The Bamboo and Rattan Sectors in Asia: an Analysis of ... - INBAR

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each tree, and 1-2 seedlings planted per hole. This gives 3-4 seedlings per tree, or about 875 seedlings/ha. .......... ➤ Consumer Marketing Manufacturing Semi-Processing Wholesale Regional Trader Local Trader Post Harvest Treatment Raw Material Production Low Capital Intensity ➤ High ➤ Indicates Tranformation in Ownership .......................................................... Indicates Transformation Point Indicates Vertical Integration Fig. 11: PCS in Java rattan plantations Two mechanisms were employed to establish the plantations. In the more commonly used banjar harian system, Perhutani pays laborers to do the planting on a daily wage basis or by piece work. The other tumpang sari is a modified taungya system, wherein farmers plant rattan in return for the right to grow food crops (vegetables) between the trees. Currently 20 548 ha are planted with rattan (4% of the total production forest area) in West Java. Planting has slowed and even stopped in East Java because of: 63 ➤ ➤ .......
1. Scarcity of daily workers; 2. Limited knowledge on silvicultural aspects; 3. Limited knowledge of rattan pests and disease; and 4. Difficulty to manage both supporting trees and rattan. Perum Perhutani organizes the whole operation. Local people, both men and women, are hired as labor to collect rattan fruit, to transport it, prepare the seeds for planting, and to operate the nurseries. Perum Perhutani provides even the tools. Fruit collection is seasonal, coincident with the fruiting season of the rattan. It typically lasts just one month. Contracts involve a standard payment of around Rp 100/kg of fruit, plus transportation costs (US$1 = Rp 2 363). Daily wages for rattan fruit collecting average Rp 12 450/day. The fruit is processed to remove the pulp and prepare the seeds for germination. Payment is made on a piece-work basis, at the rate of Rp 150 per fruit, yielding incomes of Rp 2 400-14 250 per day or Rp 64 000-285 000 per month. The average monthly family income from rattan seed collection and processing activity is Rp 91 300 (the 'Minimum Physical Requirement' ---- the poverty line ---- for the area is Rp 186,188/month). Nursery work involves soil preparation, hardening, tending, weeding, polybag filling, field preparation, seed-bed construction, etc. although both men and women are employed at the nurseries, 70% of the workers are women. Wages are set at the local wage standard. Men are paid Rp 3 000/day, while women receive Rp 2 500/ day for 5-7 hours/day, 26 days/month, 12 months/year. Typical earnings are thus Rp 65 000/month. The average household income of people employed at the nurseries is Rp 116 480/month. Plantation work is done primarily by men, mainly because it is heavy work. It is seasonal (3 months: December-February) and serves as a supplementary activity for people whose main activities are farming and working as farm laborers, or as laborers in tea plantations, pine or damar tapping. The survey revealed that these laborers tend to own small amounts of agricultural land and a few livestock (average 0.134 ha rice field, 0.359 land for other field crops, 0.054 ha home garden, 1 cow, 1 goat and 11 chicken). They are hired by Perum Perhutani at an average wage rate of Rp 3 500/day, on a 7 hours/day, 24 day/month basis. Payment is weekly. Total earnings from rattan planting average Rp 81 000/month. It has been estimated that on a total monthly household earning of Rp 109 800, rattan activity contributes 17%. Other income is derived from farming and trading. The average family size in the area is four. In many families, two members are involved in rattan work. Among these people land ownership is very limited ---- 70% of workers own an average of 0.2 ha rice land, while the rest are landless. Some people have fish ponds, cattle, chicken (average of 7) and goat (average of 1). Most live below the poverty line. 64
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The Bamboo and Rattan Sectors in As
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This assessment wo
Page 5 and 6:
FOREWORD A review of the bamboo and
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that would be useful and applicable
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2 DATABASE STUDIES One of the first
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The study in Indonesia produced two
Page 13 and 14:
and opportunities throughout the sy
Page 15 and 16:
information sharing, to consolidate
Page 17 and 18: amboo products. There are tradition
Page 19 and 20: egular clients and relatives. Brahm
Page 21 and 22: utilization plan. Forest Department
Page 23 and 24: and storage containers are sometime
Page 25 and 26: There also appears to be scope to r
Page 27 and 28: and many districts in other parts o
Page 29 and 30: Constraints and opportunities This
Page 31 and 32: The PCS The main market participant
Page 33 and 34: A large amount of bamboo also 'leak
Page 35 and 36: entrepreneur as the key agent and p
Page 37 and 38: Many of the small bamboo stands are
Page 39 and 40: Plantation development The authors
Page 41 and 42: households to be managed as family
Page 43 and 44: Products such as several kinds of m
Page 45 and 46: Currently, rattan produced in Laos
Page 47 and 48: The villagers go to the forest for
Page 49 and 50: Constraints and opportunities There
Page 51 and 52: ● Provincial traders ● Semi-pro
Page 53 and 54: For example, rattan cutting permits
Page 55 and 56: Recommendations include: 1. Develop
Page 57 and 58: .......... ➤ Consumer Marketing M
Page 59 and 60: Laborers in the semi-processing fac
Page 61 and 62: and reduced transaction costs downs
Page 63 and 64: Rattan farmers grow rattan as one o
Page 65 and 66: Rattan is sold by weight in Indones
Page 67: Rattan in Java, Indonesia: a Case S
Page 71 and 72: aw material, trading of raw materia
Page 73 and 74: 4 DISCUSSION The studies, carried o
Page 75 and 76: that they might be able to get for
Page 77 and 78: trend is the increasing use of subs
Page 79 and 80: to do replacement planting, and the
Page 81 and 82: Technical Issues While the SE progr
Page 83 and 84: ● The issue of property rights al
Page 85 and 86: technology development and farmer-m
Page 87 and 88: Policy Constraints Studies have ide
Page 89: BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous. 1996. Value
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The Bamboo and Rattan Sectors in Asia: an Analysis of ... - INBAR

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