />
A haemoflagellate present in blood stream as<br />
extracellular protozoa and in CNS<br />
Transmitted mechanically through biting of Tabanus,<br />
Stomoxys and Hippoboscid flies<br />
It causes a disease called “Surra” which means<br />
“Rotten”
Name the scientist who discovered the<br />
first pathogenic trypanosome in India
Griffith Evans<br />
Described the pathogenic trypanosome Trypanosoma<br />
evansi in India from the blood smear of horse and camel
Name the protozoa causing the following<br />
symptoms in dogs<br />
Weakness<br />
Emaciation<br />
Laryngeal edema<br />
Change in voice<br />
Corneal opacity<br />
Nervous signs<br />
resembling rabies
Trypanosoma evansi<br />
Carnivores may become infected after ingesting<br />
infected meat with trypanosomes<br />
Also through the bite of Tabanid flies
What could be the causative protozoa?<br />
A camel showing<br />
Progressive anaemia<br />
Loss of condition<br />
Emaciation<br />
Intermittent fever<br />
Loss of hump
Trypanosoma evansi<br />
Chronic condition is common in camels<br />
The disease is known as Tibersa<br />
It means “Three-year disease”
Who invented microscope?
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek<br />
Dutch scientist known as “Father of Microbiology”
How do these vectors transmit trypanosomes?
1. Mechanically transmit<br />
Trypanosoma evansi through<br />
saliva Eg.Tabanus and<br />
Stomoxys<br />
2. Cyclical development<br />
a.Salivaria - Anterior station development<br />
E.g. Glossina spp transmitting<br />
Trypanosoma brucei<br />
b.Stercoraria - Posterior station<br />
development<br />
Eg. Triatoma spp (Reduvid bug)<br />
transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi<br />
and Tabanus transmitting<br />
Trypanosoma theileri
What are the protozoan diseases<br />
transmitted by Glossina spp?
East African sleeping sickness (acute form) -<br />
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in human beings<br />
West African sleeping sickness (chronic form) -<br />
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in human beings<br />
Animal trypanosomosis – T. vivax, T. congolense<br />
and T. brucei
Vampire bat is a vector for…?
Trypanosoma evansi<br />
Vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus, in South and<br />
Central America are hosts, reservoirs and vectors of<br />
T. evansi<br />
Recovered bats serve as carriers
What is Chancre?<br />
In which protozoan disease does it occur?
Chancre is a localized skin reaction on the bite site<br />
of trypanosome-infected Glossina fly, indicative of<br />
trypanosomosis<br />
This ulcerated nodule is the first visible response in<br />
human beings and livestock and is accompanied by<br />
a regional lymphadenitis that lasts 1 to 2 weeks<br />
The chancre precedes parasitemia
Name the vector and it’s importance
Reduvid bug - Triatoma sp<br />
Also called as kissing bug/cone nosed bug<br />
It transmits Trypanosoma cruzi which causes<br />
Chagas disease or American Trypanosomosis in<br />
human beings
Characteristic periorbital swelling related to a<br />
protozoan infection termed...
Romana's sign<br />
Characteristic sign of Chagas disease in acute<br />
condition<br />
Characterised by unilateral painless periorbital<br />
swelling
Which protozoa causes acute sleeping<br />
sickness in human beings?
Trypanosoma rhodesiense<br />
Transmitted by Glossina morsitans<br />
Game animals and livestock act as reservoir host
Winter bottom sign in human beings<br />
is caused by…
Trypanosoma gambiense<br />
Winter bottom sign is enlarged lymph nodes in the<br />
post cervical region seen in chronic form of West<br />
African sleeping sickness in humans<br />
Transmitted by Glossina palpalis (Riverine type)<br />
swelling
Name the protozoa causing this<br />
condition in human beings?<br />
Cardiomyopathy with lesions of<br />
megaesophagus and megacolon
Trypanosoma cruzi<br />
Chagas disease or South American trypanosomosis
Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of…..
