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Ethnicity:
The role of ethnicity in the prognosis of IPF contains restricted data. Whites are more
probable to be diagnosed with IPF than blacks (Olson et al., 2007). A previous study on the
unison guidelines proposed higher mortality of whites in contrast to the blacks (Mannino et
al., 1996), while two more current studies of patients recorded for lung transplantation
observed that the survival among both blacks and Hispanics decreased in contrast to the
whites that continued after assimilation of comorbidities and socioeconomic status (Lederer
et al., 2006c, 2006a). It was exhibited by Olson and coworkers that age-assimilated mortality
rates in Hispanics are lower than in white non-Hispanics (Olson et al., 2007).
Smoking status:
The smoking level consequence on the survival is also been inconsistent. It was
observed in older studies that survival benefit in present smokers as compared to the past and
never smokers (King et al., 2001b). The influence of smoking status on IPF in a study
precisely exploring it, exhibited that the survival benefit in present smokers in contrast to the
former smokers on univariate analysis, while after assimilation for disease severity, a
“healthy smoker effect” was demonstrated since this consequence was no longer remarkable
(Antoniou et al., 2008). A selection prejudice was noticed in the healthy smoker effect in
studies of respiratory illnesses, since individuals most fragile to the irritating consequences of
tobacco are more probable to quit smoking, thus focussing on individuals who are “resistant”
to the short-term consequences into the present smokers “healthier” category from a
respiratory point of view (Becklake & Lalloo, 1990). Nonsmokers had a higher survival rate
generally than past smokers and all smokers (present and past).
Dyspnea:
To evaluate the quality of life, disease severity, and prognosis dyspnea scores are
employed in diverse pulmonary diseases. The Medical Research Council chronic dyspnea
score at baseline and the clinical-radiographic-physiologic (CRP) dyspnea score at baseline
and change in score at 6 and 12 months in IPF have exhibited to be remarkable and
autonomous indicators of survival after assimilation for disease seriousness by physiologic
variables (Manali et al., 2008; Collard et al., 2003).
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