Program & Abstract Book - EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009
Program & Abstract Book - EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009
Program & Abstract Book - EPFL Latsis Symposium 2009
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<strong>EPFL</strong>-LATSIS <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong><br />
Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
understanding<br />
February 11 – 13 th <strong>2009</strong><br />
VIOLENCE<br />
Recent advances in biology, sociology and modeling<br />
<strong>Program</strong> &<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Book</strong>
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Scientific Committee<br />
Organizer:<br />
Carmen Sandi<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
Co-organizers:<br />
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg<br />
Mel Slater<br />
Pierre Magistretti<br />
FONDATION LATSIS<br />
Internationale<br />
Sponsors<br />
Local Organizers<br />
Jorge Castro<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
Ioana Steinmann<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
3
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Practical Information<br />
Meeting Logistics and Organization<br />
Prof. Carmen Sandi<br />
E-mail: info-latsis<strong>2009</strong>@epfl.ch<br />
Media Relations<br />
Dr. Eng Ariane Vlérick<br />
Email: ariane.vlerick@epfl.ch<br />
Webmaster<br />
M. Olivier Burri<br />
E-mail: webmaster.burri@gmail.com<br />
4<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Emergency telephone during the<br />
Conference<br />
+41 (0)21 693 82 02
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Credits<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Recall that participation to this meeting allows<br />
you to obtain Continuous Education Credits<br />
from the following institutions:<br />
Swiss Society for Pediatry<br />
SSP-SGP<br />
Swiss Neurological Society<br />
Swiss Society for Neuropediatry<br />
SGN<br />
Genetic Medicine<br />
Swiss Cantonal Veterinary<br />
Association (ASCV)<br />
10 Credits<br />
3 Credits<br />
2 Credits<br />
2 Credits (Continuous Education)<br />
1 Day Credit Recognition<br />
Remember to request a certificate<br />
of your participation as you leave the<br />
conference and return your badge<br />
5
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
6<br />
8:00-8:45 Registration<br />
Understanding VIOLENCE:<br />
Recent advances in biology, sociology, and modeling<br />
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 11th, <strong>2009</strong><br />
8:45-9:00 Opening Remarks<br />
Prof Dusan Sidjanski (<strong>Latsis</strong> Foundation)<br />
Prof Giorgio Margaritondo (Vice-president <strong>EPFL</strong>)<br />
Session 1 Are individuals born violent? Can we talk of ‘genetic’ determinism?<br />
Chair Carmen Sandi<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
9:00-9:45 Richard E Tremblay<br />
Developmental trajectories of human physical violence and their determinants: From genes to<br />
social policy (or vice versa)<br />
9:45-10:20 Klaus Peter Lesch<br />
The neurobiology of impulsivity and aggression in ADHD<br />
10:20-10:50 Coffee break<br />
10:50-11:25 Stephen J. Suomi<br />
Aggression, serotonin, and gene X environment interactions in primates<br />
11:25-12:00 Caroline Blanchard<br />
The evolution and adaptive functions of anger, aggression and violence<br />
12:00-12:35 Discussion - Didier Trono<br />
LUNCH<br />
Session 2 Are hormones key to understanding aggression?<br />
Chair John Archer<br />
14:00-14:45 Richard Ebstein<br />
Nonapeptide social hormones, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, the flip side of violence?<br />
14:45-15:20 Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg<br />
Neurogenetic and neurohormonal mechanisms of prosocial and aggressive behavior<br />
15:20-15:55 Jozsef Haller<br />
Types of aggression and types of brain mechanisms. The role of glucocorticoids<br />
15:55-16:30 Discussion - Ron de Kloet<br />
16:30-18:30 Poster Session with Coffee and refreshments
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
8:30-9:00 Registration<br />
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 12th, <strong>2009</strong><br />
Session 3 What are the social, contextual and evolutionary causes of violence?<br />
Chair Pierre Magistretti<br />
9:00-9:45 Richard Wilkinson<br />
The violence of inequality<br />
9:45-10:20 Stefan Klusemann<br />
Micro-situational antecedents of violent atrocity<br />
10:20-10:55 Mark Broom<br />
Balancing risks and rewards: the logic of violence<br />
10:55-11:25 Coffee break<br />
11:25-12:10 John Archer<br />
Sexual selection as an explanation of human sex differences in aggression<br />
12:10-12:45 Discussion - Alexander Butchart<br />
LUNCH<br />
Session 4 What works differently in the brain of violent individuals? What makes<br />
psychopaths different? Can we reverse, treat aggression?<br />
Chair Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg<br />
<strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
14:00-14:45 Kent Kiehl<br />
Psychopathy, violence and brain<br />
14:45-15:20 Sheilagh Hodgings<br />
Getting the phenotypes right: the essential ingredient to understanding aetiological mechanisms<br />
and developing effective treatments<br />
15:20-15:55 Joshua W. Buckholtz<br />
Multimodal characterization of genetic risk mechanisms for impulsive aggression<br />
15:55-16:30 Discussion - Olaf Blanke<br />
16:30-17:00 Coffee break<br />
7
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
8<br />
17:00-18:30 Round Table: “TACKLING VIOLENCE”<br />
Panelists Hans-Peter Schmoll-Flockerzie<br />
AHBasel Krisentintervention für Jugendliche, Basel<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Stephen Thomas<br />
Security Officer for UEFA and Assistant Chief Constable British Transport Police<br />
Bruno Gravier<br />
Head of the Prison Medicine and Psychiatry Service, CHUV, Lausanne<br />
Gregoire Rubovszky<br />
Head of Emergency Psychiatry Service, HCUGE, Geneva<br />
Christopher Mikton<br />
Technical Officer, Prevention of Violence Unit, WHO<br />
Jakob Lund<br />
Director of the SMART programs in Scandinavia, Art-of-Living<br />
Marie-Claude Hofner<br />
Violence Medical Unit - University Center of Legal Medicine Western Switzerland<br />
19:00 Banquet – Departure Bus
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
8:30-9:00 Registration<br />
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 13th, <strong>2009</strong><br />
<strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>Program</strong><br />
Session 5 Are individuals ‘made’ violent? Does stress shape individual’s aggression?<br />
Chair Stephen J. Suomi<br />
9:00-9:45 Francois Ansermet and Pierre Magistretti<br />
Neuronal plasticity, homeostasis and violence<br />
9:45-10:20 Inga D. Neumann<br />
Abnormal social behaviour and aggression: Link to anxiety<br />
10:20-10:55 Jaap M. Koolhaas<br />
From aggression to violence in rats and mice: role of individual behavioral and neurobiological<br />
characteristics<br />
10:55-11:25 Coffee break<br />
11:25-12:00 Carmen Sandi<br />
Stress as a generator of social imbalance<br />
12:00-12:35 Discussion - Daniel Schechter<br />
LUNCH<br />
Session 6 Do people know how they would behave in an unexpected violent situation?<br />
Chair Mel Slater<br />
How can virtual reality and modelling approaches help for treatment?<br />
14:00-14:35 Mark Levine<br />
Groups, bystanders and the informal regulation of violence<br />
14:35-15:10 Mel Slater<br />
Virtual reality in the study of extreme situations<br />
15:10-15:45 Lee Alan Dugatkin<br />
Winners, losers and bystanders: the structure of dominance hierarchies<br />
15:45-16:15 Coffee break<br />
16:15-17:00 Albert Rizzo<br />
Reexposure to combat in virtual reality as a treatment for PTSD<br />
17:00-17:35 Discussion - Philippe Cotter<br />
17:35-17:45 Concluding Remarks<br />
17:45 Farewell<br />
9
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers<br />
Richard E. Tremblay<br />
10<br />
Professor, Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial<br />
Maladjustment University of Montreal, Canada<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
http://www.psy.umontreal.ca/employes/TREMBLAYRichardE.html<br />
Richard Tremblay started his clinical career treating dangerous<br />
mentally offenders. For the past 25 years he has conducted<br />
a program of longitudinal and experimental studies to understand<br />
the physical, cognitive, emotional characteristics of humans<br />
from conception onward, in order to gain a better understanding<br />
of the development and prevention of physically<br />
violent behaviors.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: De v e l o p m e n t a l t r a j e c t o r i e s o f h u m a n p h y s i c a l v i o l e n c e a n D t h e i r<br />
D e t e r m i n a n t s : fr o m g e n e s t o s o c i a l p o l i c y (o r v i c e v e r s a)<br />
Klaus-Peter Lesch<br />
Professor of Psychiatry and Vice Chair of the Department of<br />
Psychiatry, Psychsomatics, and Psychotherapy and Director of<br />
the ADHD <strong>Program</strong> of the University of Würzburg, Germany<br />
http://www.psychobiologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/<br />
Klaus-Peter Lesch’s work has led to new insights into the psychobiology<br />
of personality, behavior, and psychiatric disorders.<br />
He has been pioneer in discovering genes linked to aggression<br />
in different animal species. He is strongly committed to bridge<br />
the sizeable gap between basic molecular and clinically applicable<br />
research. His work attempts to elucidate neural mechanisms<br />
involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders<br />
with the goal to identify final common pathways which could<br />
be targeted by novel treatments.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: th e n e u r o b i o l o g y o f impulsivity a n D a g g r e s s i o n in aDhD<br />
Stephen J. Suomi<br />
Chief of the Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, the National<br />
Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD),<br />
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland<br />
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/bio.cfm?nih_id=0010152932<br />
Prof. Suomi has received international recognition for his extensive<br />
research on biobehavioral development in rhesus monkeys<br />
and other primate species, with a particular focus on aggressive<br />
behaviors. His research at Wisconsin led to his election<br />
as Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of<br />
Science “for major contributions to the understanding of social<br />
factors that influence the psychological development of nonhuman<br />
primates.”<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ag g r e s s i o n, s e r o t o n i n , a n D g e n e X e n v i r o n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
Caroline Blanchard<br />
Professor at the Pacific Biosciences Research Center, and Dept.<br />
of Genetics and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of<br />
Medicine, University of Hawaii<br />
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~blanchar/home.html<br />
Caroline Blanchard’s work has focused on the functions and<br />
biology of “negative” emotion patterns such as aggression<br />
and defense, across mammalian species and, more recently,<br />
on more “positive” emotions, examining behaviors comprising<br />
sociality and affiliative emotions. Her approach characterizes<br />
by using research based on lower order mammals to analyze<br />
both the expression of these emotions in people, and the brain<br />
systems involved in potentially related human emotional psychopathologies.<br />
She recently (2004-2006) served as President<br />
of the International Society for Research on Aggression.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: th e ev o l u t i o n a n D aD a p t i v e fu n c t i o n s o f an g e r , ag r e s s i o n a n D<br />
vi o l e n c e<br />
Richard J Ebstein<br />
Director, Department of Research – Herzog Hospital Director,<br />
Scheinfeld Center for Human Behavioral Genetics Hebrew<br />
University Professor<br />
http://ebsteinlab.huji.ac.il/index.html<br />
Richard Ebstein has made major contributions to human behavioral<br />
genetics, especially in the emerging field of personality<br />
genetics. His catalyzing role in personality genetics was<br />
initiated with a seminal report in Nature Genetics in 1996 that<br />
first showed an association between a common polymorphism<br />
and a specific temperament (Ebstein et al 1996). He has published<br />
more than 200 scientific articles.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: a r o l e f o r a r g i n i n e v a s o p r e s s i n a n D o X y t o c i n in s h a p i n g h u m a n s o c i a l<br />
b e h a v i o r<br />
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg<br />
Professor, Chair of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University<br />
of Heidelberg and Director, Central Institute of Mental Health,<br />
Mannheim, Germany<br />
http://snp.nimh.nih.gov/<br />
Prof. Meyer-Lindenberg is an expert in the fields of neural<br />
mechanisms of psychopathology, imaging genetics, social neuroscience<br />
and systems neuro-science in humans. Using mathematical<br />
tools, he investigates complex inter-actions between<br />
genetic variants and their influence on the human brain. He<br />
combines studies of genetic indicators of mental illness with<br />
neuroimaging.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ne u r o g e n e t i c a n D n e u r o h o r m o n a l m e c h a n i s m s o f p r o s o c i a l a n D a g g r e s s i v e<br />
b e h a v i o r<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
12<br />
Jozsef Haller<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Professor, Head of the Behavioural Neurobiology Department<br />
Institute of Experimental Medicine Budapest, Hungary<br />
http://www.koki.hu<br />
Jozsef Haller’s research interests focus on the understanding<br />
of brain mechanisms involved in violent forms of aggression.<br />
By comparing the brain mechanisms of violent aggression induced<br />
by different means (e.g. genetic selection, social deprivation,<br />
glucocorticoid deficiency), he has made major contributions<br />
to the field. Working in rodents, he has identified main<br />
components of the brain circuitry underlying violent forms of<br />
aggression.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ty p e s o f a g g r e s s i o n a n D t y p e s o f b r a i n m e c h a n i s m s . th e r o l e o f<br />
g l u c o c o r t i c o i D s<br />
Richard Wilkinson<br />
Professor of Social Epidemiology, University of Nottingham<br />
Medical School, UK<br />
Visiting Professor, International Centre for Health and Society,<br />
University College London<br />
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cps/index.php?page=2.0.0.40<br />
Richard Wilkinson’s research career focusses on health inequalities<br />
and the social determinants of health. Working in<br />
the field for 30 years, Richard has played a formative role in research<br />
and public awareness of health inequalities and the social<br />
determinants of health. Since persuading the UK Secretary<br />
of State to set up the working party which in 1980 produced<br />
the Black Report on Health Inequalities, he has worked particularly<br />
on the health and social effects of income inequality.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: th e vi o l e n c e o f in e q u a l i t y<br />
Stefan Klusemann<br />
Scientist at Sociology MA, University of Pennsylvania, USA<br />
Stefan Klusemann works at the University of Pennsylvania,<br />
USA, on violence, armed groups, historical sociology of political<br />
and cultural change, and sociological theory, Stefan Klusemann<br />
work studies rituals, violence and the organization of force in<br />
situations of state breakdown. He received an M.A. in Sociology<br />
from the University of Pennsylvania and a Diploma in Sociology,<br />
Economics, and Law from the Free University of Berlin.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: mi c r o-s i t u a t i o n a l a n t e c e D e n t s o f v i o l e n t a t r o c i t y
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
Mark Broom<br />
Professor, Head Department of Mathematics University of<br />
Sussex, UK<br />
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/maths/profile27849.html<br />
Mark Broom’s research focuses on the application of game theory<br />
to the mathematical modelling of biology, especially using<br />
the concept of the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). He<br />
works in modelling a number of biological phenomena, most<br />
notably including the areas of dominance hierarchies and of<br />
food-stealing. Recent work involves the modelling of simple<br />
evolution processes and more complex games on structured<br />
populations, especially graphs.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ba l a n c i n g r i s k s a n D r e w a r D s: t h e l o g i c o f v i o l e n c e<br />
John Archer<br />
Professor, Director of Research The Aggression Research Group<br />
University of Central Lancashire, UK<br />
http://www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/science/psychol/research/people/Archer.htm<br />
Prof. Archer’s research interests are the study of human aggression,<br />
and bereavement and loss. He is the former President<br />
of the International Society for Research on Aggression<br />
(ISRA), and is on the editorial board of the journal Aggressive<br />
Behavior. He is the author of several books and has published<br />
over 100 articles, with a total citation count of over 3,500. John<br />
Archer studies topics such as young men’s physical aggression<br />
from an evolutionary perspective, including cross-national<br />
comparisons, partner violence and stalking, bullying and aggression<br />
in prisons and other secure institutions, testosterone<br />
and aggression, and people’s attributions about their aggression.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: se X u a l s e l e c t i o n a s a n e X p l a n a t i o n o f h u m a n s e X D i f f e r e n c e s in<br />
a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Kent Kiehl<br />
Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of New<br />
Mexico; Director, Mobile Imaging Core and Clinical Cognitive<br />
Neuroscience, Mind Research Network, New Mexico<br />
http://www.mrn.org/kkiehl<br />
Prof. Kiehl conducts clinical neuroscience research of major<br />
mental illnesses, with special focus on criminal psychopathy,<br />
substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. His group uses noninvasive<br />
techniques for measuring brain function, including<br />
event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (fMRI). He has authored over 70 articles and<br />
book chapters and he currently directs four major NIH projects<br />
in the areas of adolescent psychopathy, adult psychopathy,<br />
substance abuse, and early stage psychosis.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: criminal ps y c h o p a t h y : as s e s s m e n t, vi o l e n c e , a n D ne u r o s c i e n c e<br />
13
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
14<br />
Sheilagh Hodgins<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Head of Forensic Mental Health Sciences King’s College<br />
London, UK<br />
Professor at the Institute of Psychiatry King’s College,<br />
University of London UK<br />
http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/?go=10161<br />
Sheilagh Hodgins has authored numerous papers, book chapters,<br />