Trypanosoma cruzi<br />
In Xenodiagnosis, 30-40 laboratory-reared reduvid<br />
bugs are allowed to feed on the blood of a person<br />
suspected to have Chagas disease<br />
One month later, intestinal contents of the bugs<br />
are extracted and examined microscopically for the<br />
presence of Trypanosoma cruzi
Name the protozoan disease of veneral origin<br />
in equines with the following symptoms
Dourine/Horse Syphilis<br />
(Trypanosoma equiperdum)<br />
Unlike other trypanosomal infections, dourine is<br />
transmitted almost exclusively during breeding/<br />
coitus<br />
Dollar spot is the pathognomonic lesion in<br />
Dourinepresence of Trypanosoma cruzi
Which of the following drug is used both as<br />
prophylactic and curative drug for<br />
trypanosomosis?
Quinapyramine prosalt<br />
It contains Antrycide chloride and sulfate in 3:2 ratio<br />
and available in the name of Tribexine, Triquine,<br />
Tevansi and Trypanil<br />
Dosage : 7.4mg/kg, S/C<br />
Suramin is only used for therapy with a<br />
dose of 4g/45kg, I/V
In which trypanosome free flagellum is absent?
Trypanosoma congolense<br />
Causes Nagana in cattle (Nagana is a Zulu term<br />
meaning " to be in low or depressed spirits")<br />
This is the smallest African trypanosome
Name the protozoa causing this ulcerated<br />
cutaneous lesion in human beings
Leishmania tropica<br />
The condition is otherwise called<br />
as Oriental sore / Tropical<br />
ulcer / Delhi boil / Old world<br />
cutaneous leishmaniosis / Aleppo<br />
button, a more common form of<br />
leishmaniosis in man<br />
The cutaneous form presents<br />
with skin ulcers is transmitted by<br />
Phlebotomus sergenti
What is the location of the following<br />
stages of Leishmania?
Promastigote stage<br />
A motile form seen in the vector<br />
Phlebotomus sp. as well as in culture<br />
Amastigote stage<br />
A non motile intracellular form seen in<br />
macrophages and other cells of reticulo<br />
endothelial system like spleen, liver, bone<br />
marrow and lymph node
Name the protozoa which causes the condition<br />
in a child with the following clinical signs<br />
Chronic fever<br />
Distended abdomen<br />
Bleeding from gums<br />
Weight loss and<br />
Pancytopenia
Leishmania donovani<br />
Causes Visceral leishmanosis / Kala azar / Black<br />
fever / Dumdum fever<br />
Commonly affects young adults between 10 and 20<br />
years of age
Which protozoa causes<br />
Mucocutaneous leishmanosis?
Giardia- Trophozoite stage<br />
An actively multiplying, feeding and motile form<br />
Its characteristic pattern resembles the familiar<br />
“Smiley face" symbol
Name these two scientists involved in the<br />
discovery of the causative agent of Kala azar
In 1901, Leishman identified Leishmania<br />
donovani from spleen smears of a<br />
patient who had died from "dum-dum<br />
fever" (Dum Dum in Calcutta)<br />
A few months later, Charles<br />
Donovan (1863–1951) confirmed the<br />
finding of Leishman-Donovan bodies in<br />
smears taken from patients in Madras
These methods are useful for diagnosis of…<br />
Smear from skin ulcer<br />
Skin test with parasite<br />
antigen (Montenegro test)
Cutaneous leishmanosis<br />
(Leishmania tropica)
What is NNN medium?<br />
Name the protozoa which can be grown<br />
in this medium
NNN is Novy Nicolle Mac Neal medium<br />
It is used for cultivation of<br />
Trypanosomes and Leishmania
This nodular skin lesion in face occurs due to<br />
complication of an important protozoan disease<br />
Name the lesion and the protozoan disease involved
This lesion is Post kala azar dermal leishmanoid (PKDL),<br />
a complication of Visceral Leishmanosis (VL)
This drug is the treatment of choice for…
Leishmanosis<br />
Dose is 20 mg /kg/day<br />
(maximum 850 mg) IV/IM for 20-28 days
Who am I and what is my stage?
