<strong>ARISTOTLE</strong>'S WRITINGS 155 which even the earliest of them contain to Athens and to the place itself where Aristotle taught. 1 If, then, the view already indicated a as to the destination of these texts for his scholars, their connection with his teaching, and the character of their cross references be right, it 1397, b, 31, 1399, b, 12, refers son of the indefiniteness of that without doubt to past events particle. Just as little does of the years B.C. 338-336 ; in iii. it follow from Anal. Pri. ii. 17, 1418, b, 27 it mentions Iso- 24, that Thebes was not yet crates' Philippus (B.C. 345); of destroyed at that time ; we might the Rhetoric also Brandis shows rather gather the contrary, with (PMUlogui, iv. 10 sqq.) that the regard to this work, from Polit. many Attic orators quoted in it iii. 5, 1278, a, 25. and in the Poetics who were ' Cf. Bbandis, 6fr.-rom. Phil. younger than Demosthenes, could ii. b, 116. We may give here a <strong>by</strong> no means belong to a time few further instances, besides prior to Aristotle's first departure those already noted. Categ. 4, 2, from Athens, and the same is a, 1, c, 9 fin. : iroD, oTov iv Avueitp. true of the numerous works of Anal. PH. ii. 24 : Athens and Theodectes which are used both Thebes, as examples of neighhere and in the Poetics. In bours. Likewise in Phys. iii. 3, Metaph. i. 9, 991, a, 1, xii. 8, 202, b, 13; ibid. iv. 11, 219, b, 20: 1073, b, 17, 32, Eudoxus and the rb iv Avxeliji elvai. Metaph. v. 5, still younger Callippus, and in 30, 1015, a, 25, 1025, a, 25 : rb Mh. N. vii. 14, 1153, b, 5, x. 2, TtXtvaai sis Atytvav, as an example init., Speusippus and Eudoxus of a commercial journey. Ibid. are spoken of as if they were no v. 24, fin. : the Athenian festivals longer living. Bose (Arist. IAbr. Dionysia and Thargelia (Ari- Ord. 212 sqq.) has shown with stotle also uses the Attic months regard to the History of Animals, e.g. Hist. An. v. 11, &c. ; but it from viii. 9, ii. 5. init., and other is not fair to attach any importpassages, that it was only written ance to this). Rivet, ii. 7, 1385, (or at least completed), some a, 28 : S iv AvKeltp rbv op/ibv Sois. time after the battle of Arbela, Ibid. iii. 2, 1404, b, 22, PoUt. vii. in which the Macedonians saw 17, 1336, b, 27 : the actor Theoelephants for the first time, and dorus. Very frequent mention probably not before the Indian is also made of Athens and the expedition. The fact that even Athenians (Ind. Ar. 12, b, 34 much earlier events are intro- sqq.). Again the observation on duced with a vvv—as inMeteor. iii. the corona borealis (Meteor, ii, 5. 1,371, a, 30, the burning of the 362, b, 9) suits the latitude of temple of Ephesus (01. 106, 1, Athens, as Ideler (i. 567), on this B.C. 356), and in Polit. v. 10, 1312, passage, shows, b, 19, Dion's expedition (01. 105, 2 P. 108 sqq. : especially p. 4 sq.) — proves nothing, <strong>by</strong> rea- 123 sq. and p. 138 sq. 156 <strong>ARISTOTLE</strong> follows that all of them must have been composed during his final sojourn in Athens. Equally decisive, on this head, is the observation that throughout the whole of so comprehensive a collection, there is hardly to be found a single notable alteration of teaching or terminology. All is ripe and ready. All is in exact correspondence. All the important writings are woven closely together, not only <strong>by</strong> express cross reference, but also <strong>by</strong> their whole character. There are no scattered products of the different periods of a life. We can only look upon them as the ordered execution of a work planned when the author, having come to a full understanding with himself, had gathered together the philosophic fruit of a lifetime. Even the earlier works which he proposed to connect with his later writing, he revised on a comprehensive plan. Therefore, for our use of these texts, it is no great matter whether a particular book was written sooner or later than any other. The problem, however, must be dealt with nevertheless. A certain difficulty is caused <strong>by</strong> the use of cross references already noticed. 1 As such cases are, after all, only exceptions in the general run of the citations, the value of these as an indication of sequence is not so slight as has been supposed. There are, in fact, but few instances in which our judgment as to the order of the writings is placed in doubt <strong>by</strong> the occurrence of references both ways. Of the extant books, so far as they are open to this classification, 2 the logical treatises, excepting the tract on 1 Cf. p. 124 sqq. opposed on other grounds. Not 2 This, however, is always only are none of these quoted the case except with writings in the genuine works, and only the genuineness of which can be a single one in a spurious compo-
: <strong>ARISTOTLE</strong>'S WAITINGS 167 Propositions, 1 may be considered to come first. It is in itself natural and accords with. Aristotle's methodical plan of exposition, that he should preface the material development of his system <strong>by</strong> the formal inquiries which were designed to establish the rules and conditions of all scientific thinking. But it is also made evident <strong>by</strong> his own citations that the Logic did precede the Natural Philosophy, the Metaphysics, the Ethics and Rhetoric. 2 Of the logical tracts themselves, the Categories seems to be the first. The Topics, including the book on Fallacies, came next, and then the two Analytics : sition, but only very few of them refer to other writings. On the other hand, there is not one among the works which we consider as genuine, which does not quote the others, or is not quoted <strong>by</strong> them, or, at lease, implied, whilst in most of them examples of all three connections occur. To explain more fully I. Of the decidedly spurious works : (a) the following are neither quoted nor do they quote others : n. k6p.ovtKa, n. v aKovtTfia.Ttoi', MT7xafiKa, II. ar6fitov ypapjiuv, 'Avefiuv Qeeeis, XI. Uevo- (pavovs &c, 'H0i«a fieyti\a, IT. hperuv teal kclkimv, OtKOvofiuca., the treatise writings, the Categories is the only work which quotes no other, and neither is it directly quoted (but cf . p.64). The n. ipumveias. XI. t. «a0' iiirvov /laj/TiKTJs and the Rhetoric quote others, but are not quoted ; n. £
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