and books on antisocial, violent, and criminal behaviours<br />
among persons with mental disorders. Her current work aims<br />
to identify causal mechanisms leading to early-onset antisocial<br />
behaviour that remain stable over the life-span among persons<br />
who develop schizophrenia, as well as the factors that maintain<br />
these unwanted behaviours. She also works on the development<br />
of treatments to reduce violent behaviour.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ge t t i n g t h e p h e n o t y p e s r i g h t : th e e s s e n t i a l i n g r e D i e n t t o u n D e r s t a n D i n g<br />
a e t i o l o g i c a l m e c h a n i s m s a n D D e v e l o p i n g e f f e c t i v e t r e a t m e n t s<br />
Joshua W. Buckholtz<br />
Scientist at the Neuroscience Vanderbilt Brain Institute<br />
Department of Psychology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN<br />
USA<br />
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/people/buckholtz<br />
Joshua Buckholtz uses functional, structural, and receptor imaging<br />
techniques to characterize the influence of genetic risk<br />
factors for antisocial behavior and addiction on neural circuitry<br />
for affect regulation, motivation, and social cognition. He obtained<br />
his bachelor of science degree from the University of<br />
Wisconsin – Madison and then received training in genetics<br />
and neuroimaging in the intramural program of the National<br />
Institute of Mental Health.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: mu l t i m o D a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f g e n e t i c r i s k m e c h a n i s m s f o r impulsive<br />
a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Stephen J. Suomi<br />
Chief of the Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, the National<br />
Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD),<br />
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland<br />
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/bio.cfm?nih_id=0010152932<br />
Prof. Suomi has received international recognition for his extensive<br />
research on biobehavioral development in rhesus monkeys<br />
and other primate species, with a particular focus on aggressive<br />
behaviors. His research at Wisconsin led to his election<br />
as Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of<br />
Science “for major contributions to the understanding of social<br />
factors that influence the psychological development of nonhuman<br />
primates.”<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ag g r e s s i o n, s e r o t o n i n , a n D g e n e X e n v i r o n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
Francois Ansermet<br />
Head Service of psychiatry of children and adolescents Geneva<br />
University Hospital<br />
Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Geneva Faculty of<br />
Medicine<br />
http://spea.hug-ge.ch/<br />
Prof. Ansermet’s research has focused on perinatal stress, and,<br />
specifically, on risks for and consequences of prematurity. He<br />
has also explored the psychological and ethical implications<br />
of new advances in perinatal biotechnology, in particular, assisted<br />
reproductive therapy, genetic counselling, and gender<br />
attribution in cases of ambiguous genitalia. Moreover, Prof.<br />
Ansermet is interested in the link between neuroscience and<br />
psychoanalysis and the role of neuronal plasticity in the psychoanalytic<br />
process.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ne u r o n a l p l a s t i c i t y, h o m e o s t a s i s a n D v i o l e n c e<br />
Pierre Magistretti<br />
Professor of Neuroscience - Director, Brain Mind Institute, <strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Director of the Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University<br />
of Lausanne Medical School and Hospital (CHUV)<br />
http://bmi.epfl.ch/page61215.html<br />
Prof. Magistretti’s laboratory has discovered some of the cellular<br />
and molecular mechanisms that underlie the coupling between<br />
neuronal activity and energy consumption by the brain.<br />
He is strongly engaged in public understanding of neuroscience<br />
and in establishing links betweens neuroscience and psychoanalysis.<br />
He has occupied an International Chair 2007-08<br />
of the Collège de France, Paris. He is member of Academia Europea<br />
and of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences. He is the<br />
Past-President of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies<br />
(FENS) and Vice-Chairman of the European Dana Alliance<br />
for the Brain (EDAB).<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ne u r o n a l p l a s t i c i t y, h o m e o s t a s i s a n D v i o l e n c e<br />
Inga D. Neumann<br />
Professor, Head Department of Behavioural and Molecular<br />
Neuroendocrinology University of Regensburg, Germany<br />
http://www.biologie.uni-regensburg.de/Zoologie/Neumann/index.htm<br />
Her main research interest focuses on uncovering molecular,<br />
neuronal and neuroendocrine parameters linked to complex social<br />
and emotional behaviours, including intermale aggression,<br />
depression- and anxiety-related behaviours, social phobia and<br />
social cognition as well as maternal care and aggression. Using<br />
animal models, she studies interactions between genetic<br />
and early environmental events shaping adult stress-related<br />
behaviours.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ge n e t i c a n D e a r l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s s h a p i n g a D u l t m a l e a g g r e s s i o n<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
16<br />
Jaap M. Koolhaas<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Professor in Behavioral Physiology, University of Groningen,<br />
The Netherlands<br />
http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoeker/PRS1237036/<br />
His research aims to unravel the behavioral and physiological<br />
mechanisms by which animals (rodents) adapt to challenges<br />
in their social environment. Specifically, his group studies<br />
both the causes and the consequences of intermale aggressive<br />
behavior. The research tries to understand the interaction<br />
between social environmental demands and the individual<br />
capacity to cope with these demands in terms of behavior and<br />
physiology (coping style). The results of his studies are relevant<br />
for understanding the interaction between personality<br />
and environmental factors in the development of violence and<br />
depression.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ag g r e s s i o n a n D vi o l e n c e in a n i m a l s; r o l e o f p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s<br />
Carmen Sandi<br />
Professor, Head of Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics<br />
Brain Mind Institute <strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
http://lgc.epfl.ch/<br />
Carmen Sandi is interested in understanding how stress affects<br />
brain function, behavior and cognition. Her work has implicated<br />
stress hormones and associated pathways in the modulation of<br />
learning and memory. Her recent work focuses on the impact<br />
of stress on social dominance hierarchies and aggressive behaviour.<br />
Her lab is also devoted to develop cognitive enhancers<br />
and new drug treatments for stress-related mood and anxiety<br />
disorders.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: st r e s s a s a g e n e r a t o r o f s o c i a l i m b a l a n c e<br />
Carmen Sandi, M. Isabel Cordero, Cristina Marquez, Marjan Timmer<br />
Mark Levine<br />
Professor of Psychology at the Lancaster University, UK<br />
http://www.psych.lancs.ac.uk/people/MarkLevine.html<br />
Mark Levine’s research, in the behaviour of bystanders in emergencies<br />
has integrated classic work on bystander intervention<br />
with more recent developments in the social psychology of<br />
group behaviour. His research uses a variety of quantitative<br />
and qualitative methods to explore bystander behaviour at the<br />
group level, with a particular interest on analysing ‘real life’<br />
behavioural data, or at least trying to study behaviour in ‘real<br />
time’. Recently, he has been working on an analysis of CCTV<br />
footage of violent incidents in the night-time economy.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: gr o u p s , by s t a n D e r s a n D t h e in f o r m a l re g u l a t i o n o f vi o l e n c e
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: ??<br />
Mel Slater<br />
Professor of Virtual Environments Department of Computer<br />
Science University College London, UK<br />
http://www.event-lab.org<br />
Mel Slater carries out research in immersive virtual reality -<br />
systems that incorporate a participant into a virtual space that<br />
is created by computer displays. His research covers both the<br />
technical aspects, such as creating new display methods, and<br />
new forms of interaction, and also the scientific side, in order<br />
to understand how people respond to being inside a virtual reality.<br />
His main application interests are in the use virtual reality<br />
in aspects of neuroscience and psychotherapy. In 2005 he<br />
was awarded the Virtual Reality Career Award by IEEE Virtual<br />
Reality.<br />
Lee Alan Dugatkin<br />
Professor and Distinguished University Scholar, Department of<br />
Biology, University of Louisville, USA<br />
http://louisville.edu/~laduga01/dugatkin.htm<br />
Prof. Lee Alan Dugatkin’s main area of research interest is the<br />
evolution of social behavior. He is currently studying the evolution<br />
of cooperation, the evolution of aggression, the interaction<br />
between genetic and cultural evolution, the evolution<br />
of disease virulence, the evolution of antibiotic resistance and<br />
the evolution of risk-taking behavior. He is the author of seven<br />
books on evolution and behavior, and has published over 120<br />
articles in highly regarded scientific journals.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: wi n n e r s , l o s e r s a n D b y s t a n D e r s : t h e s t r u c t u r e o f D o m i n a n c e h i e r a r c h i e s<br />
Albert Rizzo<br />
Professor, Institute for Creative Technologies University of<br />
Southern California, USA<br />
http://www.usc.edu/schools/medicine/departments/cell_neurobiology/research/isnsrrizzo_pres.htmll<br />
Albert Rizzo conducts research on virtual applications that use<br />
360 Degree Panoramic video for exposure therapy (social phobia),<br />
role-playing applications, anger management, etc.), journalism<br />
studies and digital media art creation. He also conducts<br />
research to study of how virtual reality simulation technology<br />
can be usefully applied to serve the needs of the user/client/<br />
patient in a manner that goes beyond what is available with<br />
traditional 20th Century tools and methods. His latest project<br />
has focused on an exposure therapy application for combatrelated<br />
PTSD with Iraq War veterans.<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong> Title: re-e X p o s u r e t o co m b a t in vi r t u a l re a l i t y a s a tr e a t m e n t f o r ptsD<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Discussants<br />
Didier Trono<br />
18<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Professor, Dean of Life Science Faculty <strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
http://tronolab.epfl.ch/<br />
His research focuses on interactions between viral pathogens<br />
and their hosts, and on the exploration of genetics from both<br />
fundamental and therapeutic perspectives. More recently, he<br />
has become interested on the study of epigenetic mechanisms<br />
regulating brain function and behavior and has started a research<br />
programme addressed to ascertain genomic and epigenomic<br />
mechanisms linked to differences in personality traits<br />
and stress vulnerability. For the last four years, has been serving<br />
as deputy director of the Swiss National Science Foundation<br />
“Frontiers in Genetics” Center of Excellence.<br />
Ronald de Kloet<br />
Professor of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University The<br />
Netherlands<br />
http://www.medicalpharmacology.leidenuniv.nl/<br />
Ron de Kloet is a work leader in the field of neuroendocrinology<br />
of stress and adaptation. He received the 2008 Lifetime<br />
Achievement Award of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology,<br />
the 2007 Award of the European College<br />
of Neuropsychopharmacology and the 2005 Geoffrey Harris<br />
Award of the European Federation of Endocrine Societies. In<br />
2004 he was awarded the prestigious Academy Professorship<br />
of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, one<br />
of the highest scientific accolades in The Netherlands. He has<br />
published more than 550 articles on the topic and 6 books.<br />
Alexander Butchart<br />
Prevention of Violence Coordinator, WHO, Switzerland<br />
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/en/<br />
Dr. Alexander Butchart’s responsibilities at WHO include coordinating<br />
the Global Campaign for Violence Prevention, the development<br />
of policy for the prevention of interpersonal violence,<br />
preparation of guidelines for the prevention of specific types of<br />
interpersonal violence, and the coordination of research into<br />
various aspects of interpersonal violence and its prevention.<br />
Prior to joining WHO, he worked mainly in Southern and East<br />
Africa, where he was lead scientist in the South African Violence<br />
and Injury Surveillance Consortium, and participated in<br />
training violence and injury prevention workers from a number<br />
of African countries.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
Olaf Blanke<br />
Professor, Head Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience Brain<br />
Mind Institute <strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
http://lnco.epfl.ch/<br />
Olaf Blanke’s research focuses on cognitive and social neuroscience<br />
and the role of different sensory systems and the motor<br />
systems in bodily self-consciousness. Projects rely on the investigation<br />
of healthy subjects as well as neurological patients<br />
combining psychophysical and cognitive paradigms with state<br />
of the art neuroimaging techniques such as intracranial electroencephalography<br />
(EEG), surface EEG, and functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. His most recent research on bodily<br />
self consciousness has integrated full-body tracking and other<br />
technologies from the field of virtual reality with cognitive science<br />
and neuroimaging.<br />
Daniel Schechter<br />
Professor, Department of Psychiatry Columbia University<br />
Medical Center<br />
http://asp.cumc.columbia.edu/facdb/profile_list.asp?uni=dss11&DepAffil=Ps<br />
ychiatry<br />
Daniel Schechter’s focuses on the effects of mothers’violencerelated<br />
posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) on their functioning<br />
as caregivers. In further examining the impact on the children’s<br />
development of stress reactivity, psychiatric symptoms,<br />
and mental representations of self and other prospectively,<br />
his team hopes to understand how psychosocial interventions<br />
might more effectively target and interrupt intergenerational<br />
cycles of violence and related psychopathology.<br />
Philippe Cotter<br />
University of Geneva<br />
http://www.eclectica.ch/<br />
Philippe Cotter’s research initially focused on collective violence<br />
within the parameters of traditional historical analysis.<br />
Then, intellectual curiosity incited him to look at other forms of<br />
extreme violence. He found a number of similarities between<br />
the psychology of the serial killer and that of political extremists,<br />
the Nazi leaders in particular. His field of study then extended<br />
to include terrorist violence in the wake of 9/11, making<br />
use of all relevant scientific disciplines. His subsequent publications<br />
are the result of the unexpected convergence between<br />
the functioning of individual and collective forms of extreme<br />
violence. His latest book is La vengeance des humiliés (written<br />
with Gilbert Holleufer).<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
20<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Round Table Panellists<br />
Hans-Peter Schmoll-Flockerzie<br />
AHBasel Krisentintervention für Jugendliche, Basel<br />
http://psychologie.ahbasel.ch/index_html?content=Team<br />
Hans-Peter Schmoll-Flockerzie is Psychologists specialized in<br />
Clinical Psychology, Criminology, Behavioral Therapy and Supervision.<br />
He treats violent adolescents with the method of Anti-Aggressivitäts-Training<br />
AAT © and Coolness Training CT. He<br />
gives courses of AAT/CT to tutors and teachers in the Institute<br />
of Confrontational Pedagogy IK-S (www.ik-s.ch).<br />
Stephen Thomas<br />
Security Officer for UEFA and Assistant Chief Constable British<br />
Transport Police<br />
Security Officer for UEFA and Assistant Chief Constable British Transport<br />
Police<br />
Stephen has performed his UEFA role in many European countries<br />
for club competitions and the European Championships<br />
of 2004 and 2008. He was a Syndicate Director for the UEFA<br />
Safety and Security Education <strong>Program</strong>me.<br />
He provides advice to those hosting international football tournaments,<br />
club competition final games and on measures improve<br />
safety and security. His policing role includes being the<br />
head of Football Policing in the UK, where he works closely<br />
with football authorities, clubs and police organizations to reduce<br />
violence in football, as well as leading English Police Delegations<br />
to other European countries for national team and club<br />
games.<br />
Bruno Gravier<br />
Head of the Service de Médecine et Psychiatrie Pénitentiaires<br />
Associate Professor/Psychiatry Department/ Centre Hospitaler<br />
Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne<br />
http://www.chuv.ch/psy/smpp.htm<br />
Bruno Gravier has devote himself to the developpment of medical<br />
and psychiatric care in correctional facilities. He has created<br />
in the CHUV of Lausanne a specific service for treating<br />
mentally ill offenders inside the prisons of the Canton de Vaud.<br />
His main fields of interest and research are the assessment of<br />
dangerousness, the treatment of sexual offenders and the articulation<br />
between care and law in a forensic field. He his president<br />
of the swiss association of doctors working in prison and<br />
vice president of the Swiss Forensic Psychiatry Society.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Speakers, Discussants and Round Table Panelists<br />
Gregoire Rubovszky<br />
Head of Emergency Psychiatry Service, HCUGE, Geneva<br />
Dr Gregoire Rubovszky is leading the emergency psychiatry unit<br />
in Geneva. He was consultant in the Interdisciplinary Consultation<br />
of Medicine and Prevention of Violence. He is in charge of<br />
the PTSD consultation team inside the consultation liaison and<br />
he is also contributing for the Consultation for Victims of Tortures<br />
and War.<br />
Christopher Mikton<br />
Technical Officer, Prevention of Violence Unit, WHO,<br />
Switzerland<br />
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/about/whos_who/mikton/<br />
en/index.html<br />
Dr Mikton’s work at WHO focuses on promoting the integration<br />
of violence prevention activities in Official Development<br />