Name the protozoa transmitted by<br />
this method in human beings
Cyst formation<br />
Giardia lamblia - Giardiosis<br />
Entamoeba histolytica -Amoebosis<br />
Balantidium coli - Balantidiosis<br />
Oocyst formation<br />
Cryptosporidium parvum –<br />
Cryptosporidiosis
Name the protozoan diseases for<br />
which this drug is used
Tinidazole is used to treat Giardiosis<br />
and Amoebosis<br />
Dose: 4 g single dose<br />
or<br />
50 mg/kg or 500 mg b.i.d for 5 days orally
Identify the protozoan stage A and B
A. Entamoeba histolytica Mature Cyst<br />
Mature cysts are spherical<br />
Have 4 nucleus (Quadrinucleate)<br />
Passed in the feces<br />
B. Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite<br />
Have single spherical nucleus with<br />
distinct central endosome<br />
Move by pseudopodia<br />
Has food vacuole which contains RBC
Name the locomotory organelle of<br />
Entamoeba histolytica
Pseudopodia (False feet)<br />
Is a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell<br />
for movement and feeding
Flask shaped ulcers in the intestine and<br />
abscess in liver of human beings is caused by…
Entamoeba histolytica<br />
Intestinal infection -<br />
Amoebosis/amoebic dysentery<br />
Extraintestinal infection -<br />
Amoebic liver abscess<br />
Pathognomonic lesions -<br />
Flask shaped ulcers in large<br />
intestine
Name the flagellate protozoa which is a<br />
pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract
Tritrichomonas foetus<br />
Causes Trichomonosis, a veneral disease in cattle causing<br />
early embryonic death and abortion in cattle
Name the route of transmission of<br />
Trichomonas gallinae in pigeon
1. Feeding of “Pigeon milk“ or “Crop milk” by infected<br />
older pigeons (carriers) to newly hatched squabs<br />
2. Contaminated drinking water<br />
3. Raptors get infected by preying on infected birds
Which protozoa causes “Yellow button”<br />
like lesion in the oral cavity of pigeon?
Trichomonas gallinae<br />
The lesion is also known as Pigeon canker or Roup<br />
Characterised by yellowish-white caseous nodules<br />
(cheese-like lesions)<br />
Affected birds are unable to swallow feed leading to<br />
emaciation and death
Modified Diamonds medium is useful for….
Culture of Trichomonas spp<br />
An enriched and selective medium for the isolation<br />
and cultivation of Trichomonas sp<br />
Incubated aerobically for 96 hours at 35 O C<br />
In positive samples turbidity develops in the lower<br />
portion of tube
Name the protozoa that causes the<br />
following lesions in chicken<br />
Enlarged caeca filled with<br />
fresh or clotted blood<br />
Later stage, the caecal<br />
content becomes thicker,<br />
mixed with fibrinous<br />
exudate and acquires a<br />
cheese like appearance<br />
Enlarged caeca filled with<br />
fresh or clotted blood
Eimeria tenella<br />
(Caecal Coccidiosis)<br />
It commonly affects chicken around 4 weeks of age<br />
particularly in broilers<br />
Infection occurs by ingestion of sporulated oocysts<br />
Second generation schizonts cause<br />
the maximum pathogenicity
Diagnose the protozoan disease based on the<br />
following symptoms in chicken
Coccidiosis<br />
Caused by protozoa of genus Eimeria<br />
The common species are Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix,<br />
E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. brunetti<br />
They infect various sites in the intestine and cause<br />
damage
Following changes were noticed during post<br />
mortem of a chicken<br />
Ballooning of intestine<br />
Petechial hemorrhages with thickened intestinal wall<br />
Lumen filled with blood, mucus and fluid<br />
Name the protozoa which causes<br />
this condition in chicken
Eimeria necatrix<br />
(Intestinal Coccidiosis)<br />
Affects anterior and middle portions of small<br />
intestine<br />
Small white spots (schizonts), usually intermingled<br />
with red spots (Haemorrhages) seen on serosa<br />
This appearance is described as “Salt and Pepper”<br />
markings
Rectal coccidiosis in chicken is caused by…
Eimeria brunetti<br />
Affects lower small intestine, rectum, caeca and<br />
cloaca<br />
Whitish blood streaked faeces is characteristic
Post mortem of rabbit shows an enlarged liver with<br />
multifocal, flat, yellow-white lesions<br />
containing yellow exudate<br />
Which is the protozoan disease?
