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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) as the name suggests is a progressive disorder with no known aetiology. It is characterised by the thickening of the alveoli due to scarring resulting in cough. It is known to primarily occur in older adults over 60 years of age. The findings of IPF have a known association of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) (Raghu et al., 2011; Kawano-Dourado & Kairalla, 2013; Wells, 2013). It has been deemed that the prognosis is generally poor when UIP has been confirmed (King et al., 2001b). The median survival rate of IPF is 50%, typically around two years after diagnosis (Raghu et al., 2011; King et al., 2001b).
ole remains uncertain as anti-interleukin-5 only partially depletes numbers in asthmatic airway. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 167 (2). pp. 199– 204. Fulmer, J.D., Roberts, W.C., von Gal, E.R. & Crystal, R.G. (1979). Morphologic-physiologic correlates of the severity of fibrosis and degree of cellularity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. [Online]. 63 (4). pp. 665–676. Available from: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/109349. Gaede, K.I., Mamat, U. & Müller-Quernheim, J. (2004). Differential gene expression pattern in alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany). 82 (3). pp. 206–210. García-Sancho, C., Buendía-Roldán, I., Fernández-Plata, M.R., Navarro, C., Pérez-Padilla, R., Vargas, M.H., Loyd, J.E. & Selman, M. (2011). Familial pulmonary fibrosis is the strongest risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory medicine. [Online]. 105 (12). pp. 1902–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21917441. George, T.J. (2011). Lung Transplant in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Archives of Surgery. [Online]. 146 (10). pp. 1204–1209. Available from: http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.239. Ghafoori, P., Marks, L.B., Vujaskovic, Z. & Kelsey, C.R. (2008). Radiation-induced lung injury. Assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.). 22 (1). pp. 37-47–3. Giotopoulos, G., Symonds, R.P., Foweraker, K., Griffin, M., Peat, I., Osman, A. & Plumb, M. (2007). The late radiotherapy normal tissue injury phenotypes of telangiectasia, fibrosis and atrophy in breast cancer patients have distinct genotype-dependent causes. British journal of cancer. 96 (6). pp. 1001–1007. Giri, S.N., Hyde, D.M. & Hollinger, M.A. (1993). Effect of antibody to transforming growth factor beta on bleomycin induced accumulation of lung collagen in mice. Thorax. 48 (10). pp. 959–966. Giri, S.N., Leonard, S., Shi, X., Margolin, S.B. & Vallyathan, V. (1999). Effects of © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 126 of 172
pirfenidone on the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. [Online]. 18 (3). pp. 169–77. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15281229. Greene, K.E., Wright, J.R., Steinberg, K.P., Ruzinski, J.T., Caldwell, E., Wong, W.B., Hull, W., Whitsett, J.A., Akino, T., Kuroki, Y., Nagae, H., Hudson, L.D. & Martin, T.R. (1999). Serial changes in surfactant-associated proteins in lung and serum before and after onset of ARDS. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. [Online]. 160 (6). pp. 1843–50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588595. Gribbin, J., Hubbard, R.B., Le Jeune, I., Smith, C.J.P., West, J. & Tata, L.J. (2006). Incidence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax. [Online]. 61 (11). pp. 980–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844727. Grubstein, A., Bendayan, D., Schactman, I., Cohen, M., Shitrit, D. & Kramer, M.R. (2005). Concomitant upper-lobe bullous emphysema, lower-lobe interstitial fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in heavy smokers: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Respiratory medicine. [Online]. 99 (8). pp. 948–54. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950135. Gulack, B.C., Ganapathi, A.M., Speicher, P.J., Meza, J.M., Hirji, S.A., Snyder, L.D., Davis, R.D. & Hartwig, M.G. (2015). What Is the Optimal Transplant for Older Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis? The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. [Online]. 100 (5). pp. 1826–1833. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497515008279. Gunther, A., Korfei, M., Mahavadi, P., von der Beck, D., Ruppert, C. & Markart, P. (2012). Unravelling the progressive pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. European Respiratory Review. [Online]. 21 (124). pp. 152–160. Available from: http://err.ersjournals.com/cgi/doi/10.1183/09059180.00001012. Gustafson, T., Dahlman-Höglund, A., Nilsson, K., Ström, K., Tornling, G. & Torén, K. © 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent Tutors India - Your trusted mentor since 2001 www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com Page 127 of 172
- Page 97: oom air 3 Sakamoto et al 15 Effecti
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pirfenidone on the generation of reactive oxygen<br />
species in vitro. Journal of<br />
environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International<br />
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. [Online]. 18 (3). pp. 169–77.<br />
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15281229.<br />
Greene, K.E., Wright, J.R., Steinberg, K.P., Ruzinski, J.T., Caldwell, E., Wong, W.B., Hull,<br />
W., Whitsett, J.A., Akino, T., Kuroki, Y., Nagae, H., Hudson, L.D. & Martin, T.R.<br />
(1999). Serial changes in surfactant-associated proteins in lung and serum before and<br />
after onset of ARDS. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.<br />
[Online]. 160 (6). pp. 1843–50. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588595.<br />
Gribbin, J., Hubbard, R.B., Le Jeune, I., Smith, C.J.P., West, J. & Tata, L.J. (2006). Incidence<br />
and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax.<br />
[Online]. 61 (11). pp. 980–5. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844727.<br />
Grubstein, A., Bendayan, D., Schactman, I., Cohen, M., Shitrit, D. & Kramer, M.R. (2005).<br />
Concomitant upper-lobe bullous emphysema, lower-lobe interstitial fibrosis and<br />
pulmonary hypertension in heavy smokers: report of eight cases and review of the<br />
literature. Respiratory medicine. [Online]. 99 (8). pp. 948–54. Available from:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15950135.<br />
Gulack, B.C., Ganapathi, A.M., Speicher, P.J., Meza, J.M., Hirji, S.A., Snyder, L.D., Davis,<br />
R.D. & Hartwig, M.G. (2015). What Is the Optimal Transplant for Older Patients With<br />
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis? The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. [Online]. 100 (5). pp.<br />
1826–1833. Available from:<br />
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497515008279.<br />
Gunther, A., Korfei, M., Mahavadi, P., von der Beck, D., Ruppert, C. & Markart, P. (2012).<br />
Unravelling the progressive pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<br />
European Respiratory <strong>Review</strong>. [Online]. 21 (124). pp. 152–160. Available from:<br />
http://err.ersjournals.com/cgi/doi/10.1183/09059180.00001012.<br />
Gustafson, T., Dahlman-Höglund, A., Nilsson, K., Ström, K., Tornling, G. & Torén, K.<br />
© 2017-2018 All Rights Reserved, No part of this document should be modified/used without prior consent<br />
<strong>Tutors</strong> <strong>India</strong> - Your trusted mentor since 2001<br />
www.tutorindia.com I UK # +44-1143520021, info@tutorsindia.com<br />
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