Assistance agency programmes; the prevention of child maltreatment;<br />
maintaining the Violence Prevention Alliance secretariat;<br />
and evaluating the effectiveness of violence prevention<br />
interventions. Before joining WHO’s Violence Prevention Team,<br />
he worked as Clinical Scientist for the UK Ministry of Justice<br />
and Department of Health’s Dangerous and Severe Personality<br />
Disorder <strong>Program</strong>me, primarily conducting research on the effectiveness<br />
of the programme.<br />
Jakob Lund<br />
Director of the SMART programs in Scandinavia.<br />
http://www.artofliving.org/<br />
Jacob Lund teaches breathing techniques (SMART) as a deep<br />
therapy for releasing anger and negative emotions. Jacob is<br />
instructor in marshal art and conducts courses inside and outside<br />
prison for persons who have problems with drugs, crime<br />
and violent behaviour; and for prison staff, psychologist, social<br />
workers and other persons involved in this area. The first<br />
SMART course was taught in Denmark, in the beginning of the<br />
year 2000. The affectivity of the courses is now being recognized<br />
by the Danish Department of Justice and the municipality<br />
(local authority).<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
22<br />
Marie-Claude Hofner<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
Medical doctor - Violence Medical Unit - University Center of<br />
Legal Medicine Western Switzerland – University Department<br />
of Community Medicine. Lausanne – Switzerland.<br />
http://www.artofliving.org/<br />
Marie-Claude Hofner is a medical doctor specialised in public<br />
health. Since 1998 she is directing an interdisciplinary prevention<br />
program of interpersonal violence, which lead to the<br />
creation of the Violence Medical Unit (VMU) of the University<br />
Hospital Centre of Lausanne. The VMU is an original example<br />
of medico-legal and community oriented service for adults victims<br />
of violence. She is also currently deputy to represent Switzerland<br />
within the European network “Violence and Injury Prevention”<br />
of the Whorl Health Organisation.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
Part 1: Speaker <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
23
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-1<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
De v e l o p m e n t a l t r a j e c t o r i e s o f h u m a n p h y s i -<br />
c a l v i o l e n c e a n D t h e i r D e t e r m i n a n t s : fr o m<br />
g e n e s t o s o c i a l p o l i c y (o r v i c e v e r s a)<br />
Tremblay, Richard E.<br />
Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment University<br />
of Montreal, Canada<br />
The aim of this presentation is to summarize recent results on:<br />
1. developmental trajectories of physical aggression from birth to adulthood;<br />
2. long term outcomes of early chronic physical aggression;<br />
3. genetic and environmental (physical and social) risk factors of chronic<br />
physical aggression;<br />
4. genetic and environmental mechanisms leading to chronic physical aggression;<br />
5. effectiveness of preventive interventions;<br />
6. implications of the 5 previous topics for the prevention of chronic physical<br />
aggression. The presentation will conclude with examples of new experiments<br />
for advancing knowledge on preventable causal mechanisms.<br />
25
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-2<br />
26<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
th e n e u r o b i o l o g y o f impulsivity a n D a g g r e ss<br />
i o n in aDhD<br />
Lesch, Klaus-Peter<br />
Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics, and Psychotherapy,<br />
University of Würzburg, Germany<br />
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; MIM #143465) is defined<br />
as a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental syndrome comprising the<br />
triad of inattention, hyperactivity and increased impulsivity. It is the most<br />
common behavioral disorder in children with persistence into adulthood<br />
which profoundly compromises functioning in multiple areas throughout<br />
the life span and can significantly contribute to a variety of health, social,<br />
and economic problems. Affected individuals are at increased risk for poor<br />
educational and occupational achievement despite normal cognitive and<br />
intellectual abilities, low income, underemployment, impaired social skills<br />
and relationships, family dysfunction, legal difficulties, and delinquency. On<br />
the other hand, high IQ and a highly supportive, wellstructured family environment<br />
are protective factors against ADHD-related behavioral limitations.<br />
While an age-dependent fading may render symptoms not prominent<br />
enough to justify diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood, they are frequently associated<br />
with clinically significant impairment of cognitive and executive<br />
functions as well as stress coping and emotion regulation. As a result, adult<br />
ADHD is characterized by high co-morbidity with depression, anxiety disorders,<br />
alcohol/drug dependence, and antisocial personality disorders.<br />
Twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies revealed that ADHD is a highly<br />
heritable disorder (h2: 70–80%) with a multifactorial pattern of inheritance,<br />
likely due to several genes of small or moderate effect size. Genom-wide linkage<br />
and microarray-based association and copy number variation analyses<br />
identified several susceptibility loci and risk genes. Frequency and ancestry<br />
of the susceptibility variants are consistent with the concept that traits associated<br />
with the ADHD phenotype have been subject to positive selection<br />
and that ADHD is the extreme of a normal variation exacerbated by adverse<br />
environmental circumstances. With focus on relevance to pathophysiological<br />
and pharmacotherapeutic mechanisms, the candidate gene approach<br />
has also been utilized in case-control or family-based studies. Investigations<br />
concentrated on genes which modulate synaptic transmission and association<br />
with ADHD was detected for genes encoding key modulators of<br />
the dopaminergic and serotonergic signalling pathways. Moreover, gene<br />
targeting approaches, e.g. generation of knockout mice, provide informative<br />
insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of locomotor hyperactivity<br />
and effects of psychostimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate or cocaine.<br />
Finally, complex interactions are to be expected between environmental<br />
factors and multiple genes each with a small to moderate influence on different<br />
traits. Perinatal complications, low socio-economic status, disruptive<br />
family environment and other psychosocial adversity have been identified
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-2<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
th e n e u r o b i o l o g y o f impulsivity a n D a g g r e ss<br />
i o n in aDhD (co n t i n u e D )<br />
Lesch, Klaus-Peter<br />
Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics, and Psychotherapy,<br />
University of Würzburg, Germany<br />
as predisposing environmental risk factors. While prenatal and parental risk<br />
factors may be critical mediators of influences on the risk, the association<br />
between these variables and ADHD is generally indirect.<br />
Converging evidence from animal and human studies including structural<br />
and functional neuroimaging implicates dysregulation of prefrontal–striatal–<br />
thalamic– cerebellar excitatory and inhibitory circuits with broadening to a<br />
multi-pathway framework in the pathophysiology of ADHD. It is widely accepted<br />
that ADHD is the common final behavioral consequence of an array<br />
of dysfunctions in each of several independent systems, such as cognitive,<br />
motivational, and executive pathways, as well as circuitries of stress adaptation<br />
and emotion regulation. Executive functions, which consist of a set<br />
of higher order thought processes required for adaptive and future-oriented<br />
behavior (e.g. deliberate suppression of a response to achieve a later, internally<br />
represented goal) and are controlled by frontal-subcortical circuits,<br />
include behavioral inhibition, working memory, attention setshifting, interference<br />
control, planning, and sustained attention. Impairment of executive<br />
functions with failure of inhibitory control; dysregulation of brain systems<br />
mediating reward and response cost; and deficits in arousal, activation,<br />
and effortful control, are central to the pattern of neuropsychological deficits.<br />
Deficits in arousal and effort lead to state-dependent cognitive deficits<br />
and underscore the view of an impairment in regulating cognitive functions<br />
rather than core deficits in any single function. Inattention but not hyperactivity/impulsivity<br />
is associated with deficits in executive functioning and<br />
poor academic achievement, whereas hyperactivity/impulsivity appears to<br />
be more closely related to dysfunctions of reward mechanisms.<br />
Functional neuroimaging studies have assessed the degree of brain activation<br />
associated with neuropsychological tasks of attention and disinhibition.<br />
The findings are consistent with the structural studies indicating delays in<br />
brain maturation processes and locating abnormalities of brain activation<br />
in patients with ADHD in fronto–subcortical–cerebellar circuits. Since the<br />
spectrum of ADHD features is not explained by a single neuropsychological<br />
deficit, disorder-associated impairments are heterogeneous and this complexity<br />
corresponds with causal heterogeneity. Despite recognition of ADHD<br />
as a neurodevelopmental condition, only few causal explanations have considered<br />
the two-way interactions between pre-existing abnormal functioning<br />
and biological, cognitive, emotional, motor and social developmental processes,<br />
and their contribution to the expression of the clinical phenotype.<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-3<br />
28<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ag g r e s s i o n, s e r o t o n i n , a n D g e n e X e n v i r o n -<br />
m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s<br />
Suomi, Stephen J.<br />
Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, the National Institute of<br />
Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes<br />
of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland<br />
Recent research has disclosed marked individual differences in patterns<br />
of biobehavioral development exhibited by rhesus monkeys across the life<br />
span. For example, approximately 5-10% of rhesus monkeys growing up in<br />
the wild consistently exhibit impulsive and/or inappropriately aggressive responses<br />
to mildly stressful situations throughout development; those same<br />
individuals also show chronic deficits in their central serotonin metabolism.<br />
These characteristic patterns of biobehavioral response emerge early in life<br />
and remain remarkably stable from infancy to adulthood. Laboratory studies<br />
have demonstrated that although these characteristics are highly heritable,<br />
they are also subject to major modification by specific early experiences,<br />
particularly those involving early social attachment relationships.<br />
For example, a specific polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene<br />
is associated with deficits in serotonin metabolism, extreme aggression,<br />
and excessive alcohol consumption among monkeys who have experienced<br />
insecure early attachment relationships but not in monkeys who have developed<br />
secure attachment relationships with their mothers during infancy<br />
(“maternal buffering”). Moreover, because the attachment style of a monkey<br />
mother is typically “copied” by her daughters when they grow up and<br />
become mothers themselves, similar buffering is likely to occur for the next<br />
generation of infants carrying that specific polymorphism.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-4<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
th e ev o l u t i o n an D aD a p t i v e fu n c t i o n s o f<br />
an g e r , ag g r e s s i o n a n D vi o l e n c e<br />
Blanchard, Caroline<br />
Pacific Biosciences Research Center, and Dept. of Genetics and<br />
Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University<br />
of Hawaii<br />
Evolutionary analyses of behavior begin with information indicating that the<br />
behavior in question is present, to varying degrees, in individuals within a<br />
species; that it can be analyzed in terms of antecedent conditions and probable<br />
outcomes in situations similar to those in which the species evolved;<br />
and that there is evidence of a genetic influence on that behavior. Additional<br />
factors, such as relatively consistent sex or age-based modulation of<br />
that behavior may contribute to the specificity and rigor of analysis.<br />
For aggression and violence, long regarded as aberrant behaviors, all of<br />
these conditions are met. Under a wide range of known conditions, aggression<br />
and some other forms of violence may be highly adaptive responses,<br />
for both the aggressive individual and its relatives. This talk will examine<br />
the circumstances eliciting or facilitating different aspects of aggression and<br />
violence, across mammalian species, with attention to factors such as resource<br />
competition, bodily threats to the individual, weapon systems, social<br />
structures, and age and sex differences. While the focus will be on nonhuman<br />
mammals, application of information from such species may be applied<br />
to aggression and violence in people. The human experience of anger<br />
is strongly associated with some forms of aggression, as well as aggressive<br />
motivations that may not be expressed in actions. Anger may therefore<br />
provide insights into the situations that elicit aggression and violence in<br />
humans, and the goals with which it is associated, as well as social, demographic,<br />
and individual factors that contribute to the inhibition of overt aggression<br />
and violence.<br />
29
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-5<br />
30<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
a r o l e f o r a r g i n i n e v a s o p r e s s i n a n D<br />
o X y t o c i n in s h a p i n g h u m a n s o c i a l b e h a v i o r<br />
Ebstein, Richard<br />
Psychology Department Hebrew University and Herzog Hospital<br />
Jerusalem Israel<br />
Increasing evidence suggests that two nonapeptides, arginine vasopressin<br />
and oxytocin, shape human social behavior in both nonclinical and clinical<br />
subjects. We will discuss evidence that in autism spectrum disorders genetic<br />
polymorphisms in the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a), the oxytocin<br />
receptor (OXTR), CD38 and neurophysin I & II contribute to deficits<br />
in socialization skills in this group of patients. Additionally, we will present<br />
molecular genetic evidence that in nonclinical subjects both the AVPR1a and<br />
OXTR receptors contribute to prosocial or altruistic behavior inventoried by<br />
two experimental paradigms, the Dictator Game and Social Values Orientation.<br />
We will further discuss the strategy of employing experimental economic<br />
games combined with molecular genetics towards understanding the<br />
social brain. Finally, we will present evidence that intranasal administration<br />
of vasopressin increases social stress using the Trier Social Stress Test.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-6<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
ne u r o g e n e t i c a n D n e u r o h o r m o n a l m e c h a -<br />
n i s m s o f p r o s o c i a l a n D a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r<br />
Meyer -Lindenberg, Andreas<br />
Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany<br />
Well-being and survival in primates, including humans, depends critically<br />
on social interactions, and disturbed social behavior is a key component of<br />
diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. However,<br />
little is known about specific neurobiological factors shaping the human social<br />
brain. Since many aspects of social function are highly heritable (4), we<br />
have adopted a genetic approach to identify molecular and systems-level<br />
mechanisms of social cognition in humans. Studies in Williams Syndrome, a<br />
genetic condition with pronounced hypersociability, identified abnormal prefrontal<br />
regulation of amygdala as a neural substrate of social fear regulation<br />
under genetic control. Studies of candidate gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR,<br />
MAOA vNTR) impacting on personality, aggressive behavior, and emotional<br />
regulation modulate on similar circuitry. In animals, oxytocin and vasopressin<br />
are key mediators of complex emotional and social behaviors, reduce<br />
anxiety and impact on fear conditioning and extinction. Recently, oxytocin<br />
administration in humans was shown to increase trust, suggesting involvement<br />
of the amygdala, a central component of the neurocircuitry of fear and<br />
social cognition that has been linked to trust and highly expresses oxytocin<br />
receptors in many mammals. We report on functional neuroimaging studies<br />
in healthy human subjects. In males receiving oxytocin or placebo, oxytocin<br />
potently reduced activation of the amygdala and reduced coupling of<br />
the amygdala to brainstem regions implicated in autonomic and behavioral<br />
manifestations of fear. We also report on imaging genetic studies characterizing<br />
the effects of genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A)<br />
and the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), implicated in risk for autism, on<br />
brain structure and function related to emotional regulation and social behavior.<br />
Taken together, the results suggest neural mechanisms for social<br />
cognition in the human brain that begin to define mechanisms for both pro-<br />
and antisocial behavior as well as molecular approaches to modulate and<br />
treat these behaviors.<br />
31
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-7<br />
32<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ty p e s o f a g g r e s s i o n a n D t y p e s o f b r a i n<br />
m e c h a n i s m s . th e r o l e o f g l u c o c o r t i c o i D s<br />
Haller, Joseph<br />
Behavioural Neurobiology Department Institute of Experimental<br />
Medicine Budapest, Hungary<br />
Aggression is a behavioral mechanism of competition, which consists of acts<br />
that are aimed at or threat with, inflicting physical harm in social conflict.<br />
Aggressiveness is expressed by all species that are endowed with appropriate<br />
motor skills and neural systems. As such, this behavior cannot be considered<br />
abnormal per se. Yet, aggressiveness constitutes a major problem<br />
in human societies. Those manifestations of aggression that raise the largest<br />
concerns either loose their competitive role (they are internally driven<br />
rather than goal oriented) or disregard social rules, for which reasons they<br />
cannot be considered normal any more. Not surprisingly, such abnormal<br />
manifestations of aggressiveness usually occur in the context of various<br />
psychological disorders.<br />
We argue here that the neural control of normal and abnormal aggression<br />
is different, and changes in glucocorticoid secretion patterns are among the<br />
