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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b).
and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 6 (2). pp. 398–403. Lederer, D.J., Enright, P.L., Kawut, S.M., Hoffman, E.A., Hunninghake, G., van Beek, E.J.R., Austin, J.H.M., Jiang, R., Lovasi, G.S. & Barr, R.G. (2009). Cigarette smoking is associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)-lung study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. [Online]. 180 (5). pp. 407–14. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542480. Lee, J.J., Dimina, D., Macias, M.P., Ochkur, S.I., McGarry, M.P., O’Neill, K.R., Protheroe, C., Pero, R., Nguyen, T., Cormier, S.A., Lenkiewicz, E., Colbert, D., Rinaldi, L., Ackerman, S.J., Irvin, C.G. & Lee, N.A. (2004). Defining a link with asthma in mice congenitally deficient in eosinophils. Science (New York, N.Y.). 305 (5691). pp. 1773– 1776. Lee, J.S., Collard, H.R., Raghu, G., Sweet, M.P., Hays, S.R., Campos, G.M., Golden, J.A. & King, T.E. (2010). Does chronic microaspiration cause idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? The American journal of medicine. [Online]. 123 (4). pp. 304–11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362747. Lee, J.S., Ryu, J.H., Elicker, B.M., Lydell, C.P., Jones, K.D., Wolters, P.J., King, T.E. & Collard, H.R. (2011). Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. [Online]. 184 (12). pp. 1390–4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700909. Lehtonen, S.T., Veijola, A., Karvonen, H., Lappi-Blanco, E., Sormunen, R., Korpela, S., Zagai, U., Sköld, M.C. & Kaarteenaho, R. (2016). Pirfenidone and nintedanib modulate properties of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory Research. [Online]. 17 (1). pp. 14. Available from: http://respiratoryresearch.com/content/17/1/14. Lemay, A.-M. & Haston, C.K. (2008). Radiation-induced lung response of AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mice. Radiation research. 170 (3). pp. 299–306. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 140 of 172
Leslie, K.O., Gruden, J.F., Parish, J.M. & Scholand, M.B. (2007). Transbronchial biopsy interpretation in the patient with diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. [Online]. 131 (3). pp. 407–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516743. Lettieri, C.J., Nathan, S.D., Barnett, S.D., Ahmad, S. & Shorr, A.F. (2006a). Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. [Online]. 129 (3). pp. 746–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537877. Lettieri, C.J., Nathan, S.D., Browning, R.F., Barnett, S.D., Ahmad, S. & Shorr, A.F. (2006b). The distance-saturation product predicts mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory medicine. [Online]. 100 (10). pp. 1734–41. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545950. Levi-Schaffer, F., Garbuzenko, E., Rubin, A., Reich, R., Pickholz, D., Gillery, P., Emonard, H., Nagler, A. & Maquart, F.A. (1999). Human eosinophils regulate human lung- and skin-derived fibroblast properties in vitro: a role for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (17). pp. 9660–9665. Limper, A.H., Colby, T. V, Sanders, M.S., Asakura, S., Roche, P.C. & DeRemee, R.A. (1994). Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the nonnecrotizing granulomas of pulmonary sarcoidosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 149 (1). pp. 197–204. Lok, S.S., Stewart, J.P., Kelly, B.G., Hasleton, P.S. & Egan, J.J. (2001). Epstein–Barr virus and wild p53 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory Medicine. [Online]. 95 (10). pp. 787–791. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0954611101911527. Loveman, E., Copley, V.R., Scott, D.A., Colquitt, J.L., Clegg, A.J. & O’Reilly, K.M. (2015). Comparing new treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis – a network meta-analysis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. [Online]. 15 (1). pp. 37. Available from: http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-015-0034-y. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 141 of 172
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and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 6 (2). pp. 398–403.<br />
Lederer, D.J., Enright, P.L., Kawut, S.M., Hoffman, E.A., Hunninghake, G., van Beek, E.J.R.,<br />
Austin, J.H.M., Jiang, R., Lovasi, G.S. & Barr, R.G. (2009). Cigarette smoking is<br />
associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of<br />
Atherosclerosis (MESA)-lung study. American journal of respiratory and critical care<br />
medicine. [Online]. 180 (5). pp. 407–14. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542480.<br />
Lee, J.J., Dimina, D., Macias, M.P., Ochkur, S.I., McGarry, M.P., O’Neill, K.R., Protheroe,<br />
C., Pero, R., Nguyen, T., Cormier, S.A., Lenkiewicz, E., Colbert, D., Rinaldi, L.,<br />
Ackerman, S.J., Irvin, C.G. & Lee, N.A. (2004). Defining a link with asthma in mice<br />
congenitally deficient in eosinophils. Science (New York, N.Y.). 305 (5691). pp. 1773–<br />
1776.<br />
Lee, J.S., Collard, H.R., Raghu, G., Sweet, M.P., Hays, S.R., Campos, G.M., Golden, J.A. &<br />
King, T.E. (2010). Does chronic microaspiration cause idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?<br />
The American journal of medicine. [Online]. 123 (4). pp. 304–11. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362747.<br />
Lee, J.S., Ryu, J.H., Elicker, B.M., Lydell, C.P., Jones, K.D., Wolters, P.J., King, T.E. &<br />
Collard, H.R. (2011). Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival<br />
in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American journal of respiratory and<br />
critical care medicine. [Online]. 184 (12). pp. 1390–4. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700909.<br />
Lehtonen, S.T., Veijola, A., Karvonen, H., Lappi-Blanco, E., Sormunen, R., Korpela, S.,<br />
Zagai, U., Sköld, M.C. & Kaarteenaho, R. (2016). Pirfenidone and nintedanib modulate<br />
properties of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<br />
Respiratory Research. [Online]. 17 (1). pp. 14. Available from: http://respiratoryresearch.com/content/17/1/14.<br />
Lemay, A.-M. & Haston, C.K. (2008). Radiation-induced lung response of AcB/BcA<br />
recombinant congenic mice. Radiation research. 170 (3). pp. 299–306.<br />
© 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent<br />
<strong>Tutors</strong> <strong>India</strong> - Your trusted mentor since 2001<br />
www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com<br />
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