The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus
The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus
The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus
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CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006<br />
<strong>Sports</strong>, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey<br />
violence).<br />
103 Shields and Bredemeier, “Sport, Militarism, and Peace,” p. 370; Orlick and Pitman-Davidson,<br />
“Enhancing Cooperative Skills in Games and Life,” p. 156.<br />
104 Craig Clifford and Randolph M. Feezell, Coaching for Character: Reclaiming the Principles <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Sports</strong>manship (Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 1997), p. 13. See also Shields and Bredemeier,<br />
“Sport, Militarism, and Peace,” p. 375.<br />
105 See a similar account by Robert L. Simon, Fair Play: Sport, Values and Society (Boulder, Colorado:<br />
Westview Press, 1991), pp. 23-26.<br />
106 Of course, this reciprocal “raising <strong>of</strong> the game” occurs between two more or less equally matched<br />
opponents. A contest between ill-matched teams doesn’t make your team play its finest game ever, since<br />
it is either blowing out the other team or getting blown out. Thus, sports leagues work hard to match like<br />
with like – on the basis <strong>of</strong> age-level, physical prowess, experience, record <strong>of</strong> achievement, and similar<br />
factors.<br />
107 See, for example, Abrams, “<strong>The</strong> Challenge Facing Parents and Coaches.”<br />
108 De Knop and De Martelaer, “Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluations <strong>of</strong> Sport in Flanders and the<br />
Netherlands,” p. 44.<br />
109 Coakley, Sport in Society, p. 112.<br />
110 Sally Anderson, “Practicing Children: Consuming and Being Consumed By <strong>Sports</strong>,” Journal <strong>of</strong> Sport<br />
and Social Issues, 25 (August 2001), pp. 238-9.<br />
111 Anderson, “Practicing Children,” pp. 239-40.<br />
112 Anderson, “Practicing Children,” p. 244.<br />
113 Anderson, “Practicing Children,” p. 229.<br />
114 A similar caution arising in a different context can be found in Merita Irby, Thaddeus Ferber, and<br />
Karen Pittman, Youth Action: Youth Contributing to Communities, Communities Supporting Youth,<br />
Community Youth Development Series, vol. 6 (Takoma Park, Maryland: <strong>The</strong> Forum for Youth Initiatives,<br />
International Youth Foundation, 2001), where the authors challenge the generally held notion that “youth<br />
are incapable <strong>of</strong> adopting adult roles” in community action and mobilization campaigns (p. 3).<br />
115 De Knop and De Martelaer, “Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluations <strong>of</strong> Sport in Flanders and the<br />
Netherlands,” p. 42.<br />
116 See www.marching.com/events/index.html (visited December 1, 2003).<br />
117 See www.lafayette.fayette.k12.ky.us/band/0304 (visited January 12, 2004).<br />
www.civicyouth.org 40