In The Cradle of Industry and Liberty

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@ Above: Early twentieth-century map of the various shipbuilding facilities on the Delaware River in the greater Philadelphia area. Within the city itself, the major facilities were Hog Island, the Navy Yard, and Cramp Shipyard. Also shown are shipbuilding centers above and below the city in Wilmington, Delaware; in Bristol and Chester, Pennsylvania; and across the river in Camden, New Jersey. AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL SHIPBUILDING COLLECTION, INDEPENDENCE SEAPORT MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA. Below: This 1866 print shows the new Atlantic Petroleum Storage Company facility that was established that year on the Schuylkill River in Point Breeze. This was the beginning of an oil refining tradition on the lower Schuylkill River in Southwest Philadelphia that continues to this day. PRINT DEPARTMENT, LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA. ended just a few months after its construction had been completed and the yard was closed in 1921, having built 122 ships in three years. Hog Island, like League Island, no longer exists. The entire area was filled in and is now occupied by Philadelphia International Airport. Its legacy lives on in another Philadelphia way, however: “hoggie,” the nickname for the lunch meat sandwich on an Italian roll that many Hog Island workers packed for lunch, is said to be the source for the name of the ubiquitous Philadelphia “hoagie” sandwich. OIL The area at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers has also long been a center of oil refining. The Atlantic Refining Company was established in 1866 on the Schuylkill River in the Point Breeze section of Southwest Philadelphia. By 1882 it was one of the largest refineries in America, employing almost 3,000 workers and producing 100 million barrels of refined oil a year. This was mostly kerosene lamp oil, as this era was prior to the advent of the automobile. The Atlantic refinery was acquired by John D. Rockefeller and was part of his Standard Oil empire from 1874 until 1911, when it became independent again after Standard was broken up as a result of anti-trust legislation. Gulf Oil opened a refinery in 1920 on the Schuylkill River at Girard Point, just below Atlantic’s facility. By 1927 Gulf was refining 1.3 million gallons a day. Both companies would go through various ownership changes and mergers over the years, but their facilities have remained major producers of oil to this day. IN THE CRADLE OF INDUSTRY AND LIBERTY 78
BEER AND TOBACCO Beer making continued to be an important part of Philadelphia manufacturing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The journal Western Brewer reported in 1879 that Philadelphia was home to nearly 100 breweries. Many were small local brewers, but several were major producers. After Engel & Wolf’s Fountain Green brewery on the Schuylkill River was closed in 1870 as part of the effort to protect the city’s water supply, Charles Engel joined Charles Bergner in Brewerytown. By 1878 Bergner & Engel was the nation’s third largest brewer. The beer industry began consolidating around the turn of the twentieth century, resulting in fewer, larger breweries producing more beer. By 1909 there were forty-eight breweries in Philadelphia and beer making was the city’s fourteenth largest industry in terms of value of products. The two breweries that would dominate Philadelphia in the twentieth century, Schmidt’s and Ortlieb’s, came into prominence in the late nineteenth century. Both were founded by German immigrants, were located in Northern Liberties, and remained family-owned for several generations. Christian Schmidt took over management of an existing brewery at Second Street and Girard Avenue in 1860 and built it into a major producer. His sons later joined the firm, which as C. Schmidt & Sons became Philadelphia’s largest brewery. It remained a family-owned company until 1976. Trupert Ortlieb began brewing in Philadelphia after his service in the Civil War. In 1879 he purchased an existing brewery at Third and Poplar Streets and renamed it Victory Brewery. It later became Henry F. Ortlieb Brewing Company after his sons and grandsons joined the firm. Like Schmidt’s, Ortlieb’s was a longtime Philadelphia favorite and remained family-owned until 1981. Although both companies became national brands, they proudly displayed their local roots, advertising themselves at various times as “Schmidt’s Of Philadelphia” and “Ortlieb’s, Philadelphia’s Famous Beer.” @ Top and bottom, left: Two views, some fifty years apart, of Schmidt’s beer delivery methods from its brewery at Second Street and Girard Avenue in Northern Liberties. Top: horse-drawn carriages in 1881; bottom, left: trucks in 1930. BOTH IMAGES FROM THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 1881 VIEW PUBLISHED IN THE WESTERN BREWER ILLUSTRATED, JANUARY 1881 SUPPLEMENT; 1930 VIEW FROM C. SCHMIDT & SONS BREWERY PHOTOGRAPHS COLLECTION. Below: An Ortlieb’s beer coaster, date unknown, probably mid-twentieth century. For a time, Ortlieb’s billed itself as “Philadelphia’s Famous Beer,” while Schmidt’s was “Schmidt’s of Philadelphia.” IMAGE RETRIEVED ONLINE, 2015. CHAPTER FOUR 79