Hepatic coccidiosis<br />
(Eimeria stiedae)<br />
In young rabbits it leads to anorexia, debilitation<br />
and pendulous abdomen with hepatomegaly<br />
Diarrhea is uncommon
These symptoms in calves is caused due to…<br />
Calf with severe bloody<br />
diarrhea and Tenesmus<br />
Matted hair on the rump<br />
Appear as if red paint is<br />
smeared in hind quarters
Coccidiosis<br />
Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis<br />
Also known as Winter coccidiosis/Red dysentery seen<br />
in young calves less than 1 year old<br />
High stocking density, poor ventilation and wet<br />
bedding are risk factors
Name the protozoan disease causing<br />
following symptoms in kid<br />
Diarrhoea with or<br />
without mucus or blood<br />
At necropsy intestine showed<br />
Polyp-like whitish nodules<br />
within jejunum and ileum
Coccidiosis<br />
(Eimeria arloingi)<br />
Highly pathogenic in kids (3 weeks - 5 months)<br />
Oocyst with prominent<br />
micropyle cap/polar cap
Identify the piroplasms found in the<br />
RBC of cattle and dog blood smear
Cattle: Babesia bigemina<br />
Merozoites are large and<br />
pear shaped<br />
Lie in pairs forming acute<br />
angle in the RBC’s<br />
Dog: Babesia canis<br />
Merozoites are large and<br />
pyriform<br />
Occasionally upto 16<br />
organisms may be found in a<br />
single RBC
Identify the piroplasm found in the<br />
RBC of horse blood smear
Babesia equi (Theileria equi)<br />
Merozoites are divided into four daughter<br />
organisms in tetrads forming a Maltese<br />
cross in the RBC’s<br />
Babesia equi<br />
(Theileria equi)<br />
Maltese cross
What is Livacox?
Vaccine for Chicken Coccidiosis<br />
LIVACOX® Q is a quadrivalent live attenuated<br />
coccidiosis vaccine for breeders and layers<br />
Contains sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina,<br />
E. maxima, E. tenella and E. necatrix<br />
Administered orally to 1-10 day old chicken by<br />
drinking water or coarse spray
What is Immucox?
Vaccine for Chicken Coccidiosis<br />
IMMUCOX - Vetech lab, Canada. – virulent, is a Nonattenuated<br />
vaccine used in the hatchery breeding stock<br />
administered 1-5 day old birds in cold water or edible gel<br />
Contains sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima,<br />
E. necatrix, E. tenella and E. brunetti
Diminazine aceturate is used to treat…
Babesiosis and Trypanosomosis<br />
Dosage: 3.5-7 mg/kg deep I/M
Name these two scientists who demonstrated<br />
the transmission of Texas fever in<br />
cattle by a tick
Theobald Smith and F.L.Kilbourne<br />
Theobald Smith<br />
F.L.Kilbourne<br />
Theobald Smith, worked on Texas fever caused by Babesia<br />
bigemina in cattle<br />
In 1889, he along with the veterinarian F.L.Kilbourne<br />
discovered the transmission of Babesia bigemina by<br />
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks<br />
This epoch making discovery revealed the transmission of an<br />
infectious disease through arthropods
Name the protozoan diseases transmitted<br />
by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus<br />
ticks in cattle
Babesiosis<br />
They are the main vectors of Babesia bigemina and B. bovis<br />
Transmission occurs transovarially
Diagnose the disease based on these symptoms<br />
Cattle with pale and<br />
icteric mucous membrane<br />
Enlargement of superficial<br />
lymphnodes<br />
Stained blood smear shows dot like organism in RBC
Anaplasmosis or Gall sickness<br />
Exotic and crossbred cattle are highly susceptible<br />
Caused by Anaplasma marginale (margin of RBC) and<br />
Anaplasma centrale (centre of RBC)
Mention the common route of transmission<br />
for Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?