factors that underlie the behavioral and neural shifts that lead to abnormal<br />
aggression. This proposal will be substantiated by laboratory studies<br />
involving models of abnormal aggression. We will show that factors that<br />
lead to psychopathology-associated abnormal aggression in humans result<br />
in the development of abnormal aggression patterns in laboratory rodents.<br />
Among the eliciting factors, the ones that affect glucocorticoid secretion<br />
will be in focus. We will also show that the neural control of such abnormal<br />
aggression patterns is different from the one that underlies male rivalry aggression,<br />
which can be considered normal in laboratory rodents. Important<br />
differences were found at many levels of the neuronal circuitry that controls<br />
aggression, e.g. in the prefrontal cortex, septum, extended amygdala,<br />
hypothalamus, and brainstem. We will also show that normal and abnormal<br />
aggression responds differently to pharmacological agents, suggesting that<br />
agents that decrease rivalry aggression will not necessarily decrease abnormal<br />
manifestations of aggressiveness. We suggest that different types of<br />
human aggression need different pharmacological approaches.<br />
Our findings demonstrate that aggression is not a unitary phenomenon,<br />
neither in terms of behavioral manifestations nor in terms of neural control.<br />
A differentiated view on these phenomena offers the chance of a deeper<br />
understanding and may enable the development more efficient treatment<br />
strategies.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-8<br />
th e vi o l e n c e o f in e q u a l i t y<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
Wilkinson, Richard<br />
University of Nottingham Medical School, UK; International Centre<br />
for Health and Society, University College London<br />
Rates of violence and homicide in societies are part of a wider pattern of social<br />
dysfunction. If you look at rich countries and compare life expectancy,<br />
mental health, homicide rates, conflict between school children, teenage<br />
birth rates, drug abuse, obesity rates, levels of trust or the strength of community<br />
life, you find that countries which tend to do well on one of these<br />
measures tend to do well on all of them, and the ones which do badly, do<br />
badly on all of them. What accounts for the difference?<br />
The key seems to be the amount of inequality in each society. The picture is<br />
consistent whether we compare rich countries or the 50 states of the USA.<br />
It seems likely that the extent of income inequality in each society serves<br />
as a determinant and expression of the scale and importance of social class<br />
stratification. The greater the inequality, the greater the status competition<br />
and the more prevalent are all the problems associated with relative<br />
deprivation. However, although the amount of inequality has its greatest<br />
effect on rates of problems among the poor, its affects extend to almost all<br />
income groups reducing levels of well-being among the vast majority of the<br />
population.<br />
Inequality has always been regarded as socially corrosive. Now comparisons<br />
between rich market democracies show that even small differences in<br />
inequality affect the quality of social relations in society at large. Research<br />
on the social determinants of health provides some pointers to why are we<br />
so sensitive to inequality: it increases status insecurity, raises the “social<br />
evaluative threat” and heightens issues of respect and disrespect. Particularly<br />
important are the effects of low social status, poor friendship networks<br />
and early childhood experience. These affect forms of psychosocial insecurity,<br />
anxiety and people’s sense of whether they are valued and appreciated.<br />
Through these pathways inequality not only affects social relation within a<br />
society, but also leads to differences in international relations.<br />
33
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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34<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
mi c r o-s i t u a t i o n a l a n t e c e D e n t s o f v i o l e n t<br />
a t r o c i t y<br />
Klusemann, Stefan<br />
Sociology MA, University of Pennsylvania, USA<br />
My paper presents an analysis of video-recordings showing micro-situational<br />
events that preceded the 1995 Srebrenica massacre in which more<br />
than 7,000 Bosnian-Muslim men were killed by troops of the Bosnian Serb<br />
Army. The paper focuses on the sequential unfolding of micro-interactions<br />
and emotional dynamics that preceded the atrocity. It is argued that micro-interactions<br />
constitute situational turning points towards, or away from<br />
atrocities. Even if there are pre-planned plots or macro-structural background<br />
conditions which lead particular persons to be motivated to commit<br />
violence, a micro-situational, emotional momentum is needed for atrocities<br />
to occur. The paper breaks new ground methodologically by analyzing video-material<br />
in violent situations with Paul Ekman’s research tools and the<br />
micro-sociological theories of Randall Collins, Jack Katz, Theodore Kemper,<br />
and Thomas Scheff.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-10<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
ba l a n c i n g r i s k s a n D r e w a r D s: t h e l o g i c<br />
o f v i o l e n c e<br />
Broom, Mark<br />
Department of Mathematics University of Sussex, UK<br />
The use of violence is widespread throughout the natural world, prominent<br />
examples being predatory violence between species, seasonal violent competition<br />
for mating rights and territories within species and competition for<br />
food both within and between species. These interactions are generally between<br />
unrelated individuals with no social connection. There are, however,<br />
also examples of violent behaviour which occurs within groups of individuals<br />
who otherwise cooperate to live, have significant social bonds and may<br />
also be related, and that is the primary focus of this talk. Examples are in<br />
the establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies, or in infanticide,<br />
where (usually) incoming males attempt to kill existing infants in a<br />
group. Such violence can at first sight seem paradoxical, but in fact is often<br />
perfectly logical from the perspective of the individual perpetrating the<br />
violence, as distinct from the group as a whole. We discuss such situations<br />
from the point of view of evolutionary game theory, and also touch on wider<br />
questions of intraspecific violence in general.<br />
35
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-11<br />
36<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
se X u a l s e l e c t i o n a s a n e X p l a n a t i o n o f<br />
h u m a n s e X D i f f e r e n c e s in a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Archer, John<br />
The Aggression Research Group University of Central Lancashire,<br />
UK<br />
Darwin proposed that human sex differences in aggression arose from sexual<br />
selection, principally male competition. In psychology, there has been a<br />
long tradition of environmentally-based explanations, currently represented<br />
by social role theory. Both approaches are outlined, including recent formulations<br />
that address variability and flexibility within a broadly biological<br />
framework. Meta-analytic summaries show that the magnitude of the sex<br />
difference increases in magnitude with the degree of risk involved, consistent<br />
with a sexual selection view emphasizing more risky male than female<br />
competition. Sex differences in physical aggression are found early in life,<br />
and peak in young adulthood, again consistent with an evolutionary origin.<br />
Likely mediators of the sex difference are greater female fear of physical<br />
danger, greater male impulsiveness, and greater female empathy, all of<br />
which fit both a sexual selection and a social role interpretation. Greater<br />
male than female variability in physical aggression is consistent with an<br />
alternative life history perspective derived from sexual selection; variability<br />
according to the internalization of social roles is consistent with a social role<br />
view. Both ecologically-produced and role-related variability are consistent<br />
with both explanations. Overall, there is considerable evidence consistent<br />
with a sexual selection origin for human sex differences in aggression, and<br />
some evidence that social roles influence immediate causation. A range<br />
of other sex differences places these differences in aggression within the<br />
context of an adaptive complex, consistent with humans being a sexuallyselected<br />
species. A very different pattern of sex differences is found for<br />
between-sex aggression in western samples, in particular between partners:<br />
women and men are equally likely to physically aggress. There is considerable<br />
cross-national variability, which is highly correlated with gender<br />
empowerment. An evolutionary origin for partner violence is proposed, in<br />
terms of the conflicts of interest and inequality of coercive power between<br />
the sexes, with societal gender roles accounting for cross-national variability.<br />
The evidence therefore indicates a different operation of evolutionary<br />
and social forces according to sex of the opponent. Overall, sexual selection<br />
provides the most comprehensive explanation for same-sex aggression<br />
and a mix of evolutionary-based conflicts of interest and social roles for<br />
between-sex aggression.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-12<br />
criminal ps y c h o p a t h y : as s e s s m e n t,<br />
vi o l e n c e , a n D ne u r o s c i e n c e<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
Kiehl, Kent<br />
Mobile Imaging Core and Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience,<br />
Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico<br />
Psychopathy is a personality disorder that includes interpersonal and affective<br />
traits such as glibness, lack of empathy, guilt or remorse, shallow affect,<br />
and irresponsibility, and behavioral characteristics such as impulsivity,<br />
poor behavioral control, and promiscuity. Individuals with psychopathy constitute<br />
approximately 20% of incarcerated populations. Longitudinal studies<br />
have shown that psychopaths commit a disproportionate amount of violent<br />
crime. Recently we have deployed a one-of-a-kind mobile MRI system to<br />
study psychopathy in incarcerated populations. Brain imaging results from<br />
our first 500 offenders will be presented.<br />
37
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-13<br />
38<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ge t t i n g t h e p h e n o t y p e s r i g h t : th e<br />
e s s e n t i a l i n g r e D i e n t t o u n D e r s t a n D i n g<br />
a e t i o l o g i c a l m e c h a n i s m s a n D D e v e l o p i n g<br />
e f f e c t i v e t r e a t m e n t s<br />
Hodgins, Sheilagh<br />
Institute of Psychiatry King’s College, University of London<br />
UK<br />
The population of individuals who as adults engage in persistent physical<br />
violence towards others is not homogeneous. The available evidence suggests<br />
that it includes at least three sub-groups. While all of the sub-groups<br />
display an early-onset pattern of antisocial behaviour that remains stable<br />
across the life-span, the sub-groups differ in behaviour, mental disorders,<br />
personality traits, emotion processing, cognitive abilities, attentional processes,<br />
and stress reactivity. These differences emerge at an early age and<br />
the sub-groups appear to remain distinct from childhood through adulthood.<br />
Yet, knowledge of the development of these sub-groups of individuals<br />
who become persistent violent offenders is very limited. Consequently,<br />
inadequate characterization of participants in investigations of genes that<br />
confer vulnerability for persistent violent behaviour, of brain structure and<br />
function, and in studies of the links between specific genes and brain structure<br />
and function limits the meaningfulness of the results. Accurate characterization<br />
of sub-groups of persistently violent individuals, at each developmental<br />
stage, is necessary in order to elucidate the complex mechanisms<br />
through the course of development that lead to an adult who persistently<br />
engages in violent behaviour towards others. Without understanding these<br />
developmental mechanisms, the establishment of effective prevention and<br />
treatment programmes is not likely.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-14<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
mu l t i m o D a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f g e n e t i c<br />
r i s k m e c h a n i s m s f o r impulsive a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Buckholtz, Joshua W.<br />
Neuroscience Vanderbilt Brain Institute Department of Psychology<br />
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA<br />
It has long been noted that antisocial traits and behaviors tend to run in<br />
families. More recently, family, adoption and twin studies have confirmed the<br />
heritability of antisocial aggression, demonstrating that genetic influences<br />
are in great part responsible for its intergenerational transmission. However,<br />
even for the most promising candidate gene for antisociality – MAOA<br />
– statistical genetic associations to disorders of aggression are often weak<br />
and inconsistent. By contrast, a robust and replicated gene-by-environment<br />
interaction has been demonstrated between childhood maltreatment and<br />
allelic variation in the MAOA promoter¸ with markedly higher rates of antisocial<br />
behavior found in male carriers of a low expressing allele (MAOA-L)<br />
who have been abused as children. I will present neuroimaging evidence<br />
that the MAOA-L allele is associated with profound alterations in the structure<br />
and function of, and connectivity between, key neural nodes for affect<br />
processing, emotion regulation and social evaluation. This “socio-affective<br />
scaffold” – comprised of amygdala, rostral cingulate, and medial prefrontal<br />
cortex – appears to be uniquely vulnerable to the effect of elevated serotonin<br />
levels during development, as other putative genetic risk factors for<br />
violence are also linked to an ontogenic excess of serotonin. I will outline a<br />
model whereby genetic predisposition to aggression – by altering structure<br />
and function within the socio-affective scaffold – amplifies the impact of<br />
early adverse life experience, creating stable sociocognitive biases which,<br />
in turn, lead to impulsive aggressive behavior. Finally, I will detail potential<br />
epigenetic mechanisms through which early adverse life experience might<br />
interact with genetic variation in MAOA to bring about the development of<br />
adult impulsive violence.<br />
39
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-15<br />
40<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ag g r e s s i o n, s e r o t o n i n , a n D g e n e X e n v i -<br />
r o n m e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s<br />
Suomi, Stephen J.<br />
Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, the National Institute<br />
of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National<br />
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland<br />
Recent research has disclosed marked individual differences in patterns<br />
of biobehavioral development exhibited by rhesus monkeys across the life<br />
span. For example, approximately 5-10% of rhesus monkeys growing up in<br />
the wild consistently exhibit impulsive and/or inappropriately aggressive responses<br />
to mildly stressful situations throughout development; those same<br />
individuals also show chronic deficits in their central serotonin metabolism.<br />
These characteristic patterns of biobehavioral response emerge early in life<br />
and remain remarkably stable from infancy to adulthood. Laboratory studies<br />
have demonstrated that although these characteristics are highly heritable,<br />
they are also subject to major modification by specific early experiences,<br />
particularly those involving early social attachment relationships.<br />
For example, a specific polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene<br />
is associated with deficits in serotonin metabolism, extreme aggression,<br />
and excessive alcohol consumption among monkeys who have experienced<br />
insecure early attachment relationships but not in monkeys who have developed<br />
secure attachment relationships with their mothers during infancy<br />
(“maternal buffering”). Moreover, because the attachment style of a monkey<br />
mother is typically “copied” by her daughters when they grow up and<br />
become mothers themselves, similar buffering is likely to occur for the next<br />
generation of infants carrying that specific polymorphism.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-16<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
ne u r o n a l p l a s t i c i t y, h o m e o s t a s i s a n D<br />
v i o l e n c e<br />
Ansermet, François1 ; Magistretti, Pierre2 1Service of psychiatry of children and adolescents Geneva<br />
University Hospital<br />
2Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics,<br />
Brain Mind Institute, <strong>EPFL</strong><br />
In this presentation, we will address the issue of violence through a theoretical<br />
model in which experience, traces left by experience through the mechanisms<br />
of neuronal plasticity and the associated somatic states are dynamically<br />
connected. Another related issue will be the notion of homeostasis and<br />
in particular the homeostatic function of the trace left by experience. Thus,<br />
as we previously discussed in our writings (e.g. Biology of Freedom, Other<br />
Press, NY, 2007) we propose a model through which the subject constitutes<br />
from experience an internal reality both conscious and unconscious. This<br />
internal reality associates somatic states (S) with representations (R). The<br />
prototypical model for the homeostatic role of the trace is the experience<br />
of satisfaction during the perinatal stages. Here the newborn is exposed<br />
not only to a new environment after leaving the homeostatic intra-uterine<br />
condition but also to a considerable set of stimulations originating from his/<br />
her body, through the interoceptive system which generates a considerable<br />
perturbation of the homeostasis. The newborn can only re-establish<br />
the homeostatic status through the intervention of the Other. This process<br />
generates a set of traces which inscribes this homeostatic experience in the<br />
neuronal network.<br />
It appears justified to consider that most of these interoceptive stimulations<br />
are associated with unpleasure which cannot be related to meaningful<br />
representations. In other words, the newborn is passive in front of these internally-derived<br />
unpleasant sensations which leave traces of somatic states<br />
(S) that cannot be related with meaningful representations (R). Thus, one<br />
can view this condition of the newborn as a state of chronic stress. With<br />
the intervention of the Other, these internal states which are enigmatic to<br />
