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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b).
leomycin-induced lung damage in rats. British journal of pharmacology. [Online]. 138 (6). pp. 1037–48. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684259. Shahzeidi, S., Sarnstrand, B., Jeffery, P.K., McAnulty, R.J. & Laurent, G.J. (1991). Oral N- acetylcysteine reduces bleomycin-induced collagen deposition in the lungs of mice. The European respiratory journal. [Online]. 4 (7). pp. 845–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1720100. Sharkhuu, T., Matthaei, K.I., Forbes, E., Mahalingam, S., Hogan, S.P., Hansbro, P.M. & Foster, P.S. (2006). Mechanism of interleukin-25 (IL-17E)-induced pulmonary inflammation and airways hyper-reactivity. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 36 (12). pp. 1575–1583. Sharplin, J. & Franko, A.J. (1989). A quantitative histological study of strain-dependent differences in the effects of irradiation on mouse lung during the intermediate and late phases. Radiation research. 119 (1). pp. 15–31. Shin, K.M., Lee, K.S., Chung, M.P., Han, J., Bae, Y.A., Kim, T.S. & Chung, M.J. (2008). Prognostic determinants among clinical, thin-section CT, and histopathologic findings for fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: tertiary hospital study. Radiology. 249 (1). pp. 328–37. Shinoda, H., Tasaka, S., Fujishima, S., Yamasawa, W., Miyamoto, K., Nakano, Y., Kamata, H., Hasegawa, N. & Ishizaka, A. (2009). Elevated CC chemokine level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is predictive of a poor outcome of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. [Online]. 78 (3). pp. 285–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19270434. Shitrit, D., Rusanov, V., Peled, N., Amital, A., Fuks, L. & Kramer, M.R. (2009). The 15-step oximetry test: a reliable tool to identify candidates for lung transplantation among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. [Online]. 28 (4). pp. 328–33. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332258. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 160 of 172
Silva, C.I.S., Müller, N.L., Fujimoto, K., Kato, S., Ichikado, K., Taniguchi, H., Kondoh, Y., Johkoh, T. & Churg, A. (2007). Acute exacerbation of chronic interstitial pneumonia: high-resolution computed tomography and pathologic findings. Journal of thoracic imaging. [Online]. 22 (3). pp. 221–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721330. Silva, D.R., Gazzana, M.B., Barreto, S.S.M. & Knorst, M.M. (2008). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in smokers. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia. [Online]. 34 (10). pp. 779– 86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19009210. Sleijfer, S. (2001). Bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. Chest. 120 (2). pp. 617–624. Smith, R.E., Strieter, R.M., Phan, S.H., Lukacs, N. & Kunkel, S.L. (1998). TNF and IL-6 mediate MIP-1alpha expression in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Journal of leukocyte biology. 64 (4). pp. 528–536. Song, J.W., Song, J.-K. & Kim, D.S. (2009). Echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide as prognostic indicators in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory medicine. [Online]. 103 (2). pp. 180–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19097877. Spagnolo, P., Sverzellati, N., Rossi, G., Cavazza, A., Tzouvelekis, A., Crestani, B. & Vancheri, C. (2015). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An update. Annals of Medicine. [Online]. 47 (1). pp. 15–27. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/07853890.2014.982165. Steele, M.P., Speer, M.C., Loyd, J.E., Brown, K.K., Herron, A., Slifer, S.H., Burch, L.H., Wahidi, M.M., Phillips, J.A., Sporn, T.A., McAdams, H.P., Schwarz, M.I. & Schwartz, D.A. (2005). Clinical and Pathologic Features of Familial Interstitial Pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 172 (9). pp. 1146–1152. Stephan, S., de Castro Pereira, C.A., Coletta, E.M., Ferreira, R.G., Otta, J.S. & Nery, L.E. (2007). Oxygen desaturation during a 4-minute step test: predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG. [Online]. 24 (1). pp. 70–6. Available from: © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 161 of 172
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leomycin-induced lung damage in rats. British journal of pharmacology. [Online]. 138<br />
(6). pp. 1037–48. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684259.<br />
Shahzeidi, S., Sarnstrand, B., Jeffery, P.K., McAnulty, R.J. & Laurent, G.J. (1991). Oral N-<br />
acetylcysteine reduces bleomycin-induced collagen deposition in the lungs of mice. The<br />
European respiratory journal. [Online]. 4 (7). pp. 845–52. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1720100.<br />
Sharkhuu, T., Matthaei, K.I., Forbes, E., Mahalingam, S., Hogan, S.P., Hansbro, P.M. &<br />
Foster, P.S. (2006). Mechanism of interleukin-25 (IL-17E)-induced pulmonary<br />
inflammation and airways hyper-reactivity. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal<br />
of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 36 (12). pp. 1575–1583.<br />
Sharplin, J. & Franko, A.J. (1989). A quantitative histological study of strain-dependent<br />
differences in the effects of irradiation on mouse lung during the intermediate and late<br />
phases. Radiation research. 119 (1). pp. 15–31.<br />
Shin, K.M., Lee, K.S., Chung, M.P., Han, J., Bae, Y.A., Kim, T.S. & Chung, M.J. (2008).<br />
Prognostic determinants among clinical, thin-section CT, and histopathologic findings<br />
for fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: tertiary hospital study. Radiology. 249 (1).<br />
pp. 328–37.<br />
Shinoda, H., Tasaka, S., Fujishima, S., Yamasawa, W., Miyamoto, K., Nakano, Y., Kamata,<br />
H., Hasegawa, N. & Ishizaka, A. (2009). Elevated CC chemokine level in<br />
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is predictive of a poor outcome of idiopathic pulmonary<br />
fibrosis. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. [Online]. 78 (3). pp.<br />
285–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19270434.<br />
Shitrit, D., Rusanov, V., Peled, N., Amital, A., Fuks, L. & Kramer, M.R. (2009). The 15-step<br />
oximetry test: a reliable tool to identify candidates for lung transplantation among<br />
patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The Journal of heart and lung<br />
transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart<br />
Transplantation. [Online]. 28 (4). pp. 328–33. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332258.<br />
© 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent<br />
<strong>Tutors</strong> <strong>India</strong> - Your trusted mentor since 2001<br />
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