Coitus<br />
Trichomonosis is a veneral disease in cattle causing<br />
early embryonic death, abortion and pyometra<br />
leading to infertility
Haemoglobinuria in cattle is a characteristic<br />
symptom in which protozoan disease?
Babesiosis<br />
The organisms multiply inside the RBC and cause hemolysis<br />
leading to hemoglobinuria (Coffee coloured urine)<br />
High mortality in adults and calves are resistant (Inverse age<br />
resistance)
Imidocarb is used for the treatment of…
Babesiosis/Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis<br />
Dosage<br />
Cattle : 1 ml per 100 kg bodyweight<br />
In treating mixed infections due to Anaplasma and Babesia,<br />
administer 2.5 ml per 100 kg bodyweight
Trichguard is a vaccine for…
Tritrichomonas foetus
Rapid multiplying form during acute phase<br />
in the lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii is …
Tachyzoites or Endozoites<br />
(tachos means “Speed” in Greek)<br />
Arc like or crescent shaped
The life cycle stage occurring in<br />
chronic toxoplasmosis is …
Bradyzoites<br />
(brady means “Slow” in Greek)<br />
Also known as tissue cyst/ meront / pseudocyst /<br />
cystozoites<br />
Cyst size is about 100 µm and contains 60,000 lancet<br />
shaped tightly packed bradyzoites
A zoonotic protozoan disease<br />
transmitted through domestic cat …
Toxoplasmosis<br />
Transmission may occur through<br />
Ingestion of food and water contaminated with oocysts of<br />
Toxoplasma gondii<br />
Transplacental route<br />
Consumption of undercooked or raw meat of infected<br />
intermediate hosts<br />
Eating contaminated fruits or vegetables
Name the protozoa involved in causing the<br />
following conditions in human beings<br />
Chorioretinitis<br />
Hydrocephaly
Toxoplasma gondii<br />
Congenital toxoplasmosis increases the risk of<br />
fetal death or premature birth
Sabin Feldman Methylene Blue Dye Test is a<br />
diagnostic test for…
Toxoplasma gondii<br />
Sabin Feldman dye test is a confirmatory<br />
method to demonstrated live tachyzoites<br />
which stain blue with alkaline methylene<br />
blue dye
In Apicomplexa, the female gametes are<br />
called as microgametes<br />
Is it true…
False<br />
The female gametes are called as macrogametes
The sexual cycle of<br />
malarial parasite usually occurs in…
Mosquitoes<br />
Sexual - Syngamy and Sporogony occur in<br />
mosquitoes<br />
Asexual method occurs in human beings
Identify the oocysts A and B<br />
A. 4 sporocysts, each containing 2 sporozoites<br />
B. 2 sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites
A. Eimeria spp. B. Isospora spp.
Toxovax is a vaccine for…
Toxoplasmosis in sheep (breeding ewes)<br />
Toxovax contains the suspension of live attenuated<br />
tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (Strain 48)<br />
Given 2 ml intramuscularly 4 weeks before tupping in ewes<br />
Single dose gives life time protection
Abortion storm in sheep is caused by
Toxoplasma gondii<br />
In abortion caused by toxoplasmosis, development<br />
of small white areas in the cotyledons (buttons) of<br />
placenta occur
This charts depicts the lifecycle of..