the subject as they are not associated with a representation, progressively<br />
become meaningful. Thus the somatic states (S) become buffered by the<br />
representations (R) through a process generated by the action of the Other.<br />
If this action of the Other does not take place, for example as consequence<br />
of maternal deprivation, the homeostatic function of the trace does not occur.<br />
This sustains an absence of association between somatic states (S) and<br />
representations (R) leading to a state of chronic stress which requires an<br />
action to create a representation (R). We posit that violence, by generating<br />
a response from the external environment following the violent action of the<br />
subject, has a paradoxical homeostatic function, as under these conditions<br />
the somatic states become associated with a “meaningful” representation.<br />
Thus, a chronic state of stress due to the absence of association between<br />
somatic states and meaningful representations due to the absence of response<br />
or interactions with the Other at the early stages of life, generates a<br />
need for a discharge which can take place as a violent act.<br />
41
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-17<br />
42<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ge n e t i c a n D e a r l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s<br />
s h a p i n g a D u l t m a l e a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Neumann, Inga D.<br />
Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neuroendocrinology<br />
University of Regensburg, Germany<br />
Aggression constitutes a central problem in our societies and is also linked<br />
to several psychopathologies, including stress-related affective disorders.<br />
Moreover, adverse early life experiences like emotional neglect and abuse,<br />
are established risk factors not only for the development of anxiety- and depression-related<br />
disorders, but also of abnormal or excessive forms of adult<br />
aggression. However, comparable animal studies on aggression are lacking.<br />
Here, we present animal models to study the influence of the genetic background<br />
for either high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour, as well<br />
the influence of early life stress on adult intermale aggression.<br />
First, we analyzed the aggression behaviour of HAB and LAB male Wistar<br />
rats during a 10-min resident-intruder (RI) test. LAB males displayed more<br />
aggressive behaviour than HAB or non-selected NAB males, which was reflected<br />
by more attacks and a shorter attack latency, and accompanied by<br />
a more pronounced plasma ACTH response, differential neuronal activation<br />
within relevant brain regions (PVN, septum), and a decrease in lateral septal<br />
vasopressin release as measured by intracerebral microdialysis (1,2).<br />
Moreover, LAB males show abnormal aggression towards a narcotized male,<br />
and a female intruder, respectively.<br />
Moreover, we analyzed the effects of maternal separation (MS) on juvenile<br />
play-fight behaviour as well as on adult intermale aggression. Juvenile MS<br />
rats showed a significant increase in offensive play-fighting (more nape<br />
attacks and vigorous fur pulling, less supine postures), and an increase in<br />
adult aggression during the RI test (more lateral threat, keep down and offensive<br />
upright). In order to understand possible underlying neurobiological<br />
mechanisms, we quantified vasopressin mRNA expression, as the brain<br />
vasopressin system is an important modulator of complex social behaviors<br />
including aggression. Interestingly, an increased vasopressin mRNA expression<br />
was found in the PVN of juvenile and adult MS rats (3).<br />
In order to reveal genetic X environmental interaction, HAB and LAB rats<br />
were exposed to MS. Quantification of adult intermale aggression revealed<br />
differential effects of MS depending on the genetic background thus confirming<br />
recent results in the context of anxiety- and stress-related adult<br />
parameters in early life-stressed HAB and LAB rats (4,5).<br />
Thus, the use and establishment of relevant animal models will enable us to<br />
reveal the genetic and early environmental factors which shape adult male<br />
aggression and underlying neuronal mechanisms.<br />
Supported by BMBF and DFG (IDN)
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-18<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
ag g r e s s i o n a n D vi o l e n c e in a n i m a l s; r o l e<br />
o f p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s<br />
Koolhaas, Jaap M.<br />
Behavioral Physiology, University of Groningen,<br />
The Netherlands<br />
While most animal studies of aggression concern aggressive behavior as a functional<br />
and adaptive form of social behavior, studies in humans often focus on<br />
impulsive aggression and violence as maladaptive forms of aggressive behavior.<br />
Violence can be defined as a form of aggression that is both out of control and out<br />
of context and lacks its social communicative function. Little is known about the<br />
factors involved in the change from adaptive aggression into violence. A number of<br />
animal experiments will be discussed aimed at the interaction between individual<br />
predisposition and previous social experience in the development of violence.<br />
Our research on feral (wild-derived rodents) shows that offensive aggression is<br />
more generally related to coping with environmental challenges. Highly aggressive<br />
males adopt a proactive coping style, whereas low levels of aggression reflect<br />
a more passive or reactive coping style. These divergent coping styles have now<br />
been observed in a wide variety of species and determine adaptive capacity and<br />
vulnerability to stress related pathologies, including disorders characterized by<br />
outbursts of intense aggression and violence. Recent experiments show that the<br />
proactive coping style is characterised by a high propensity to develop violence.<br />
The underlying factor in the transition of adaptive aggression into violence seems<br />
to be the gradual reduction of inhibitory control of aggression in the course of repeated<br />
winning experience. For example, an extensive sequential analysis of the<br />
pre-attack behavior of two interacting males shows that the aggressive behavior<br />
of the proactive animal becomes more and more independent of the opponent<br />
after repeated winning. Experienced, highly aggressive males no longer respond<br />
to social signals from the opponent and develop escalated, indiscriminating and<br />
injurious forms of offensive aggression.<br />
Our animal models allow the identification of underlying physiological and neurochemical<br />
systems involved in the transition from aggression to violence. The<br />
presentation will focus on brain serotonin (5-HT) as the major orchestrator of<br />
aggression in many species including humans. However, the current view of the<br />
role of 5-HT in aggression is too simple. For example, the paradox between the<br />
serotonin deficiency hypothesis of aggression and the inhibitory effects of 5-HT on<br />
aggression clearly needs a solution. Recent studies on the 5-HT system before,<br />
during and after normal adaptive and pathological forms of aggression emphasize<br />
the importance of a clear distinction between aggression and violence. Offensive<br />
aggression, aimed at territorial control and social dominance is positively related<br />
to 5-HT neuronal activity. The violent form of aggression is associated with a tonic,<br />
trait-like reduction in 5-HT activity. Experiments in male rats and mice show that<br />
this reduction is due to an excessive serotonergic auto-inhibition predominantly<br />
mediated via an enhanced sensitivity of the somatodendritic 5-HT1A auto-receptors.<br />
Future research will address the question how this dynamic change in the<br />
tonic inhibitory control of the 5-HT neuron in the course of the development of<br />
violent trait characteristics may affect the activity of the neuron during the violent<br />
act itself.<br />
43
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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44<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
st r e s s a s a g e n e r a t o r o f s o c i a l i m b a l -<br />
a n c e<br />
Sandi, Carmen; Cordero, M. Isabel; Marquez, Cristina;<br />
Timmer, Marjan<br />
Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics Brain Mind Institute<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>, Switzerland<br />
Stress is frequently regarded as an inevitable drawback of many hierarchical<br />
arrangements of social groups. Most notably, subordinate individuals<br />
have frequently been shown to display clear signs of chronic stress (including<br />
weight loss, increased levels of glucocorticoid hormones, deficiencies in<br />
the immune system, and even increased death rate). Given that high stress<br />
and increasing stress hormone levels are linked to both physical and mental<br />
health problems, stress has been proposed as a key mediator of the wealth<br />
of health problems resulting from social inequity.<br />
Despite substantial evidence indicating that, on its turn, stress can have<br />
a major impact on aspects of social dominance –such as aggressiveness,<br />
success in competition for resources and social anxiety– the contribution<br />
of stress to creating social imbalance is still largely disregarded in psychosocio-biological<br />
contexts. This talk will present evidence from animal work<br />
showing that stress affects social hierarchies in different aspects, and potentiates<br />
aggressions among affected individuals, with all these examples illustrating<br />
how, eventually, stress has a profound impact not only in the directly<br />
stressed individuals but also in their interacting partners and offspring. The<br />
first part of the talk will deal with a model whereby being stressed at the<br />
time of a first social encounter (already established hierarchies are largely<br />
immune to disruption by stress) can have major consequences on the longterm<br />
establishment of the resulting social hierarchy, with stress acting as a<br />
two-stage mechanism: (i) by influencing the rank achieved after the social<br />
encounter; and (ii) by having a long-term impact on the subsequent status<br />
of the individual in future encounters with either the same (by promoting a<br />
long-term memory for the specific hierarchy) or with other (winner-loser effects)<br />
individual/s. The second part of the talk will discuss how stress during<br />
early development can affect individuals’ aggressiveness later on life and,<br />
on its turn, life quality and health in their social environments.<br />
Identifying stress among the critical mechanisms contributing to create social<br />
imbalance widens the potential interventions to reduce psychosocial<br />
and societal problems due to uneven status.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-20<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
gr o u p s , by s t a n D e r s a n D t h e in f o r m a l<br />
re g u l a t i o n o f vi o l e n c e<br />
Levine, Mark<br />
Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UKA<br />
Ever since Nisbett and Wilson’s (1977) essay, “Telling More Than We Can<br />
Know”, social psychologists have been sensitised to the fact that people<br />
have very little introspective access to the underlying causes of their own<br />
behaviour. In other words, what our participants tell us in questionnaires<br />
and interviews and focus groups should not be treated as a veridical route<br />
to psychological reality. This raises some important questions about methods<br />
and the conclusions we draw from them. For example, in the study of<br />
helping behaviour, there is often a gap between what people say and what<br />
they do in real-life helping situations. Thus, reactive and non-reactive measures<br />
need to be combined in order to develop a more complete picture of<br />
the likelihood of helping.<br />
This strategy of combining verbal reports and behavioural studies works<br />
well, as long as it is possible to combine both levels of analysis. However,<br />
there are some domains in which it is difficult, for ethical and practical reasons,<br />
to carry out robust behavioural research. The study of violence, and in<br />
particular, bystander intervention in violence, is one such domain. There are<br />
many ethical challenges to be overcome in attempting to expose research<br />
participants to violent events, and many logistical difficulties in (re)creating<br />
violent events that can be used and manipulated in robust empirical studies.<br />
In this paper I will suggest that, one consequence of this has been a rather<br />
partial view of the role of groups in social psychological explanations of<br />
violence. For the most part, in traditional social psychology, groups tend to<br />
be seen as psychologically dangerous. On the one hand, the presence of<br />
others can lead to ‘peer-group pressure’, ‘mob violence’ or mass hysteria<br />
– all threats to individual rationality which are likely to produce anti-social<br />
behaviour. On the other hand, the presence of others can lead to ‘diffusion<br />
of responsibility’, ‘pluralistic ignorance’ and ‘bystander apathy’ – threats to<br />
individual rationality that are likely to prevent people from helping those<br />
under threat of violent attack. Thus, groups are damned for causing ‘excitation’<br />
and damned for causing ‘inhibition’ – with both paths deriving from the<br />
same set of circumstances.<br />
I will argue that this idea of the danger of the group misunderstands the<br />
role of group processes in violence. I will demonstrate, using data from<br />
experiments exploring bystander behaviour in emergencies, that groups<br />
can facilitate pro-social behaviour. I will then go on to describe a detailed<br />
behavioural analysis of a corpus of 42 clips of CCTV footage<br />
45
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-20<br />
46<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
gr o u p s , by s t a n D e r s a n D t h e in f o r m a l<br />
re g u l a t i o n o f vi o l e n c e (co n t .)<br />
Levine, Mark<br />
Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UKA<br />
of violent incidents. I will show that an analysis of the behaviours of perpetrators,<br />
targets and bystanders to real life violence reveals that, as group<br />
size increases, more pro-social than anti-social acts occur. Moreover, I will<br />
show that there is an implicit pattern to the sequences in the CCTV clips<br />
such that violent and non-violent episodes are distinguished by what happens<br />
on the ‘third bystander act’. I will argue that the violence in these<br />
episodes cannot be understood with reference to the perpetrator, or the<br />
victim, or even the relationship between perpetrator and victim. Instead<br />
I will suggest that violence (and the informal control of potentially violent<br />
episodes) needs to be understood as a group level ‘choreography’. It is what<br />
the bystanders do – or do not do – that determines the trajectory of the<br />
violence.<br />
I will conclude by arguing that these findings would not be available from<br />
methods that rely on participant accounts or other forms of reactive data<br />
collection. To that end I will speculate on how conducting experiments using<br />
violence in Virtual Environments can create the empirical conditions<br />
required to test some of the important outstanding questions about the role<br />
of group processes in understanding violence.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-21<br />
vi r t u a l re a l i t y in th e st u D y of<br />
eX t r e m e si t u a t i o n s<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
Slater, Mel<br />
Virtual Environments Department of Computer Science<br />
University College London, UK<br />
When people experience situations and events in an immersive virtual reality,<br />
they typically respond as if these were really happening, even though<br />
they know for sure that nothing real is taking place. This power of virtual<br />
reality to induce response-as-if-real makes it a powerful tool in the investigation<br />
of how people would respond in dangerous and extreme situations<br />
– but avoiding the practical and ethical problems that would be involved in<br />
real exposure. In this talk we will introduce the main characteristics of a virtual<br />
reality system, and describe a number of experimental case studies on<br />
this theme. We will conclude with an discussion of the use of virtual reality<br />
in the study of violence.<br />
47
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-22<br />
48<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
wi n n e r s , l o s e r s a n D b y s t a n D e r s : t h e<br />
s t r u c t u r e o f D o m i n a n c e h i e r a r c h i e s<br />
Dugatkin, Lee Alan<br />
Department of Biology, University of Louisville, USA<br />
Dominance hierarchies are a fundamental part of the social fabric of animals<br />
that live in groups, and behavioral ecologists have sought to understand the<br />
dynamics and stability of such dominance hierarchies. I present a family of<br />
models that my colleagues and I have developed to examine how winner effects,<br />
loser effects and bystander effects impact the structure and stability<br />
of dominance hierarchies. We have found that when winner effects alone<br />
are in play, a strict linear hierarchy emerges in which all individuals hold an<br />
unambiguous rank and fights are common. When examining loser effects in<br />
the absence of winner effects, a clear top-ranked individual always emerges,<br />
but the rank of others in the group is unclear. In addition, when loser<br />
effects are in play, interactions are primarily of the form “attack-retreat,”<br />
wherein one animal opts to fight, but the other does not.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-23<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
re-e X p o s u r e t o co m b a t in vi r t u a l re a li<br />
t y a s a tr e a t m e n t f o r ptsD<br />
Rizzo, Albert<br />
Institute for Creative Technologies University of Southern<br />
California, USA<br />
According to the DSM-IV [1], PTSD is caused by experiencing or witnessing<br />
an event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat<br />
to the physical integrity of self or others. Such events may include military<br />
combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage, rape,<br />
terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war, natural or manmade<br />
disasters, automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening<br />
illness. The disorder also appears to be more severe and long lasting<br />
when the event is caused by human means and design (bombings, shootings,<br />
combat, etc.). Such incidents would be distressing to almost anyone,<br />
and are usually experienced with intense fear, horror, and helplessness. The<br />
essential feature of PTSD is the development of characteristic symptoms<br />
that may include intrusive thoughts, nightmares or flashbacks, avoidance of<br />
reminders of the traumatic event, emotional numbing, hyper-alertness, anger,<br />
isolation, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, survivor guilt, suicidal<br />
feelings and thoughts, negative self-image, memory impairment, problems<br />
with intimate relationships, emotional distance from family and others and<br />
denial of social problems. Symptoms of PTSD are often intensified when the<br />
