Oklahoma: A Story Through Her People

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Left: The heavily tattooed man clad in feathers and beads was depicted on a shard of pottery found at the site. Above: Spiro Mounds, located in LeFlore County on the southern bank of the Arkansas River, is considered to be Oklahoma’s, most important prehistoric Native American site. The site grew from a small farming village to one of the most important centers in what later became the United States. Between 850 AD and 1450 twelve mounds, ceremonial areas, and a support city were created for the Caddoanspeaking leadership who participated in the Mississippian Culture (also known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, the Southern Death Cult, and the Buzzard Cult). This culture was a loosely organized trading, religious, and political system that included the leadership from many language groups and several million people with trade connections stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Virginia coast and from the Gulf Coast of Florida to the Great Lakes. Each group was more or less independent although tied to the four regional mound centers. These regional mound centers included Cahokia, where East St. Louis is now, Moundville in Alabama, Etowah in Georgia, and Spiro in eastern Oklahoma. The twelve Spiro Mounds were built in layers from basket loads of dirt. There are three kinds of mounds at the Spiro site: one burial mound, two temple mounds, and nine house mounds. Most of the mounds were for buildings to be placed upon or to cover old houses, but the burial mound attracted the most attention. The site is world renowned for the amazing amount of art and artifacts dug from the burial mound, known as the Craig Mound. Even though Choctaw and Chickasaw freedmen farmed the land within the complex from about the 1870s, the mounds themselves remained undisturbed until 1917. At that time, Joseph Thoburn, who had taken photographs of the site in 1914, tested Ward Mound One, a buried house mound. However, the landowners allowed nothing further until 1933 when a group of commercial diggers called the Pocola Mining Company secured a lease for the Craig Mound. From 1933 until 1935 Pocola employees dug haphazardly into the burial mound, destroying about one-third of the mound. They sold thousands of artifacts, stone, copper, shell, basketry, and fabric, to collectors throughout the world. The site, called “King Tut of the Arkansas Valley” by the Kansas City Star in 1935, was yielding elaborately decorated artifacts in greater numbers and in better states of preservation than any other Mississippian site and the Oklahoma Legislature was finally prevailed upon to pass a licensing requirement for the protection of the site. This resulted in the shutting down of Pocola Mining and halted further destruction of the site. In 1936 the University of Oklahoma (OU) took over scientific excavation of what remained of the burial mound. Until October 1941 OU archaeologists oversaw Works Progress Administration (WPA) workers in investigating the site. From the burial mound more than six hundred complete or partial burials were recovered along with thousands of artifacts. They also worked on the other eight mounds known at the time. The excavations ended in 1941 because of World War II and the end of the WPA. In the mid-1960s there was an aborted effort by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to purchase most of the mound center to create a national archaeological park. Finally, in May 1978, the Spiro Mounds Archaeological State Park, with the help of the Oklahoma Archaeological Survey, opened an Interpretive Center as the first and only Oklahoma prehistoric American Indian archaeological site open to the public under the direction of the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department. In 1979 the Oklahoma Archaeological Survey conducted additional research and three more mounds were found. Spiro Mound Group was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 (NR 69000153). In 1991 administration transferred to the Oklahoma Historical Society with an expanded Interpretive Center and an interpretive trail system allowing visitors to learn about this unique and powerful part of Oklahoma’s past. Based on information from the Oklahoma Historical Society. O K L A H O M A : A S t o r y T h r o u g h H e r P e o p l e 10
The Mound Builders constructed huge mounds to serve as homes and religious shrines. They cultivated corn, beans, and squash and developed a complex society. Pottery-making was introduced and bows and arrows replaced spears as the hunting weapon of choice. Woodland people lived in camps and moved when local resources were exhausted. Ancestors of the Wichita Indians built permanent villages and hunted bison and deer and tended fields of beans, corn, and squash. They built farming villages near rivers and creeks. The area drained by the Canadian and Washita rivers and their tributaries contained many ancient villages. Right: The Spiro Mounds opened to the public in 1978 and are now under the protection of the Oklahoma Historical Society. Special tours are offered during solstices and equinoxes. C H A P T E R 1 1 1
Page 1 and 2: KLAHOMA OA S t o r y T h r o u g h
Page 3 and 4: OKLAHOMA A S t o r y T h r o u g h
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 4 Chapter 1 Building Block
Page 7 and 8: Scientists date the sedimentary roc
Page 9 and 10: Wichita Mountains The Wichita Mount
Page 11: C H A P T E R 1 9
Page 15 and 16: Left: George Catlin’s 1836 painti
Page 17 and 18: Every first Saturday in May, the to
Page 19 and 20: To keep peace in Indian Territory,
Page 21 and 22: The railroads led the movement for
Page 23 and 24: The Camp Cook’s Troubles by Charl
Page 25 and 26: Many events in Oklahoma’s history
Page 27 and 28: Right: Indian Paintbrush. Even the
Page 29 and 30: Opposite page and this page: Kiamic
Page 31 and 32: Forests cover one fourth of the sta
Page 33 and 34: Below: Red Bud Tree at Cedar Lake i
Page 35 and 36: Above and below: Talimena National
Page 37 and 38: Tulsa Riverwalk C H A P T E R 2 3 5
Page 39 and 40: Oklahoma’s people are unique. The
Page 41 and 42: Inventions & Innovation W I L E Y P
Page 43 and 44: Inventions & Innovation The needs a
Page 45 and 46: Right: Renowned Oklahoma artist Cha
Page 47 and 48: Primarily an agricultural state thr
Page 49 and 50: The names of oil and gas pioneers i
Page 51 and 52: At one time during the early oil an
Page 53 and 54: Top: Grain silos. C H A P T E R 3 5
Page 55 and 56: Agriculture remains an integral par
Page 57 and 58: Slew City Sir is a grandson of Seat
Page 59 and 60: Oklahoma grown can be found in farm
Page 61 and 62: Above: Tree farm. Left: The vinyard
Page 63 and 64:
Opposite, top: Mister Lew is a towi
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Robert S. Kerr Dam C H A P T E R 3
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Above: Cherokee Casino, Ramona, Okl
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Opposite: SkyDance Pedestrian Bridg
Page 71 and 72:
Expo Square, Tulsa C H A P T E R 3
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In the second decade of the new cen
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Opposite: Muskogee Power Plant. Bel
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C H A P T E R 4 7 5
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Oklahoma’s cost of living is a ma
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Education has been a key tool in pr
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Oklahoma City Community College C H
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Langston University C H A P T E R 4
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C H A P T E R 4 8 5
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Oklahoma’s location makes the sta
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Oklahoma electric rates are among t