Sarcocystis cruzi (S.bovicanis)<br />
Definitive Host : Dogs, wolves,<br />
coyotes, racoons,<br />
foxes and hyenas<br />
Intermediate Host : Cattle
Dumb bell shaped Oocyst is<br />
characteristic of…
Sarcocystis cruzi<br />
Dumb bell shaped oocyst with 2 sporocyst each<br />
containing 4 sporozoites is passed in dog faeces<br />
Sporulation occurs endogenously
Name the protozoa causing cooked rice like<br />
cyst in striated muscle and myocardium of cow
Sarcocystis cruzi<br />
The cooked rice like cysts are sarcocysts which are meronts<br />
Cylindrical/spindle shaped and 1 cm in length<br />
Larger ones are called Miescher’s tubules and mature ones<br />
contain only bradyzoites called Rainey’s corpuscles
This charts depicts the lifecycle of..
Neospora caninum<br />
Neosporosis is an important<br />
neuromuscular disease of domestic<br />
dogs world-wide<br />
Definitive host: Canine<br />
Intermediate host: Herbivores<br />
particularly cattle<br />
Congenital infections occur in both<br />
cattle and dogs
Name the protozoan disease causing<br />
the following lesions in Turkeys<br />
Circular yellow necrotic tissue<br />
surrounded with white rings<br />
Ceca with a thickened wall,<br />
ulcerated mucosa and caseous<br />
exudate<br />
Liver with yellowish to grey areas of<br />
necrosis (1-2 cm diameter)
Histomonosis/Infectious enterohepatitis/<br />
Black head disease<br />
Caused by Histomonas meleagridis, transmitted in the ova of<br />
caecal worms (Heterakis gallinarum) and earth worms<br />
Prominent hepatic and caecal lesions are pathognomonic<br />
Section of Liver shows<br />
histomonas trophozoites<br />
Section of caeca shows<br />
histomonas amoeba form
Name the intermediate host and transport<br />
host for Histomonas meleagridis?
Intermediate host<br />
Caecal worm<br />
Heterakis gallinarum<br />
Transport host<br />
Earth worm
Name the protozoan disease with<br />
the following symptoms in Turkey<br />
Sulphur yellow colour diarrhoea<br />
Sulphur yellow droppings<br />
Cyanotic head
Histomonosis or Infectious<br />
enterohepatitis or Black head disease
Name the protozoan disease of cattle causing<br />
enlargement of superficial lymph nodes with<br />
progressive anemia
Tropical Bovine Theileriosis<br />
Caused by Theileria annulata<br />
Transmitted by Hyalomma sp. ticks trans-stadially
Identify the protozoan stage found in the<br />
blood and lymph node smear of cattle
Theileria annulata<br />
Merozoites (Piroplasm) in RBC<br />
Theileria annulata<br />
Schizont/Koch’s blue bodies<br />
in lymphocyte
Buparvaquone is the drug of choice for…
Theileriosis<br />
It is active against both schizonts and piroplasm stages<br />
of Theileria<br />
Administered as a single dose at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg<br />
given intramuscularly
Rakshavac T is a vaccine for…
Theileriosis<br />
It is a Schizont infected lymphoblast (SIL) cell<br />
culture vaccine attenuated by prolonged<br />
in-vitro passage<br />
A single dose of 3 ml for adult and calves aged<br />
above 4 months given subcutaneously<br />
Gives immunity for one year
Identify the bright red dots shown on<br />
a blue green background
Oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp<br />
The oocysts can be identified using modified Ziehl –<br />
Neelsen's staining technique and the oocyst appear<br />
bright red in colour
The protozoa transmitted by<br />
Pseudolynchia canariensis, a hippoboscid fly<br />
in Pigeon is…
Haemoproteus columbae<br />
They are intracellular parasites of pigeon<br />
that infect the erythrocytes and cause Pigeon<br />
malaria
Identify the organisms present in<br />
pigeon RBC
Haemoproteus columbae<br />
Gamont stage is found inside the RBC which is<br />
crescent or halter shaped<br />
It cause pigeon malaria
This eminent scientist first<br />
demonstrated that a mosquito could<br />
transmit a (bird) malaria parasite Who is he?