person recalls or is exposed to stimulus cues that resemble or symbolize<br />
the original trauma in a non-therapeutic setting. Such uncontrolled cue exposure<br />
may lead the person to react with a survival mentality and mode of<br />
response that could put himself/herself and others at considerable risk.<br />
The violence of war is one of the most challenging environments that a<br />
human can experience. The cognitive, emotional and physical demands of<br />
a combat environment place enormous stress on even the best-prepared<br />
military personnel. Veterans exposed to combat are at increased risk of<br />
PTSD, with estimates of lifetime prevalence for PTSD at 26.9% and 30.9%<br />
for female and male veterans of the Vietnam War respectively, compared to<br />
a lifetime prevalence of 10.4% for women and 5% for men in the general<br />
population [2-4].<br />
The Iraq/Afghanistan combat environments, with its ubiquitous battlefronts,<br />
ambiguous enemy identification and repeated extended deployments, was<br />
anticipated to produce a significant number of returning American Service<br />
Members (SMs) with PTSD and other mental disorders. Recent studies are<br />
now confirming this expectation in that significant numbers of veterans of<br />
the current combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan are in fact at risk for<br />
developing PTSD [5-8]. Hoge and colleagues [5] administered an anonymous<br />
survey to U.S. SMs before and after deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan.<br />
Results of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) showed that following deployment<br />
to Iraq, a significantly higher percentage of SMs screened positive for PTSD<br />
(between 18 and 19.9%) than Soldiers deployed to Afghanistan (11.5%)<br />
49
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-23<br />
50<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
re-e X p o s u r e t o co m b a t in vi r t u a l re a li<br />
t y a s a tr e a t m e n t f o r ptsD (co n t .)<br />
Rizzo, Albert<br />
Institute for Creative Technologies University of Southern<br />
California, USA<br />
or before deployment (9.4%). Furthermore, the prevalence of PTSD among<br />
SMs deployed to Iraq increased in a linear manner with the number of firefights<br />
experienced, such that PTSD rates were 4.5% for those involved in no<br />
firefights and increased to 19.3% for those involved in more than five firefights.<br />
Hoge et al., [6] in a more recent study analyzed the Post Deployment<br />
Health Assessment (PDHA) responses of over 300,000 SMs after deployment<br />
to Iraq and Afghanistan. Although the PDHA uses a different screening tool<br />
for PTSD, (the Primary Care PTSD screen; PC-PTSD), results were similar to<br />
previous research indicating that the PTSD rates for SMs deployed to Iraq<br />
were higher than the PTSD rates for SMs deployed to Afghanistan. Also,<br />
SMs who screened positive for any mental health concern were more likely<br />
to leave military service within a year after deployment, and their mental<br />
health concerns are likely to persist. Seal and colleagues [7], in a recent<br />
study of 103,788 OIF/OEF veterans seen at VA health facilities, reported<br />
that 31% received mental health/or psychological diagnoses and that 16%<br />
of veterans who sought treatment at VA facilities between September 2001<br />
and September 2005 met criteria for PTSD. Furthermore, these estimates<br />
were made before the violence escalated in the last 2 years, and the number<br />
of persons affected is likely to have grown in step with the intensity of<br />
the conflict. For example, VA statistics report that there were 19,356 OIF/<br />
OEF veterans receiving compensation for PTSD as of March 2006, while five<br />
months after in August 2006, 34,380 discharged soldiers from Iraq and Afghanistan<br />
were diagnosed by the VA with PTSD, of the 63,767 diagnosed<br />
with a mental disorder with current estimates suggesting approximately<br />
300,000 OIF/OEF Veterans at risk for developing PTSD [8]. These findings<br />
highlight the need and potential value in addressing this problem early, intensively<br />
and with the best non-stigmatizing treatment tools available for<br />
combat veterans still in service as well as upon discharge.<br />
Among the many approaches that have been used to treat PTSD, exposure<br />
therapy appears to have the best-documented therapeutic efficacy. Such<br />
treatment typically involves the graded and repeated imaginal reliving of<br />
the traumatic event within the therapeutic setting and is believed to provide<br />
a low-threat context where the patient can begin to therapeutically process<br />
trauma-relevant emotions as well as de-condition the learning cycle of the<br />
disorder via a habituation/extinction process. While the efficacy of imaginal<br />
exposure has been established in multiple studies with diverse trauma populations,<br />
many patients are unwilling or unable to effectively visualize the<br />
traumatic event. To address this problem, researchers have recently turned<br />
to the use of Virtual Reality (VR) to deliver exposure therapy by immersing<br />
patients in simulations of trauma-relevant environments that allow
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
S-23<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s for Speakers<br />
re-e X p o s u r e t o co m b a t in vi r t u a l re a li<br />
t y a s a tr e a t m e n t f o r ptsD (co n t .)<br />
Rizzo, Albert<br />
Institute for Creative Technologies University of Southern<br />
California, USA<br />
for precise control of stimulus conditions.<br />
Since 2004, the University of Southern California Institute for Creative<br />
Technologies has spearheaded an extensive scientific program for the development<br />
and evaluation of a novel Virtual Reality system for exposure<br />
therapy for PTSD. The initial prototype version of this system (Virtual Iraq/<br />
Afghanistan) has undergone successful clinical tests via an open clinical trial<br />
at the Naval Medical Center-San Diego and Camp Pendleton and a randomized<br />
clinical trial is underway at Ft. Lewis, WA. Direct clinical application and<br />
other comparative clinical trials are ongoing at approximately 20+ sites.<br />
This talk will present an overview of PTSD exposure therapy, a description<br />
of VR and the rationale for how this technology has been applied as a tool to<br />
deliver exposure therapy along with a brief review of current research. We<br />
then provide a description of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy<br />
system and treatment protocol and present initial results from an open<br />
clinical trial with active duty military personnel. The talk will conclude with<br />
a summary of future directions where VR technology can be applied to more<br />
comprehensively address a range of issues relevant to the emotional consequences<br />
of the violence of war. Background and current results from this<br />
project can be found in Rizzo et al., [9-11].<br />
51
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong>
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
<strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Part 2: Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
53
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
es t i m a t i o n o f a s t r a t e g y o f n e g o t i a t i o n -<br />
s u b m i s s i o n b y u r b a n a r e a o f a D o l e c e n t s<br />
w i t h a h i g h p r e s e n c e o f criminal<br />
o r g a n i z a t i o n .<br />
Baralla, Francesca 1 ; Tramontano, Carlo 1 ; Giannini, Anna<br />
Maria 1 ; Sgalla, Roberto 2 ; Marchetti, Marco 3<br />
1 Sapienza, University of Rome; 2 Italian Ministry of Interior, Department<br />
of Public Security; 3 University of Molise<br />
The reconciliation hypothesis predicts that individuals try to “undo” the social<br />
damage inflicted by aggression (de Waal, 2000). Inside the most wide<br />
research on legality of young context in south Italy regions with a strong<br />
presence of criminal organization (Giannini 2008), it has been wanted<br />
to control how a negotiation-submission behaviour has been lived from<br />
a group of 1988 high school adolescents (51% male, 49% female, average<br />
age 16.43). A scenario has been shown in which presents a situation<br />
where a group of young people approaches in a threatening way a parked<br />
car; in the car there is a boy and a girl, and the group of young people<br />
warns the boys that it is dangerous to stop in that place without an adequate<br />
protection; the boy in the car, in answer to this, takes the wallets<br />
and hands them over to the group.<br />
Only 8% of the sample reserved acceptable this situation, considering that<br />
the law was not violated and affirms besides that it could present with a<br />
certain frequency in the place where they live. Such group could be characterized<br />
as more sensible to the logical deviation, even in virtue of the<br />
social pressure (Sutherland, 1934). Besides, between these subjects, 41%<br />
however affirms that considering probable that the victims of the aggressive<br />
interaction would return home to find friends and go back to take<br />
one’s revenge. In areas where the presence of social pressure to accept a<br />
deviate behaviour could be very strong, the negotiation-submission could<br />
be seen, superficially, as an implicit approval to a logical deviant. For a<br />
better comprehension as such a complex phenomenon, it could be useful<br />
to make a careful study of the dynamics at the base of the process of affiliation,<br />
as well as innate bases of our answers to aggression.<br />
55
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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P-2<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
in D i v i D u a l D i f f e r e n c e s in a g g r e s s i o n<br />
m o D u l a t e e a r l y f r o n t a l r e s p o n s e t o<br />
a g g r e s s i v e f a c i a l D i s p l a y s .<br />
Bediou Benoit, 1 3 ; Eimer, Martin 2 ; Calder, Andrew J. 1<br />
1 Medical Research Council - Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit,<br />
15 Chaucer road, CB2 7EF Cambridge, UK.; 2 School of Psychology,<br />
Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London<br />
WC1E 7HX, UK; 3 Swiss Center for Affective Sciences CISA – University<br />
of Geneva, Rue des Battoirs, 7, CH 1205 Geneva, SWIT-<br />
ZERLAND<br />
Converging evidence from human and animal research suggest that aggressive<br />
behaviour arises from a dysfunction in the neural circuitry of<br />
emotion-regulation, especially in the connection between the prefrontal<br />
cortex and the amygdala. Both clinically aggressive individuals and healthy<br />
volunteers with elevated risk for aggression show increased amygdala and<br />
decreased prefrontal responses to facial signals of aggression. Individual<br />
differences in reward-drive have been associated with increased attention<br />
toward facial signals of aggression, heightened experience of anger and<br />
vulnerability to display aggressive behaviour.<br />
Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics of the interaction between<br />
an aggression-related personality trait (‘reward-drive’—the drive to gain<br />
reward, Carver &White, 1994) and the neural response to angry faces.<br />
We recorded high-density (64-electrodes) Event Related brain Potentials<br />
(ERPs) in subjects scoring high (N=12) and low (N=12) on the rewarddrive<br />
scale while they viewed angry, sad and neutral faces.<br />
Replicating previous findings, ERP results showed an enhanced frontal and<br />
frontocentral positivity in response to angry and sad faces compared with<br />
neutral faces from 130 to 200ms post stimulus. Crucially, reward-drive selectively<br />
modulated the midline frontocentral response to aggressive facial<br />
displays within 200-300ms after stimulus onset—compared to low rewarddrive<br />
subjects, individuals scoring high on the reward-drive scale showed<br />
a reduced midline frontocentral positivity for angry faces relative to neutral<br />
and sad expressions.<br />
Results are consistent with recent fMRI studies showing reduced ventromedial<br />
prefrontal response to angry faces relative to neutral and sad expressions<br />
in subjects with heightened risk for aggression (see Calder et al<br />
2008). Moreover, the temporal properties of this modulation are consistent<br />
with the idea of a reduced functional coupling from the vmPFC to the<br />
amygdala (but not vice versa) in subjects scoring high on reward-drive<br />
(see Passamonti et al 2008).
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-3<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Do st r e s s a n D ag g r e s s i o n in f l u e n c e o u r<br />
pe r c e p t i o n o f ot h e r s ?<br />
Bertsch, Katja 1 ; Khan, Robina 1 ; Kruk, Menno 2 ; Naumann,<br />
Ewald 1<br />
1 Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Germany; 2 Department<br />
of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University, Netherlands<br />
For humans emotional facial expressions are the most immediate and<br />
salient cues to the state of mind of other individuals. The results of animal<br />
and clinical studies suggest a strong relationship between stress, the<br />
processing of conflict-relevant signals, and aggressive behavior. In a recent<br />
EEG experiment, we were able to confirm this and could show that<br />
experimentally provoked aggression has an impact on the processing of<br />
emotional facial expressions even in healthy individuals. In a second EEG<br />
study, we investigated the influence of stress and aggression on the processing<br />
of emotional facial expressions. Therefore, we administered either<br />
20 mg of hydrocortisone (stress group) or a placebo (placebo group) to<br />
healthy participants and provoked half of them with the Taylor Aggression<br />
Paradigm. Thereafter, all participants performed an emotional Stroop task<br />
with emotional facial expressions (happy, neutral, angry, fearful). The preliminary<br />
results indicate an influence of stress (hydrocortisone), aggressive<br />
behavior, as well as the interaction of stress and aggression on the<br />
processing of the emotional faces. These results are in line with the findings<br />
from animal and clinical studies and show a strong relationship between<br />
stress, aggression, and the processing of conflict-relevant signals.<br />
This is a further indication for a vicious circle between stress, aggression,<br />
and information processing which might explain the elicitation and escalation<br />
of aggressive behavior.<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
58<br />
P-4<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
as s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n e X p e r i e n c e o f<br />
a g g r e s s i o n a n D a n X i e t y in m a l e m i c e :<br />
ef f e c t s o f D i a z e p a m a n D b u s p i r o n e<br />
Bondar, Natalia 1 ; Kudryavtseva, Natalia 1<br />
1 Neurogenetics of Social Behavior Sector, Institute of Cytology<br />
and Genetics SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<br />
The sensory contact technique increases aggressiveness in male mice and<br />
allows an aggressive type of behavior to be formed as a result of repeated<br />
experience of social victories in daily agonistic interactions. In the low aggressive<br />
and high emotion mice of CBA/Lac strain, repeated positive fighting<br />
experience leads to increased plus maze anxiety in the winners after<br />
10 days of aggression experience and much more after 20 days. Aggressive<br />
motivation in the winners was significantly increased as revealed by<br />
parameters of partition test measuring behavioral reactivity to other conspecifics.<br />
Thus, anxiety as a consequence of repeated experience of aggression<br />
associates with the increase of aggressive motivation in CBA/Lac<br />
mice. Repeated experience of aggression is accompanied by the increase<br />
of anxiety and decrease of aggressive motivation in 20 days-winners of<br />
high aggressive C57BL/6J strain. It was concluded, that 1. Repeated experience<br />
of aggression provokes the development of anxiety in male mice.<br />
2. The level of anxiety as well as it’s behavioral realization depends on the<br />
duration of aggressive experience and genetic strain.<br />
Anxiolytics buspirone (1 mg/kg, i.p) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p) induced<br />
anxiogenic effect and reduced aggression in the winners with 3<br />
days experience of aggression. No significant effects of buspirone on aggressive<br />
and anxious behaviors were found in mice with 20 days experience<br />
of aggression. In this group of winners diazepam produced anxiolytic<br />
and antiaggressive effects. Opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/<br />
kg, i.p.) also had different effects in the winners with long and short experience<br />
of aggression. It was hypothesized that previous aggression experience<br />
modified animal sensitivity to drug treatment.<br />
This work was supported by grant No. 07-04-00014 from the Russian<br />
Foundation for Basic Research and grant MK-2109.2007.4 from Russian<br />
Federation President in support of young scientists.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-5<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
tr a n s D u c e r o f r e g u l a t e D creb a c t i v i t y<br />
1 (torc1) : a r o l e in r e w a r D-r e l a t e D<br />
l e a r n i n g a n D m e m o r y a n D b e h a v i o r a l<br />
r e s p o n s e s t o e m o t i o n a l s t i m u l i ?<br />
Breuillaud, Lionel1 ; Pierre J., Magistretti,1 Olivier, Halfon2 ;<br />
1 2<br />
Jean-René, Cardinaux<br />
1 Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience; 2 Service of Child and Ado-<br />
lescent Psychiatry<br />
The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)<br />
has been shown to be essential for the generation of long lasting forms of<br />
synaptic plasticity that are associated with learning and memory and the<br />
gating of emotional responses in the CNS. TORC1 is a newly discovered<br />
CREB coactivator that strongly enhances its transcriptional activity. We<br />
have shown that TORC1 functions as a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence<br />
detector in neurons and that it is involved in the maintenance of<br />
late-phase long-term-potentiation (L-LTP) in the rat hippocampus (Kovács<br />
et al., 2007. PNAS 104, 4700-4705). Given the importance of synaptic<br />
integration of dopamine- and glutamate-mediated signals in rewardrelated<br />
learning and memory mechanisms, we decided to study the role<br />
of TORC1 in this context. To this end we have produced a mouse with a<br />
deficient Torc1 gene using a gene trap approach. We have obtained viable<br />
heterozygous and TORC1-null mice that we are currently phenotyping. We<br />
are focusing on a putative alteration in the acquisition of cocaine addiction<br />
(cocaine-conditioned place preference and cocaine self-administration paradigms)<br />
and a general characterization of their behavior (memory, depression<br />
and anxiety). The study of this mouse line could make a contribution<br />
to the understanding of the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric conditions.<br />
59
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
60<br />
P-6<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
se r o t o n e r g i c a u t o r e g u l a t o r y m e c h a n i s m s<br />
in v i o l e n t m i c e<br />
Caramaschi, Doretta 1 3 Natarajan, Deepa 1 3 ; de Weerd,<br />
