The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus

CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006
Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey
sports worth the effort?” and answers: yes, “when the adults controlling them put the children’s interest
ahead of the program’s organizational needs to gain status through their association with child athletes”
(p. 135); but he provides no firm basis for thinking that subordinating children’s interests is a pervasive
and widespread phenomenon or merely an occasional local aberration.
135 Jay Coakley writes in Sport and Society: “There is need for research on sport participation careers
among young children and on how those careers are linked to overall social development” (p. 105).
136 See www.usahockey.com (click on “youth” and click on “zero tolerance”) (visited January 20, 2004).
137 See www.nfhs.org/coaches_ed.htm and www.asep.com (visited January 20, 2004).
138 See www.positivecoach.org/subcontent.aspx?SecID=95 (visited (January 20, 2004).
139 See www.nays.org/IntMain.cfm?Page=1&Cat=3 (visited January 20, 2004).
140 See www.nays.org/nays_community_recommendations.pdf (visited January 20, 2004).
141 See www.usyouthsoccer.org/ (visited January 20, 2004).
142 See www.nays.org/IntMain.cfm?Page=13&Cat=2 (visited January 20, 2004).
143 See www.sportsmanship.org/ (visited January 20, 2004).
144 See www.aacap.org and www.momsteam.com/welcome.shtml (visited January 20, 2004).
145 Singer, Handbook (2001).
146 Shields and Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity, p. 189.
147 David Lyle Light Shields, Brenda Jo Bredemeier, Douglas E. Gardner, and Alan Bostrom, “Leadership,
Cohesion, and Team Norms Regarding Cheating and Aggression,” Sociology of Sport Journal 12 (1995), p.
325.
148 Bredemeier and Shields, “Athletic Aggression: An Issue of Contextual Morality,” p. 15; Shields and
Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity, pp. 119-120 (“entry into sport requires a
transformation of cognition and affect” to a style of “moral reasoning [that] is much more egocentric . . .
than life moral reasoning”).
149 Shields and Bredemeier, “Sport, Militarism, and Peace,” pp. 375, 380.
150 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 595; Bredemeier and
Shields, “Athletic Aggression: An Issue of Contextual Morality,” p. 15; Stephens and Bredemeier, “Moral
Atmosphere and Judgments About Aggression in Girls’ Soccer,” p. 166; Bredemeier, “Moral Reasoning and
Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sports Acts,” p. 111.
151 Bredemeier and Shields, “The Utility of Moral Stage Analysis in the Interpretation of Athletic
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