20853_Editing_expositions_Years_2_and_3
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Punctuation, spelling <strong>and</strong> grammar information<br />
PUNCTUATION<br />
Please note: In some cases, teachers will need to exercise their own judgment with regard<br />
to punctuation, as certain aspects, particularly commas <strong>and</strong> exclamation marks, are to an<br />
extent discretionary <strong>and</strong> depend on the individual writer’s intent.<br />
Capital letters<br />
Capital letters are needed for:<br />
• sentence beginnings; e.g. My dog is very friendly. He welcomes everyone.<br />
• proper nouns – people’s names (Chloe Parker), names of places (Indian Ocean), days of<br />
the week (Saturday), months (December), holidays <strong>and</strong> festivals (Christmas ), countries<br />
(America), nationalities (Russian), languages (Italian) <strong>and</strong> religions (Buddhism).<br />
• titles; e.g. World Health Organisation<br />
NOTE: R.I.C. Publications employs minimal capitalisation for titles of books <strong>and</strong> other<br />
publications as recommended by Style manual for authors, editors <strong>and</strong> printers, sixth<br />
edition 2002.<br />
Commas<br />
To kill a mockingbird<br />
Commas are used to separate items in a list or series.<br />
I enjoy reading, playing squash, skiing <strong>and</strong> swimming.<br />
Grammatical commas are used to :<br />
• make the meaning of a sentence clear.<br />
Snow White <strong>and</strong> the seven dwarfs<br />
Jane said her mother is very busy. (Jane’s mother is very busy.)<br />
Jane, said her mother, is very busy. (Jane is very busy.)<br />
• indicate where a pause is needed in a sentence.<br />
Many years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth.<br />
Apostrophes for possession<br />
Apostrophes are used to show that something belongs to someone or something.<br />
The placement of the apostrophe can be challenging but the simple rule is that it is placed<br />
after the owner or owners. (The ‘tail’ of the apostrophe ‘points’ to the owner(s).)<br />
Contractions<br />
the boy’s shoes (one boy) ............... the boys’ shoes (more than one boy)<br />
the lady’s hats (one lady)............... the ladies’ hats (more than one lady)<br />
Contractions are words that have been made by joining <strong>and</strong> shortening two words. An<br />
apostrophe is used in place of the missing letters.<br />
SPELLING<br />
would not..............wouldn’t<br />
I would............................I’d<br />
Singular <strong>and</strong> plural nouns<br />
Adding ‘s’ <strong>and</strong> ‘es’<br />
Teacher information<br />
will not......................won’t<br />
they are.................. they’re<br />
The most commonly used plural is made by adding ‘s’; e.g. books, games.<br />
It is usually necessary to add ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘ch’, ‘sh’, ‘s’, ‘x’ <strong>and</strong> ‘z’ to make the<br />
plural easier to pronounce; e.g. washes, dishes, classes, foxes <strong>and</strong> waltzes.<br />
viii <strong>Editing</strong> skills R.I.C. Publications ® www.ricgroup.com.au