Sir Ronald Ross<br />
A British officer in the Indian Medical Service, first found<br />
that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected<br />
patients to mosquitoes<br />
For his discovery, Ross was awarded Nobel Prize in 1902
Identify this parasite found in<br />
dog blood smear
Hepatozoon canis<br />
Transmitted by ingestion of infected brown dog tick<br />
Rhipicephalus sanguineus<br />
Gelatin capsule shaped gamont stage inside neutrophil<br />
Infects leukocytes and parenchymal tissues
What is the difference in mode of<br />
transmission of the following tick borne<br />
haemoprotozoan diseases of dog ?<br />
A. Babesia canis B. Hepatozoon canis
A. Babesia canis is transmitted through the bite of the<br />
brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus<br />
B. Hepatozoon canis is transmitted through ingestion of<br />
brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks by dogs
Which of the following Babesia sp. of cattle<br />
and dog causes cerebral babesiosis?<br />
Cattle<br />
Babesia bigemina<br />
Babesia bovis<br />
Dog<br />
Babesia canis<br />
Babesia gibsoni
Babesia bovis and B.canis
What is Pirodog?
Vaccine for Babesiosis in dogs<br />
Pirodog or Nobivac Piro<br />
Inactivated or "killed" vaccine<br />
Administered intramuscularly<br />
Contains in vitro-cultured supernatant antigens
Pick out the odd one from the following drugs
Diminazine aceturate<br />
Used for treatment of Trypanosomosis and<br />
Babesiosis<br />
All others are anticoccidials
Name the scientist who discovered<br />
Trypanosoma brucei
David Bruce<br />
Major-General Sir David Bruce is a Scottish<br />
pathologist and microbiologist<br />
Trypanosoma brucei was named after him
In coccidia which stage is infective<br />
A. Schizont<br />
B. Unsporulated oocyst<br />
C. Sporulated oocyst
C. Sporulated oocyst
Wet blood film examination is useful for<br />
diagnosis of…<br />
A. Theileria B. Babesia<br />
C. Trypanosoma
Trypanosomes
Which one of the following chemical is used for<br />
in vitro sporulation of coccidian oocysts?
Potassium dichromate<br />
2.5% Potassium dichromate solution is used for in vitro<br />
sporulation of coccidian oocysts<br />
It is an oxidizing agent
Identify this rickettsial organism present<br />
in the blood smear of a dog
Ehrlichia canis<br />
“Mulberry” or “Morula” shaped inclusion<br />
bodies are seen in the monocytes<br />
Causes Ehrlichiosis/Tropical canine<br />
pancytopenia/Nairobi bleeding disease in<br />
dogs<br />
Transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus<br />
ticks
Name the protozoan disease which<br />
causes the following symptoms in dogs<br />
Bilirubinuria, Jaundice<br />
Nervous signs and severe anemia
Babesiosis<br />
Caused by Babesia canis and Babesia<br />
gibsoni<br />
Transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus<br />
Also known as Biliary fever/Malignant<br />
jaundice/Canine piroplasmosis or Nambiuvu<br />
(meaning bloody ears)<br />
Babesia canis<br />
Babesia gibsoni
This bird is bitten by a mosquito<br />
Which protozoan infection it is likely to get?
