Program & Abstract Book - EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009

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EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009: Understanding Violence S-11 36 February 11-13 2009 se X u a l s e l e c t i o n a s a n e X p l a n a t i o n o f h u m a n s e X D i f f e r e n c e s in a g g r e s s i o n Archer, John The Aggression Research Group University of Central Lancashire, UK Darwin proposed that human sex differences in aggression arose from sexual selection, principally male competition. In psychology, there has been a long tradition of environmentally-based explanations, currently represented by social role theory. Both approaches are outlined, including recent formulations that address variability and flexibility within a broadly biological framework. Meta-analytic summaries show that the magnitude of the sex difference increases in magnitude with the degree of risk involved, consistent with a sexual selection view emphasizing more risky male than female competition. Sex differences in physical aggression are found early in life, and peak in young adulthood, again consistent with an evolutionary origin. Likely mediators of the sex difference are greater female fear of physical danger, greater male impulsiveness, and greater female empathy, all of which fit both a sexual selection and a social role interpretation. Greater male than female variability in physical aggression is consistent with an alternative life history perspective derived from sexual selection; variability according to the internalization of social roles is consistent with a social role view. Both ecologically-produced and role-related variability are consistent with both explanations. Overall, there is considerable evidence consistent with a sexual selection origin for human sex differences in aggression, and some evidence that social roles influence immediate causation. A range of other sex differences places these differences in aggression within the context of an adaptive complex, consistent with humans being a sexuallyselected species. A very different pattern of sex differences is found for between-sex aggression in western samples, in particular between partners: women and men are equally likely to physically aggress. There is considerable cross-national variability, which is highly correlated with gender empowerment. An evolutionary origin for partner violence is proposed, in terms of the conflicts of interest and inequality of coercive power between the sexes, with societal gender roles accounting for cross-national variability. The evidence therefore indicates a different operation of evolutionary and social forces according to sex of the opponent. Overall, sexual selection provides the most comprehensive explanation for same-sex aggression and a mix of evolutionary-based conflicts of interest and social roles for between-sex aggression.
EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009: Understanding Violence S-12 criminal ps y c h o p a t h y : as s e s s m e n t, vi o l e n c e , a n D ne u r o s c i e n c e Abstracts for Speakers Kiehl, Kent Mobile Imaging Core and Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico Psychopathy is a personality disorder that includes interpersonal and affective traits such as glibness, lack of empathy, guilt or remorse, shallow affect, and irresponsibility, and behavioral characteristics such as impulsivity, poor behavioral control, and promiscuity. Individuals with psychopathy constitute approximately 20% of incarcerated populations. Longitudinal studies have shown that psychopaths commit a disproportionate amount of violent crime. Recently we have deployed a one-of-a-kind mobile MRI system to study psychopathy in incarcerated populations. Brain imaging results from our first 500 offenders will be presented. 37
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