: LOGIC 223 this accidental difference and the specific differences lie those attributes which belong exclusively to the members of a certain species, without, however, being directlyincluded in their Concept ; and Aristotle calls these Properties (iBia). 1 But in a wider sense this name is also used <strong>by</strong> him to include specific differences on the one side and accidental qualities on the other. 2 What falls under one Concept must be, so far as this is the case, identical. 3 What does not fall under that the lowest species, which do not divide into sub-species — the atiidipopa, mi. supra, p. 216, n. 1—are given the same name : but in that case, whenever this meaning does net appear from the context itself, he uses, not merely t& bWofia, but bWop.a etSrf and similar expressions (cf. Metaph. iii. 3, 999, a, 12, v. 10, 1018, b, 6, vii. 8 fin., x. 8, 9, 1058, a, 17, b, 10, xi. 1, 1059, b, 35) or to. taxura, because in descending from the most universal they come last {Metaph. xi. 1, 1059, b, 26 ; MA. TV. vi.-12, 1143, a, 29, 33 ; Be An. iii. 10, 433, a, 16 ; Be Mem. c. 2, 451, a, 26). i In Top. i. 4, 101, b, 17, he distinguishes yivos, tStov, and (Ti//ij8eJ8ijK(!s ; and as soon as he has divided the itiiov again into '6pos and iSwv in the narrower sense, he defines the latter, c. 5, 102, a, 17: iSwv b" etrrlv b M StjAoi p.iv ri tI %v ehat, fi6vcp 8' virdpxet Kal avriKaTTjyopeiTai rod irp6.tiia.Tos [is related to it as an interchangeable concept], olov iStov avdpdnrov to ypafifiaTiKTJs etvai SeKTticdv, &c. 2 Already (loo. eit.) he distinguishes the 7T0T6 % irp6s Tl ib~iov from the anXus IZlov, and in the 5th book, which deals with the topical treatment of the tSm he distinguishes the IStov (c. 1) Kttff avTo from the IStov irpbs erepov, the ael tSiov from the irore IStov. He himself, however, remarks (129, a, 32) of the tSiov Trpbs h-epov, and it is true in any case of the irorh Xh'iov, that it belongs to the o vp.$e$riK6Ta. On the , other hand, he gives as examples of the IS. ko.9' aino and del essential marks such as ($oy oS6.vo.tov, £tpav Qviyrbv, to 4k ilivxws Kal a"t&/j.atos 0-vyicelp.evov (128, b, 19, 35, 129, a, 2). Cf. preceding note. 3 Aristotle does not say so in these words, but it is shown <strong>by</strong> his discussions on the various meanings of tomtov. In Top. i. 7 (cf. viii. 1, 151, b, 29 ; 152, b, 31) three of these are distinguished yhei TavTbv is what belongs to one genus, efSei Tavrbv what belongs to one species (of. Metaph. x. 8, 1058, a, 18), and apiBp.^ Tavrbv, S>v ovdfiaTa irXeito Tb 8e trpayfrn IV. This last kind of identity may be expressed in various ways Kvpiwrara fiev Kal irpdrtos flrav 6v6fiaTL $i '6ptp Tb raiirbv diroSoflp, Kaddnep lp,aTLov Xumicp Kal £§ov Tre£bv Slirouv avdpdmcp, Sevrepov 8* orav T(p IS'lcj}, fco.6d.iTtp rb 4irto'T , fi l wris 224 <strong>ARISTOTLE</strong> one concept is different. 1 Complete Identity, however, implies unity of matter also, for individuals between which there is no difference of a species are yet different numerically, because in each of them the same concept presents itself in a different matter. 2 Conceptual distinction in the highest degree gives us Contrary Opposition; whereas simple difference produces Contradictory Opposition. For Contraries (kvavria) are such as, within the same Genus, lie as far as possible asunder. 3 Contrary opposition, in fact, is ZeRriKbv ai'Opunroi, . . . rpirov 8' Hrav airb tov cryjUjSejSsj/ccVos, otov rb KaBiifievov ^ rb fiovtrix<strong>by</strong> 'ZcuKparei. There is a somewhat different division in Metapli. v. 9. Aristotle there distinguishes, first, the toutci Kara trvfifeliriitbs and ravTa ttofl' aura; then the rairbv e?5ei and apt.Bi.u2, both of which are affirmed partly of that which has a Matter, partly of that which has an Essence (fulleratx. 3,1054, a, 32 : that is identical in number which both in Matter and in Form is one). As a general explanation he gives us a formula which is easily reducible to the one cited above : tj ravrSTTis &p6ttjs rls iariv fj ir\ei6vu>v rod elvai ^ Srav xprJTtu &s irKeloinv (as in avrb avT$TavT6v). Since, however (according to ch. 10, 1018, a, 35), Unity and Being can be used in different senses, the meaning of the -rairbv, erepov, &c. must vary accordingly. 1 Metapli. v. 9, 1018, a, 9: €T6/3o Sh \iyerai Ssv % ra efSij irAffej f/ ri S\T) if) d \6yos rijs oialas' Kal cfAwr ayriKsifievas Ttf ravrtp AeyeTcu rb erepov. On efSer and 7cVei erepoi/, cf. ibid. x. 8, v. 10, 1018, a, 38 sqq. and ch. 28, 1024, b, 9. 2 See preceding note and p . 222, n. 2. That the individual differences of things must be based on Matter will be further shown later on, in the second part of ch. vii. infra. 3 Aristotle states this definition, Categ. c. 6, 6, a, 17; Eth.N. ii. 8, 1108, b, 33, as one already in use (6pi£ovTui) ; but in Metapli. x. 4 init., he puts it forward in his own name, and he there establishes the proposition that opposites must belong to the same genus, <strong>by</strong> observing expressly: rb. fi.lv yap yevei b~ia(pipovra oiic ex el *W» e '* KAAjjAa, aAA' a7re'x« irhiov Kal a
— LOGIC 225 nothing but specific difference made absolute. 1 Contradictory opposition, on the other hand, is the relation accidental to one and the same Sacrutov is confirmed <strong>by</strong> Metaph. x. 4, 1055, a, 29; De Somn. No. 1, 453, b, 27), Ka\ ra ir\eiaTov dia
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