Avian Malaria<br />
Caused by Plasmodium gallinaceum<br />
Transmitted by culicine mosquitoes
N’Dama breed of cattle in<br />
West Africa is tolerant to a protozoan disease.<br />
It is …
Trypanosomosis
Premunity is a feature of<br />
Babesiosis and Theileriosis<br />
Toxoplasmosis and Sarcocystosis<br />
Coccidiosis and Histomonosis<br />
Giardiosis and Amoebosis
Babesiosis and Theileriosis
Name this scientist related to<br />
Chagas disease
Carlos Chagas<br />
He discovered Chagas disease, also called American<br />
trypanosomosis<br />
This disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
In cattle, punched out abomasal ulcers and<br />
infarcts in kidneys are pathognomonic<br />
lesions in …<br />
Punched out abomasal ulcer<br />
Kidney infarcts
Theileriosis
What is the peculiarity found in trypanosomes<br />
that prevents development of vaccine?
Antigenic variation<br />
Trypanosomes evade host immune system by<br />
constantly changing their surface coat due to variable<br />
surface glycoproteins (VSG)
Exogenous sporulation occurs in …<br />
Eimeria sp<br />
Sarcocystis cruzi<br />
Cryptosporidium parvum<br />
Toxoplasma gondii
Eimeria sp and Toxoplasma gondii
Thin and Thick walled oocysts are seen in …<br />
Eimeria sp<br />
Sarcocystis cruzi<br />
Cryptosporidium parvum<br />
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum<br />
Thick-walled oocysts are shed into the environment<br />
Thin-walled oocysts are important for autoinfection
Name the coccidian protozoan parasite<br />
having Monoxenous and Heteroxenous<br />
life cycle
Monoxenous<br />
life cycle<br />
Heteroxenous<br />
life cycle<br />
Eimeria sp<br />
Isospora sp<br />
Sarcocystis sp<br />
Toxoplsama sp<br />
Neospora sp
Name the protozoa which reproduce both<br />
by binary fission and conjugation
Balantidium coli
Blood smears are fixed in …
Methanol<br />
Methanol is used for fixing blood smears to be<br />
stained with Romanowsky stains<br />
It is a non-additive precipitant fixative<br />
It fixes proteins by dehydration and precipitation
All trypanosomes are extracellular except…
Trypanosoma cruzi<br />
Trypomastigote Amastigote Epimastigote
Iodine is useful for diagnosis of …
Entamoeba histolytica/<br />
Giardia lamblia<br />
Iodine can be used to stain the floated material and<br />
thus add contrast to allow the parasite eggs and cysts<br />
to be seen more easily<br />
Entamoeba<br />
Giardia
Faecal examination of a 8 week old healthy<br />
puppy revealed the following oocysts<br />
Identify?
A. Sporulated Oocyst of Isospora sp (infective)<br />
B. Unsporulated Oocyst of Isospora sp<br />
(non infective)
Pick out the non-ionophore anticoccidial drug
Sulphadimidine
Which part of the chicken intestine is<br />
affected by Eimeria acervulina
Duodenum<br />
Cause whitish transverse streak like lesions in the duodenum<br />
giving the appearance of ladder like markings
Which vitamin supplement is contraindicated<br />
while treating coccidiosis in chicken with<br />
amprolium<br />
A. Vitamin A<br />
B. Vitamin B1<br />
C. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin B1<br />
Amprolium is a thiamine analogue and blocks the<br />
thiamine transporter of Eimeria species<br />
By blocking thiamine uptake it prevents<br />
carbohydrate synthesis<br />
Exogenously administered thiamine in high doses<br />
may reverse or reduce the efficacy of amprolium
Which one of the flotation fluids is<br />
ideal for detection of Giardia cyst?<br />
Saturated Sodium chloride<br />
Saturated Sodium nitrate<br />
33.3% Zinc sulfate<br />
Saturated Magnesium sulfate<br />
Sheather's sugar solution
33.3% Zinc sulfate<br />
Zinc sulfate 33.3% tends not to distort ova and it is superior for flotation<br />
of protozoan cysts, especially<br />
Giardia
Name the protozoa which possess<br />
both macro and micronucleus?
Balantidium coli<br />
It has a compact nucleus<br />
The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped<br />
which control the vegetative/metabolic functions<br />
of the cell<br />
The spherical micronucleus control the reproductive<br />
function of the cell