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IN THE CRADLE OF INDUSTRY AND LIBER
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IN THE CRADLE OF INDUSTRY AND LIBER
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CONTENTS 4 FOREWORD 6 ACKNOWLEDGEME
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@ Michael A. Nutter, Former Mayor,
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For the historical images that enli
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This is a history of manufacturing
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While other manufacturing centers w
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@ Above: Workers at Midvale Steel p
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aircraft that dates to the earliest
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would hold into the early nineteent
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technology, transportation, and com
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age had joined the Religious Societ
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Philadelphians lived in the city’
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“and many boats, which are useful
Page 29 and 30: Quaker merchant Thomas Masters purc
Page 31 and 32: INDUSTRY INVENTORS Manufacturers in
Page 33 and 34: Quaker upbringing. Known as the “
Page 35 and 36: MAKING A CASE FOR AMERICAN MANUFACT
Page 37 and 38: up cotton manufacturing operations
Page 39 and 40: After receiving a patent for the en
Page 41 and 42: The Globe Mill on the Cohocksink Cr
Page 43 and 44: @ Opposite: Detail from 1849 map sh
Page 45 and 46: of the town’s total population. S
Page 47 and 48: On a positive note, a group of Fran
Page 49 and 50: factories with a powerful energy so
Page 51 and 52: and flagship for Commodore Matthew
Page 53 and 54: @ Left: Penn Steam Engine & Boiler
Page 55 and 56: Garrett & Eastwick Locomotive Works
Page 57 and 58: seen. The episode brought Hagner co
Page 59 and 60: United States, the nation’s de-fa
Page 61 and 62: The turn of the twentieth century p
Page 63 and 64: in various categories at the Centen
Page 65 and 66: makers, 20 stove manufacturers, 12
Page 67 and 68: and lace, in which Kensington manuf
Page 69 and 70: through exploitation of their worke
Page 71 and 72: @ Left: Yard locomotives at Midvale
Page 73 and 74: among the largest in the world at t
Page 75 and 76: factory nearby. This became the lar
Page 77 and 78: she writes of the sad circumstances
Page 79: @ Clockwise, starting from the top:
Page 83 and 84: MILK AND ICE CREAM Like any major c
Page 85 and 86: the Philadelphia Phillies. Located
Page 87 and 88: and a half later from a city of man
Page 89 and 90: After major cutbacks in the auto in
Page 91 and 92: into countless lunchboxes throughou
Page 93 and 94: hangar space in 1980 at Northeast P
Page 95 and 96: is the nation’s largest manufactu
Page 97 and 98: fuel for local industries, current
Page 99 and 100: centralize operations in the buildi
Page 101 and 102: BOOKS AND ARTICLES Bridenbaugh, Car
Page 103 and 104: Sutcliffe, Andrea J. Steam: The Unt
Page 105 and 106: Penrose, Bartholomew & Thomas shipy
Page 107 and 108: PARTNERS IN BUILDING PHILADELPHIA H
Page 109 and 110: @ Left: An early Kingsbury advertis
Page 111 and 112: PARTNERS IN BUILDING PHILADELPHIA 1
Page 113 and 114: Aerodynamics. The name DeVal was a
Page 115 and 116: packaging and shipping; and nondest
Page 117 and 118: Another step in product advancement
Page 119 and 120: PHILLY CASE From the basement of a
Page 121 and 122: Under Yost’s direction, The Rowla
Page 123 and 124: The story of Tioga Pipe is a classi
Page 125 and 126: neighborhood. The increased product
Page 127 and 128: Humphrys is one of the oldest manuf
Page 129 and 130: The Doherty brothers realized, to s
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Centrally located off the Pennsylva
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Jersey and Delaware. Outgrowing the
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Philadelphia is famous for its appr
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injection molded plastic to enter t
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had expanded from smaller pieces fo
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for many years and they know the fi
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furnace as well as a custom flame h
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and Salmon Streets. The company wou
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The company capitalized on the stra
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discharges. The supercapacitors are
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products that are custom designed t
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Today manufacturing matters, now mo
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LEADERSHIP SPONSORS Historical Publ
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