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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b).
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b).
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from more than one lobe , and if it is possible the sample can be collected from the middle<br />
lobe and it is better to avoid the linguala, since they normally exhibit non- specific changes<br />
that do not give the diagnostic data. Atelectasia because of the extraction can be decreased by<br />
smoothly instilling formaldehyde by a needle, or by trembling the tissue with formaldehyde<br />
in the container after removing the suture. The histological pattern of UIP is explained by the<br />
four main condition: (a) Sign of marked fibrosis or deformation of lung architecture, related<br />
or not with honeycombing and generally subpleural and paraseptal; (b) Existence of patchy<br />
lesions in which the fibrotic region are combined with region of healthy lung; (c) existence of<br />
gibroblast loci in the region of meeting point of fibrosis and healthy parenchyma and (d) The<br />
histopathological findings unpredictable with UIP is not present.<br />
Amidst the characteristics not affined with a UIP pattern are the existence of hyaline<br />
membranes, existence of foci with organizing pneumonia, granulomas, mainly airway centred<br />
changes, marked interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate far from region of honeycombing or<br />
an alternative diagnosis can be characterized by the existence of other findings (Raghu et al.,<br />
2011). A histological pattern are almost identical from UIP can be spot in systemic<br />
diseases(For example .Scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis), drug induced pneumonitis,<br />
chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis , asbestoris and familial fibrosis, so during biopsy the<br />
existence of granulomas, asbestos bodies, particular infections or other exogenous agents<br />
should be removed. Due to the above reasons a UIP pattern must not illuminate straightly as<br />
an IPF pattern, without rejection of all these diseases. The amalgamation of the HRCT<br />
findings along with the histological pattern is used to create the diagnosis of IPf, eliminate it<br />
or , if the data are indeterminate, continue as feasible or most likely as result (Spagnolo et al.,<br />
2015).<br />
2.2.8.5 Clinical Prediction Models in IPF<br />
Clinical findings from history, physical examination, and/or test results are coalesced<br />
in clinical prediction models which are also considered as statistical models to evaluate the<br />
probability of the consequence, generally a diagnosis or prognosis (Toll et al., 2008). The<br />
thorough selection of indicator parameters rely on their success which are reproducibly and<br />
generally measured in present clinical practice, evolution through acquired statistical<br />
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