The All-Sports Ministry of PA NJ & DE - Executive Summary Start-Up Budget & Prospectus

CIRCLE Working Paper 44: February 2006
Sports, Youth and Character: A Critical Survey
character development, see Bob Bigelow, “Is Your Child Too Young for Youth Sports or Is Your Adult Too
Old?” in Gerdy, ed., Sports in School, p. 7; Stoll and Beller, “Do Sports Build Character?” p. 25; Robert
W. McCabe, “The Rise of American Sport and the Decline of American Culture,” in Gerdy, ed., Sports
in School, p. 140; Maria Kavussanu and Glyn C. Roberts, “Moral Functioning in Sport: An Achievement
Goal Perspective”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23 (2001), p. 38; David Lyle Light Shields and
Brenda Jo Light Bredemeier, “Sport, Militarism, and Peace,” Peace & Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology,
2 (1996), p. 379; Mary E. Duquin, “Gender and Youth Sport: Reflections on Old and New Fictions,” in
Smoll et al., eds., Children in Sport, pp. 35-6; Nancy Theberge, “A Critique of Critiques: Radical and
Feminist Writings on Sport,” Social Forces, 60 (December 1981), p. 341.
10 Stevenson, “Socialization Effects,” p. 292.
11 The National Federation of State High School Associations, which “believe[s] that interscholastic
sports and fine arts promote citizenship and sportsmanship,” provides in support a list of studies and
surveys showing positive correlations between sports participation and variety of desirable outcomes
(see www.nfhs.org/scripcontent/va_custom/va_cm/contentpagedisplay.cfm?content_id=71) (visited May
11, 2004). See also Shields and Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity, pp. 181ff; J.
A. Fox and S. A. Newman, “After-School Crime or After-School Programs: Tuning In to the Prime Time
for Violent Crime and Implications for National Policy” (report to the U. S. Attorney General, 1997),
cited in Martha E. Ewing, Lori A. Gano-Overway, Crystal F. Branta, and Vern D. Seefeldt, “The Role of
Sports in Youth Development,” in Gatz et al., eds., Paradoxes of Youth and Sport, p. 39; H. W. Marsh,
“Extracurricular Activities: Beneficial Extensions of the Educational Curriculum or Subversion of Academic
Goals?” Journal of Educational Psychology, 84 (1992), pp. 553-562; N. Fejgin, “Participation in High
School Competitive Sports: A Subversion of School Mission or Contribution to Academic Goals?” Sociology
of Sport Journal, 11 (1994), pp. 211-230.
12 Stevenson, “Socialization Effects,” p. 294.
13 See Miracle and Rees, Lessons of the Locker Room, p. 85; McPherson and Brown, “The Structure,
Processes, and Consequences of Sport for Children,” p. 273; Coakley, Sport in Society, p. 92; Curtis,
McTeer, and White, “Do Athletes Earn More Pay?” p. 73; Herbert W. Marsh, “The Effects of Participation
in Sport During the Last Two Years of High School,” Sociology of Sport Journal, 10 (1993), p. 21; Ralph
B. McNeal, “Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts,” Sociology of Education, 68 (1995), p.
75; Beckett A. Broh, “Linking Extracurricular Programming to Academic Achievement: Who Benefits and
Why?” Sociology of Education, 75 (2002), p. 70; Andrew Guest and Barbara Schneider, “Adolescents’
Extracurricular Participation in Context: The Mediating Effects of Schools, Communities, and Identity,”
Sociology of Education, 76 (2003), p. 103.
14 Eitzen, Fair and Foul, p. 54.
15 Shields and Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity, p. 122.
16 Shields and Bredemeier, “Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,” p. 592.
17 Brenda Jo Light Bredemeier, “Children’s Moral Reasoning and Their Assertive, Aggressive, and
Submissive Tendencies in Sport and Daily Life,” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16 (1994), p. 12.
www.civicyouth.org 32