The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus

CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006
Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey
118 See www.wtshminutemenband.com (visited January 12, 2004).
119 Passer, “Determinants and Consequences of Children’s Competitive Stress,” p. 214.
120 Ewing et al., “The Role of Sports in Youth Development,” p. 41
121 For example, Michelle Nario-Redmond, Jill S. Norton, and Jonathan Lindsay, in “Catholic Diocese
South Neighborhood Profile” (Cleveland: Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change, Case Western
Reserve University, June 2001), report that only 12 percent of children between ages 6-12 and 24 percent
between ages 13-17 participate in organized recreational activities in South Neighborhood, a poor area
of Cleveland (p. 16). See also Jerry Zgoder, “Beyond the Games; The Business of High Schools Sports,”
Minneapolis Star Tribune, November 23, 2003, p. A 18.
122 See, e.g., Kirk Johnson, “For New York, 25-Year Losing Streak,” New York Times, January 13, 1999,
p. A1.
123 Ewing et al., “The Role of Sports in Youth Development,” p. 42 (citing work by Branta and Goodway,
see below).
124 Crystal F. Branta and Jacqueline D. Goodway, “Facilitating Social Skills in Urban School Children
Through Physical Education,” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2 (1996), pp. 309, 317.
125 A predecessor study, the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972 completed its
surveys in 1986. A new Department of Education initiative, Education Longitudinal Study 2002, builds on
and extends the data from the three previous series of interviews.
126 Donald Sabo, Merrill J. Melnick, and Beth E. Vanfossen, “High School Athletic Participation and
Postsecondary Educational and Occupational Mobility: A Focus on Race and Gender,” Sociology of Sport
Journal, 10 (1993), pp. 47-49.
127 Sandra L. Hanson and Rebecca S. Kraus, “Women in Male Domains: Sport and Science,” Sociology of
Sport Journal, 16 (1999), p. 104.
128 Marsh, “The Effects of Participation in Sport During the Last Two Years of High School,” pp. 30-1.
129 Broh, “Linking Extracurricular Programming to Academic Achievement,” p. 76.
130 McNeal, “Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts,” pp. 74, 75.
131 McNeal, “Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts,” pp. 74, 76; Marsh, “The Effects of
Participation in Sport During the Last Two Years of High School,” p. 35.
132 Hanson and Kraus, “Women in Male Domains: Sport and Science,” pp. 94-5.
133 Broh, “Linking Extracurricular Programming to Academic Achievement,” pp. 78-9.
134 The sport sociologist Jay Coakley, in Sport and Society, asks the question, “Are organized youth
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