Henk 2 ; van der Want, Han 2 ; Mulder, Kees C. 1 ; de Boer, Sietse<br />
F. 1 ; Koolhaas, Jaap M. 1<br />
1 Biologisch Centrum, Dept. Behavioral Physiology, University of<br />
Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands; 2 University Medical Center<br />
Groningen, Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, Dept.<br />
Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;<br />
3 These authors contributed equally<br />
Human violence has been traditionally linked to a lowered functionality<br />
of the central serotonin (5-HT) system. Despite the vast accumulation<br />
of data linking reduced brain 5-HT activity to pathological aggressive<br />
behavior, information about the possible mechanisms underlying such a<br />
decreased 5-HT functioning is virtually absent. A major obstacle in this<br />
respect is the lack of relevant animal models of violence, and in particular<br />
the omission of objective criteria for assessing violence in preclinical studies.<br />
We recently established, using a rigorous ethological methodology,<br />
that feral mice originally genetically selected for Short Attack Latency (SAL<br />
line) show distinct characteristics of pathological aggression comparable to<br />
human violence.<br />
Employing this mouse model, we have investigated extensively the serotonergic<br />
system, focusing in particular on the autoregulatory control<br />
mechanisms.<br />
First, in line with the 5-HT deficiency hypothesis of aggression, we found<br />
that the pugnacious SAL mice have lower frontolimbic 5-HT levels than<br />
their docile Long Attack Latency (LAL) counterparts. However, this difference<br />
only appeared after the animals had acquired experience with repeated<br />
social conflicts and was not visible beforehand when animals were<br />
naïve with resident-intruder testing. This difference in 5-HT level seems<br />
not to be due to the activity of either the 5-HT-synthesis limiting enzyme<br />
tryptophan-hydroxylase or the main 5-HT-degrading enzyme monoamineoxidase.<br />
Rather, SAL mice showed less functional 5-HTT activity (serotonin<br />
transporter), regardless of the exposure to social experience. Moreover,<br />
SAL mice showed enhanced 5-HT1A autoreceptor and heteroreceptor functionality,<br />
which seems to correlate to the social experience and the escalation<br />
of aggression levels.<br />
These data suggest that the combination of a constitutionally low 5-HT<br />
reuptake functionality and (experience-driven) high 5-HT autoinhibitory<br />
activity leads to disrupted aggression regulation and accompanying lower<br />
levels of 5-HT.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-7<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
lo n g -t e r m e f f e c t s o f p e r i-p u b e r t y s t r e s s<br />
o n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r in f e m a l e r a t s<br />
Cordero, Maria Isabel 1 ; Sandi, Carmen 1<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzer-<br />
land<br />
Experiencing adverse events during adolescence enhances the risk of<br />
developing different psychopathologies and violent behaviour in humans<br />
and animals. Previously, our group has reported that repeated exposure<br />
to stress during the peripuberty period increases pathological aggression<br />
in male rats. However, very little is known about the effects of stress on<br />
aggression in females. Although women are usually less violent than men,<br />
available evidence suggests soaring levels of aggression and serious violence<br />
among young women, and some studies have found a positive correlation<br />
with stress events experienced during development. For example,<br />
findings from the Rochester Youth Development Study suggest that growing<br />
up in disorganized, violent neighbourhoods is a risk factor for gang<br />
involvement among young women (Thornberry, 1997). In this work, we<br />
studied the long term effects of peripubertal stress on aggressive behaviour<br />
in female rats. For this purpose, female rats were stressed during the<br />
peri-pubertal period and their aggressive behaviour assessed at 3-months<br />
of age using the Resident-Intruder paradigm twice, once during diestrus<br />
cycle and 1 week after, during estrus. Similar to previous findings in male<br />
rats, peripuberty stressed females showed not only an increase in aggressive<br />
behaviour compared to control rats but an ‘abnormal’ aggressive<br />
behaviour, such as continual attacking of intruders displaying submissive<br />
behaviour. Furthermore, the differences found during diestrus were maintained<br />
during the estrus cycle, though female rats usually do not show<br />
aggressive behaviour during this phase of the menstrual cycle. Our results<br />
suggest that adolescence is a highly vulnerable period to stress induced<br />
aggression, in females as well as in males, and strongly suggests that<br />
social-aggression prevention campaigns should be addressed to both boys<br />
and girls.<br />
Thornberry, TP (1997) Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious<br />
and violent offending. In R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious<br />
and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions<br />
(pp.147-166). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.<br />
61
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
62<br />
P-8<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
impulsivity, aggression anD<br />
acaDemic performance in<br />
chilDren<br />
Cosi, Sandra 1 ; Vigil-Colet, Andreu 1 ; Canals, Josepa 1<br />
1 Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.<br />
Different studies have shown that impulsivity is related to aggression<br />
and poor scholastic achievement in adolescents (Colom et al., 2007; Vigil-<br />
Colet &Morales-Vives, 2006). The present study intends to test<br />
this pattern of relationships in children. With this purpose we<br />
developed two questionnaires, a children’s version of Barrat’s<br />
impulsivity scale (Cosi et al., 2008) and a proactive-reactive<br />
aggression questionnaire reported by teachers (Cosi et al., in press)<br />
which were administered to 267 children aged between 9 and 12 years.<br />
Furthermore teachers rated the academic performance of children.<br />
Proactive and reactive scales showed a negative relationship with<br />
academic performance, a positive relationship with the Motor<br />
impulsiveness and non-planning scales of BIS-c and a negative<br />
relationship with the cognitive impulsivity scale, being these<br />
relationships greater for boys than for girls. When impulsivity scores<br />
where partialled out, only proactive aggression showed a significant<br />
relationship with academic performance, although its magnitude was<br />
lower.<br />
The results presented are similar to the ones founded in adolescent<br />
samples, indicating that impulsivity is related to aggression and,<br />
that the relationship between aggression and academic failure is<br />
mainly due to impulsivity. Furthermore it seems that these<br />
relationships are higher for boys than for girls, perhaps because<br />
their higher levels of aggression.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-9<br />
by s t a n D e r re s p o n s e s t o vi r t u a l<br />
vi o l e n c e<br />
Swapp, David 1 ; Rovira, Aitor 1 ; Slater, Mel 1<br />
1 University College London, London, UK<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
A significant impediment to the study of violent behaviour is the inability<br />
to recreate such situations in an experimental setting. Utilising a virtual<br />
environment, inhabited by virtual characters (avatars), enables the simulation<br />
of violent situations and therefore the ability to study the behaviour<br />
of experiment participants. This is especially the case since it has been<br />
shown that people do tend to respond realistically to situations and events<br />
that occur in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). In this abstract we<br />
report an ongoing study of people’s responses to simulated violence in an<br />
IVE, in particular concentrating on aspects of the bystander phenomenon<br />
moderated by in-group and out-group identification.<br />
The experiment uses an IVE system commonly known as a CAVE. This is<br />
a room in which three walls and the floor are screens upon which stereo<br />
imagery is projected, and which dynamically adjusts to the participant’s<br />
perspective as they move about the room. The advantage of such a setup<br />
is that it enables the participant to move naturally within the simulated<br />
environment, and thus results in natural behaviours such as proxemics in<br />
interactions with virtual characters.<br />
The scenario is a bar in which participants witness a violent confrontation<br />
involving two football fans of rival teams. Our purpose at this stage of the<br />
study is simply to explore the degree of realism of the response of participants<br />
to this violent behaviour, as measured by their tendency to try<br />
to intervene, and their physiological responses. To create the simulation,<br />
we used 3D motion capture equipment to record the performance of two<br />
actors; this capture was then used to animate the avatars in the scenario.<br />
The purpose of early trials is to better understand how to construct a virtual<br />
scenario that might lead to more or less realistic responses.<br />
63
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-10<br />
64<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
th e vicious c i r c l e t o w a r D s v i o l e n c e :<br />
fo c u s o n t h e n e g a t i v e f e e D b a c k<br />
m e c h a n i s m s o f b r a i n s e r o t o n i n<br />
n e u r o t r a n s m i s s i o n.<br />
de Boer, Sietse F. 1 ; Caramaschi, Doretta 1 ; Natarajan, Deepa<br />
1 ; Koolhaas, Jaap M. 1<br />
1 Department of Behavioral Physiology, University of<br />
Groningen,The Netherlands.<br />
Individuals differ widely in their propensity for violence during social conflict.<br />
While some individuals escalate aggression, others control their aggression<br />
or refrain from fighting. Our research on feral (wild-derived)<br />
rodents shows that offensive aggression is strongly related to coping with<br />
other challenges. Highly aggressive individuals adopt a proactive coping<br />
style, whereas low levels of aggression indicate a more passive or reactive<br />
style of coping. These divergent stress coping styles have now been<br />
identified in a range of species and can be considered important personality<br />
trait-like characteristics determining the individual adaptive capacity<br />
and hence vulnerability to stress-related pathologies, including mood<br />
and personality disorders characterized by outbursts of intense aggression<br />
and violence. Recent experiments show that violent characteristics<br />
can be engendered in proactively- but not reactively- coping individuals<br />
by permitting them repeatedly to dominate conspecifics during daily resident-intruder<br />
contests. Clearly, these high-aggressive phenotypes develop<br />
gradually, over the course of repeated victories, escalated (short-latency,<br />
high-frequency and –intensity attacks), persistent (lack of attack inhibition<br />
by defeat/submission signals from the victim), indiscriminating (attacking<br />
female and anesthetized male intruders) and injurious (enhanced vulnerable-body<br />
region attacks and wounding) forms of offensive aggression.<br />
This re-developed methodological approach highlights the rewarding and<br />
positive reinforcing nature of winning experiences that transform adaptive<br />
aggression into a violent pathological form resembling human aggression<br />
of clinical concern. This animal model allows us to identify the neurochemical<br />
changes that underlie such a transformation. We focus on brain serotonin<br />
(5-HT), as this well-conserved neurotransmitter system is the major<br />
molecular orchestrator of aggression in many species including humans.<br />
Based on the results of an extensive series of experiments, we provide<br />
evidence that excessive serotonergic auto-inhibition leading to reduced<br />
5-HT neurotransmission in several brain structures including frontal cortex<br />
paves the way to violent aggressive outbursts.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-11<br />
si z e m a t t e r s: in c r e a s e D g r e y m a t t e r<br />
in c h i l D r e n w i t h c o n D u c t p r o b l e m s a n D<br />
c a l l o u s-u n e m o t i o n a l t r a i t s<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
De Brito, Stéphane1 ; Mechelli, Andrea2 ; Wilke, Marko3 ;<br />
Laurens, Kristin1 ; Jones, Alice4 ; Barker, Gareth5 ; Hodgins,<br />
Sheilagh1 4 6<br />
; Viding, Essi<br />
1 Department of Forensic Mental Health Science, Institute of Psychiatry,<br />
King’s College, London, UK; 2 Department of Psychological<br />
Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College,<br />
London, UK; 3 Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental<br />
Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany; 4 Department<br />
of Clinical, Health and Educational Psychology, University College,<br />
London, UK; 5 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute<br />
of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK; 6 Institute of Cognitive<br />
Neuroscience, University College London<br />
Brain imaging studies of adults with psychopathy have identified structural<br />
and functional abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal regions that<br />
are involved in emotion recognition, decision-making, morality and empathy.<br />
Among children with conduct problems, a small subgroup presents<br />
callous-unemotional traits (CP/CU+) thought to be antecedents of psychopathy.<br />
No structural brain imaging study has examined this subgroup<br />
of children. The present study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to<br />
compare whole brain gray matter volumes and concentrations of boys with<br />
elevated levels of CP/CU+ traits and typically developing (TD) boys and<br />
explored four a priori regions of interest. sMRI scans were collected from<br />
23 boys with elevated levels of CP/CU+ traits (mean age = 11 years 8<br />
months) and 25 TD boys (mean age = 11 years 6 months) selected from a<br />
community sample of children. Data were analysed using optimised VBM.<br />
Study-specific probability maps were created and four a priori regions<br />
of interest identified (Orbitofrontal [OFC], anterior cingulate [ACC], and<br />
anterior insular cortices, and amygdala). Both gray matter volume and<br />
concentration were examined controlling for cognitive ability and hyperactivity-inattention<br />
symptoms. Boys with CP/CU+ traits, as compared to TD<br />
boys, presented increased gray matter concentration in the medial OFC<br />
and ACC, as well as increased gray matter volume and concentration in<br />
the temporal lobes bilaterally. These findings may indicate a delay in cortical<br />
maturation in several brain areas implicated in decision-making, morality,<br />
and empathy in boys with CP/CU+ traits.<br />
65
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-12<br />
66<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
un D e r s t a n D i n g vi o l e n c e in we s t e r n<br />
su b u r b s: an in t e r c u l t u r a l clinical<br />
po i n t o f vi e w<br />
Derivois, Daniel 1 ; Guillier, Nathalie 1<br />
1 University of Lyon, France<br />
Understanding the current violence in western suburbs requires the articulation<br />
of several approaches in a global context. Our approach is in the<br />
field of intercultural clinical psychology. It incorporates historic and geopolitical<br />
dimensions understanding of this complex phenomenon.<br />
This communication is based on research conducted on the course of victim<br />
/ offender adolescents through various circles of life (family, schools,<br />
institutions of protection, prison, suburbs, etc.) in France. Some results<br />
of this research show the influence of the colonial divide and political violence<br />
in the development of victimization and delinquency behaviours in<br />
adolescence.<br />
Consequently, accompanying these adolescents requires from the professional<br />
taking into account not only of family, social and cultural factors but<br />
also the global dimension.<br />
Keywords : Adolescents in suburbs - Accompaniment - Interculturalities -<br />
Postcolonialism - Identity<br />
This communication is based on research conducted on the course of victim<br />
/ offender adolescents through various circles of life (family, schools,<br />
institutions of protection, prison, suburbs, etc.) in France. Some results<br />
of this research show the influence of the colonial divide and political violence<br />
in the development of victimization and delinquency behaviours in<br />
adolescence.<br />
Consequently, accompanying these adolescents requires from the professional<br />
taking into account not only of family, social and cultural factors but<br />
also the global dimension.<br />
Keywords : Adolescents in suburbs - Accompaniment - Interculturalities -<br />
Postcolonialism - Identity --
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-13<br />
Decision-ma k i n g in ec o n o m i c ga m e s<br />
is re l a t e D t o so c i a l be h a v i o r in<br />
aD o l e s c e n c e<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
d’Acremont, Mathieu 1 ; Bossaerts, Peter 1 ; Van der Linden,<br />
Martial 2<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;<br />
2 University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
Economic games have been developed to study social interactions in an<br />
experimental setting. In these games, individuals have the possibility to<br />
exchange goods and their decisions are taken as indicator of their social<br />
preferences like altruism or equity. Past researches with economic games<br />
have mainly highlighted gender and age differences. However, it is unknown<br />
if decisions in economic games are related to social behavior in<br />
a natural setting. This absence of ecological validity has exposed game<br />
theory to serious criticism. The aim of this study was to test whether decisions<br />
in economic games were related to social behavior in adolescence,<br />
an age period when antisocial behavior is more frequent. Adolescents (44<br />
boys, 49 girls, 11-15 years old) completed economic games with their<br />
peers. Adolescents’ behavior in classroom was assessed by their teachers.<br />
Results showed that teenagers with a higher score of antisocial behavior<br />
shared less of their points when the opponent had no way to react (dictator<br />
game), but not when the opponent could refuse the offer (ultimatum<br />
game) or could send back part of the offer (trust game). Teenagers with a<br />
high score of social anxiety accepted lower offers (ultimatum game). Hyperactivity<br />
was not related to decision-making in these games. It can be<br />
concluded that decision-making in economic games is specifically related<br />
to social behavior in adolescence and that economic games have an ecological<br />
validity.<br />
67
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-14<br />
68<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
co m m u n a l n e s t i n g , a n e a r l y s o c i a l<br />
e n r i c h m e n t , s h a p e s s o c i a l b e h a v i o r a n D<br />
c o p i n g r e s p o n s e t o s o c i a l s t r e s s in a D u l t<br />
m o u s e<br />
D’Andrea, Ivana 1 ; Cirulli, Francesca 1 ; Branchi, Igor 1 ; Alleva,<br />
Enrico 1<br />