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BOK Center, Tulsa General Electric
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The quality of life in Oklahoma is
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Robbers Cave State Park C H A P T E
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Above: Lincoln Bridge, Chickasaw Na
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Renaissance Festival C H A P T E R
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Top: Oklahoma State Fair. Above: Ok
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Opposite and above: Festival of the
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Above: Canal in downtown Oklahoma C
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Downtown Guthrie Top, right: Masoni
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Above: Rafting on the Illinois Rive
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C H A P T E R 5 1 1 1
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Above: Piominko, Great Chief of the
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C H A P T E R 5 1 1 5
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C H A P T E R 5 1 1 7
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Opposite, top: Northwest Oklahoma.
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Residents and visitors alike give O
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Opposite, clockwise starting from t
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C H A P T E R 6 1 2 5
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Due to the leadership and assistanc
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Opposite, top: Off to the zebra and
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Opposite page: The National Route 6
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Above: Induction into the Oklahoma
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People always have been Oklahoma’
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C H A P T E R 6 1 3 7
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One of the ways that Oklahomans are
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Above: Noble High School band membe
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Langston University Above and right
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C H A P T E R 6 1 4 5
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Clockwise, starting from the top: T
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Oklahoma Partners Quality of Life .
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Quality of Life Healthcare provider
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Nations Council, Boy Scouts of Amer
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John Steele Zink first purchased 1,
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matches the skills and desires of t
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Sunbeam Family Services, which bega
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jobs for people with disabilities,
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for children and families including
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O K L A H O M A P A R T N E R S 1 6
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on a basis of mutual respect and un
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23,000 in the 1980s. Today, there a
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e the safest anywhere, has pledged
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Tonkawa, Oklahoma’s people and he
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included a series of summer concert
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In the heart of Pauls Valley’s hi
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The history of Stroud does read lik
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the sports included were tennis, so
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Citizen-approved bond projects also
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completed in 1960, followed by a gy
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In 1912 local Presbyterian ladies s
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CHOCTAW NATION OF OKLAHOMA The Choc
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ecause the revenues of tribal busin
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and prolong the process of investig
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Crawfish. Historic photographs and
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tornado was declared the worst torn
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For the Wyandotte Nation, 2013 brou
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Oklahoma had not been together as a
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to the landscape for cultural educa
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OKLAHOMA HALL OF FAME The Oklahoma
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Marketplace/Professionals Financial
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future and the future of your child
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Express put more than 80,000 people
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Beginning in 2013, Express offices
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estrictions, which meant for each $
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about a half dozen other people who
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Wade moved back to Mustang in 1988
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In addition, Hill was named a final
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Mission360, a Christian-based found
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C. B.’s death. Both served as com
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PUCKETT’S FOOD STORES The story b
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In February 1901 three bankers from
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Building a Greater Oklahoma Oklahom
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The Siegfrieds hold firm in Ray’s
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Founded upon a dynamic vision and p
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underground utilities including wat
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well as food grade phosphates used
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Additionally, to bring worldwide at
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Currently, Bio-Cide’s products ar
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scholarships at his alma mater for
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Today, their expertise covers powde
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Following graduation, Chuck joined
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PELCO PRODUCTS, INC. Pelco Products
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Zinke is active in many association
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efficiently, and quickly recover th
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Another valuable resource for devel
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Since its founding in 1966 as a sma
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When their son, Cory, graduated fro
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Hammer Construction was originally
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Huckabay Family All America Bank ®
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS B O B B U R K E B
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Page 275:
LEADERSHIP SPONSORS ISBN: 978-1-939
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Oklahoma: A Story Through Her People

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