1 Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology<br />
and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.<br />
Early experiences produce persistent changes in behavior and brain function.<br />
Being reared in a Communal Nest (CN), consisting of a single nest<br />
where three mothers keep their pups together and share care-giving behavior<br />
from birth to weaning, provides an highly stimulating social environment<br />
to the developing pup. CN characterizes the natural ecological<br />
niche of the mouse species and represents a form of early social enrichment.<br />
In the CN, both mother-offspring and peer-to-peer interactions are<br />
markedly increased. At adulthood, CN mice show higher propensity to<br />
interact socially with conspecifics and more elaborate social competencies<br />
compared to mice reared in standard laboratory conditions (SN). In<br />
particular, CN mice play the role of either the dominant or the subordinate<br />
starting from the first agonistic encounter, while SN mice need five social<br />
encounters to fully show their social role. Furthermore, CN mice display<br />
high levels of aggressive behavior only when appropriate in an ecoethological<br />
perspective, i.e. when they have to set up or defend their own<br />
territory. With regard to emotional behavior and hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal<br />
(HPA) axis activation, CN mice are less vulnerable to anhedonia<br />
following psychosocial stress and display a reduced activation of the HPA<br />
axis after acute or prolonged exposure to social challenge. The present<br />
findings show that being reared in a CN plays a crucial role in structuring<br />
adult social competencies in the mouse. Overall, the social environment to<br />
which an organism is exposed during critical developmental periods, exerts<br />
a major effects in shaping social behavior at adulthood. Supported by<br />
EU, project INTELLIMAZE contract n 037965.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-15<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
a v o X e l-b a s e D m o r p h o m e t r y (vbm) s t u D y<br />
o f b r a i n s t r u c t u r e in m a l e a D o l e s c e n t s<br />
w i t h co n D u c t Di s o r D e r<br />
Fairchild, Graeme 1 ; Passamonti, Luca 2 ; Hurford, Georgina<br />
1 ; von dem Hagen, Elisabeth 2 ; van Goozen, Stephanie 3 ;<br />
Fletcher, Paul 1 ; Goodyer, Ian 1 ; Calder, Andrew 2<br />
1 Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University; 2 Medical Research<br />
Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge;<br />
3 School of Psychology, Cardiff University<br />
Recent studies from our group have demonstrated neurocognitive and<br />
emotional impairments in male adolescents with early-onset and adolescence-onset<br />
forms of Conduct Disorder (CD), a psychiatric diagnosis associated<br />
with increased aggressive and antisocial behaviour. To investigate<br />
the mechanisms underlying such impairments, we acquired structural<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from these individuals and used<br />
a data-driven approach, voxel-based morphometry (VBM), to quantify<br />
differences in brain structure between groups. We report preliminary results<br />
from 20 control participants and 30 participants with CD (20 had<br />
early-onset CD and 10 had adolescence-onset CD). Collapsing across CD<br />
subgroups, CD participants overall showed reductions in rostral anterior<br />
cingulate cortex (rACC; p>.001 uncorrected) and intraparietal sulcus<br />
(p>.001 uncorrected) grey matter volume relative to controls. Using<br />
a less stringent threshold (p>.01 uncorrected), volume reductions were<br />
observed across the anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala and anterior insular<br />
cortex in participants with CD. Compared with controls, participants<br />
with early-onset CD showed volume reductions in dorsal anterior cingulate<br />
cortex (dACC; p>.001 uncorrected) and intraparietal sulcus (p>.001<br />
uncorrected). These data suggest that the most pronounced structural<br />
abnormalities in CD occur in brain regions involved in emotion regulation.<br />
Findings of reduced dACC volume are consistent with a previous functional<br />
imaging study showing abnormal patterns of dACC activation during<br />
emotion processing in early-onset CD, but diverge somewhat from prior<br />
structural imaging studies primarily using subjects with comorbid CD and<br />
ADHD. This study differs from the others in the literature because most<br />
(73%) of the participants with CD did not have a comorbid ADHD diagnosis.<br />
69
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
on t h e n e u r a l p r o c e s s i n g o f v i o l e n t a n D<br />
n o n -v i o l e n t c o m p u t e r g a m e s c e n a r i o s in<br />
g a m e r s a n D n o n -g a m e r s<br />
Fehr, Thorsten 1 ; Regenbogen, Christina 2 ; Herrmann, Manfred<br />
1<br />
1 Center for Cognitive Sciences, Dept. Of Neuropsychology/Behavioral<br />
Neurobiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Bremen/Magdeburg,<br />
Bremen University, Germany; 2 Center for Cognitive Sciences,<br />
Dept. Of Neuropsychology/Behavioral Neurobiology, Bremen<br />
University, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen<br />
University, Germany<br />
There is a large public and scientific discussion about the effects of violent<br />
video games on behaviour-related aspects such as arousal, emotion, and<br />
cognition. The ability to differentiate between reality and fiction has been<br />
discussed to be reduced in individuals who intensively use media particularly<br />
displaying violent content. In the present fMRI study violent computer<br />
game scenarios and an analogous parallel form of video sequences<br />
displaying real characters were presented to a group of 22 young males<br />
with (gamers) and without (non-gamers) history of long-term violent<br />
video game experience. A comparison between violent and non-violent<br />
scenarios suggested large differences in activation patterns between gamers<br />
and non-gamers as well as between the processing of the virtual and<br />
the real scenarios. A lack of sub-cortical network activation, as identified<br />
in both group- and single-individual analyses, indicated a rather ‘cold’ and<br />
neocortical represented and less arousal driven form of emotional processing<br />
of both virtual and real violent scenarios in both groups. This might<br />
indicate a general desensitisation-to-violence-effect in both gamers and<br />
non-gamers, potentially caused by predominantly miss-attributed and perverted<br />
forms of any kind of violence in all public media always present and<br />
chronically available for everyone. Additionally, large individual differences<br />
point to the necessity to particularly consider individual learning histories<br />
and developmental factors. Taken together, the present data do not support<br />
the view that gamers are impaired in differentially processing virtual<br />
and real contextual information, even after a long learning history of computer<br />
game play.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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an i n t e g r a t i n g s y s t e m o f m o r a l<br />
D i s e n g a g e m e n t a n D a g g r e g a t i o n<br />
w i t h D e v i a n t p e e r g o v e r n i n g v i o l e n t<br />
a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Fida, Roberta 1 ; Paciello, Marinella 1 ; Tramontano, Carlo 1 ;<br />
Caprara, Gian Vittorio 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy<br />
Earlier aggression predicts different manifestations of later violence (Farrington,<br />
1994 ; Loeber &Loeber, 1998; Stattin &Magnusson, 1989). Nevertheless<br />
not all aggressive behavior becomes violent over years, whereas<br />
violent conduct often derives from earlier aggression.<br />
We focused on the interconnection between contextual and individual factors<br />
as a mediator of the relation between aggression in pre-adolescence<br />
and violent outcomes in youth. We included aggregation with deviant peer<br />
as a relational risky context variable and moral disengagement as crucial<br />
individual dimension related to the recourse to social cognitive mechanisms<br />
that legitimate behaviors that hurt other people. We considered<br />
Bandura’s triadic reciprocal determinism as a pivotal model of causation in<br />
which violent aggression in youth can be seen as the result of interactive<br />
relation between moral disengagement and aggregation with deviant peer<br />
that operate as interrelated determinants that influence each other bidirectionally.<br />
In particular we hypothesized that aggression at 13/14 years<br />
influence violent aggression at 21/22 years directly and indirectly through<br />
the interrelation between the development of both moral disengagement<br />
and aggregation with deviant peer from 15 to 20 years. We use Growth<br />
Latent Curve analysis among a sample of 324 Italian adolescents (50%<br />
boys) part of an ongoing longitudinal two cohorts design assessed five<br />
times.<br />
We assessed earlier aggression using Physical and Verbal Aggression Scale<br />
(Caprara &Pastorelli, 1993) rated by peers; Moral Disengagement using<br />
Bandura’s scale (Bandura et al., 1996); Aggregation with deviant peer using<br />
Capaldi and Patterson’s scale (1989); Violent aggression using 3 items<br />
selected from Physical and Verbal Aggression Scale (Caprara, Pastorelli,<br />
1993) and 3 items selected from Violence Scale (Caprara, Mazzotti, &Prezza,<br />
1990).<br />
Results attested the reciprocal reinforcement between intra-individual and<br />
inter-personal processes during adolescence that can lead aggression in<br />
pre-adolescence into violent outcomes in youth. We discuss implication in<br />
preventing violent aggression in youth.<br />
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<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ca m u s \’ \”st r a n g e r \”: wh y cr i m e s<br />
pr o s e e D<br />
Galyona, Eugene 1<br />
1 Karazin Kharkov National University, Ukraine<br />
As any literature which has a crime as central event, in “Stranger” it is<br />
made attempt to understand: what is the crime and why does it exist.<br />
In “Stranger” Camus criticize European system of justice. It should be<br />
noticed that the judicial system was not always been total resource of the<br />
violence prevention. As the majority ethnographers said there was nothing<br />
in archaic societies that reminds modern judicial system. Rene Girard<br />
results the following gradation of institutions of internal conflicts settlement:<br />
revenge, religious ritual, court. In his opinion efficiency of modern<br />
judicial system has led to disappearance (or more truly to dissolution in<br />
other institutions) of the sacrifice. However up to the XX-th century these<br />
three institutions were represented by three various practices of the conflict<br />
resolution: revenge (duel), religious ritual (Christian ethics) and court<br />
(the state law). In the XX-th century the judicial system becomes the only<br />
powerful institution of the violence prevention but just to its efficiency Camus<br />
had questions.<br />
From the ethological point of view (Konrad Lorenz) intraspecific aggression<br />
is the reason of an individualization and formation of the subject (through<br />
the pacification and greeting rituals). Thus thanks to violence there is<br />
the certain order generated by system of distinctions. When this order is<br />
broken, there is a situation which Girard names «sacrificial crisis» that is<br />
always accompanied by violence. Girard and Lorentz underline value of<br />
asymmetries. It not the violence apologia, it shows that the system which<br />
have to resists to it does not function; that the murder censure, without<br />
studying of deep sources of the violence, and any equality declared by democracy<br />
and humanistic ideas ignore by-effect of themselves that loosens<br />
basis on which they are generated.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
fr e q u e n c y a n D ty p e s o f Do m e s t i c ab u s e<br />
a m o n g el D e r l y r e f e r r i n g t o pa r k s o f<br />
te h r a n .<br />
Ghorbi, Banafsheh 1 ; Manoochehri, Houman 1 ; Hosseini,<br />
Meymanat 1 ; Nasiri Oskouei, Navideh 1 ; Karbakhsh, Mojgan 2<br />
1 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science and Health Srevices,<br />
Tehran, Iran; 2 Tehran University of Medical Science and<br />
Health Srevices, Tehran, Iran<br />
Aging has always been concerned throughout history. The second half of<br />
the 20th century has been referred as population graying due to increased<br />
number of elderly people. Of related familial and social outcomes is the<br />
upsurge of antisocial behaviors and violence. Domestic elder mistreatment<br />
or abuse as a major health problem is a type of familial violence<br />
with a significantly increasing incidence in the last 2 decades. Since there<br />
is no specific organization to be responsible for this problem in developing<br />
countries like Iran, no information or evidence is available and limited<br />
studies are only limited to developed countries. This descriptive study was<br />
conducted to determine the degree and types of domestic abuse in the<br />
elderly referring to parks of Tehran.<br />
400 elders 60 years and over including men and women from all parts<br />
of Tehran took part in the study. A questionnaire in 3 parts including demographics,<br />
types of abuse and open questions was used for data collection.<br />
The tool was validated by face and content methods and made<br />
reliable by internal consistency as well as test-retest methods. The questionnaire<br />
was completed by the researcher through interviewing the subjects.<br />
Findings showed that %28 of the elderly was between 70 and 74,<br />
%38.2 had secondary education, %65.1 was married and %32.9 lived<br />
with their spouses. %87.8 of them experienced at least 1 type of abuse,<br />
%12.2 no abuse and %24.9 all 4 types of abuse. %84.8 experienced<br />
emotional abuse; %68.3, neglect; %40.1, financial exploitation; and<br />
%35.2, physical abuse.<br />
It can be concluded that domestic abuse is a widespread social problem<br />
which requires urgent, continuous and fundamental interventions.<br />
Clarification of the issue from different aspects, identification of predisposing<br />
and preventive factors and identification of at-risk elders are of high<br />
priorities in this regard.<br />
Keyword: Elderly, Domestic abuse, Parks.<br />
73
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
impairments in nonverbal<br />
emotion recognition as a<br />
risk factor for aggressive<br />
behavior<br />
Gomez, Jean-Marc 1 ; Van der Linden, Martial 2<br />
1 Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva,<br />
Switzerland; 2 Department of Psychology, University of<br />
Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland<br />
Background: As researchers have postulated and shown (Marsh &Blair,<br />
2008), the perception of nonverbal affective cues may contribute in important<br />
ways to aggressive behavior in children. Indeed, misinterpretation of<br />
affective cues inevitably affects social interaction. This study examined the<br />
reliability of impairments in nonverbal emotion recognition in children with<br />
aggressive problems. Linguistic competence was also measured in order to<br />
determine its influence on facial emotional recognition. Method: 58 children<br />
(age range=7.5-13.8 years, M=11.4 years, SD=1.5), who attended<br />
special education in 13 classes in Geneva, participated in the study. The<br />
teachers assessed the aggressive behavior of their pupils with a questionnaire<br />
(French version of SDQ, d�Acremont &Van der Linden, 2008). Moreover,<br />
the children completed two standardized tests of nonverbal perception<br />
abilities (the first including emotional pictures, the second videos and<br />
auditory stimuli), as well as three control tests assessing the perception of<br />
faces and levels of syntax and vocabulary. Results: As predicted, children<br />
showing more pronounced prosocial behavior were better at recognizing<br />
emotions, especially fear and disgust. Children showing higher relational<br />
competence did particularly well at recognizing fear stimuli. Furthermore,<br />
children showing more prosocial behaviors were not only better, but also<br />
faster at recognizing facial and auditory emotional stimuli than were children<br />
with fewer empathic behaviors. We also observed a link between<br />
emotion perception and linguistic abilities. Conclusion: These results support<br />
the idea that deficits in emotion perception, which seem to be linked<br />
to linguistic competence, contribute to problematic behavior in children.<br />
More specifically, rapid information processing underlying the recognition<br />
of nonverbal emotional cues seems to be �underdeveloped� in children<br />
showing problematic social behavior. In conclusion, it is suggested that<br />
intervention programs specifically designed to boost the perception of affective<br />
cues may help resolve behavioral problems in aggression-prone<br />
children.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
the structural phenotypes of<br />
persistent violence: a nipa<br />
structural mri stuDy<br />
Guidi, Raffaella; Magistretti, Pierre J.; Halfon, Olivier; Cardinaux,<br />
Jean-René<br />
1 Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK<br />
Detailed neurobiological models of reactive violence in ASPD and instrumental<br />
violence in psychopathy have emerged in the last decade. However,<br />
potential structural brain differences between psychopathic men and<br />
antisocial men who do not meet psychopathy criteria remain to be established.<br />
The Neurobiological Investigations of Persistent Aggression (NIPA)<br />
study is attempting to distinguish between these groups across multiple<br />
modalities. The current study (a work in progress) examined the differences<br />
in grey matter volume between 3 groups of men matched for age<br />
and IQ: 1) violent offenders with ASPD but without psychopathy (PCL-<br />
R>25) (n=20); 2) violent offenders with ASPD and psychopathy (PCL-R<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
im p o r t a n c e o f cbp a n D torc1 in creb<br />
t r a n s c r i p t i o n a l a c t i v a t i o n<br />
Guidi, Raffaella1 2 ; Magistretti, Pierre J. 1 3 ; Halfon, Olivier2 ;<br />
1 2<br />
Cardinaux, Jean-René<br />
1 Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, CHUV, Lausane; 2 Child and<br />
Adolescent Psychiatry (SUPEA), Lausanne; 3 Brain Mind Institute,<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>, Lausanne<br />
cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) is a member of a family<br />
of proteins that function as transcription factors. It is expressed in all cells<br />
in the brain and its activation is known to play a crucial role in learning<br />
and memory, as well as in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However,<br />
depending on the brain region and the stimuli leading to its transcriptional<br />
activation, neuronal functions may be affected in different manners. In<br />
the context of addiction, CREB was shown to be critical. When CREB is<br />
phosphorylated, it recruits a coactivator called CBP, and activates the expression<br />
of a set of genes that modifies the properties of striatal medium<br />
spiny neurons in the reward pathway. Moreover, we have recently shown<br />
that another coactivator called Transducer Of Regulated CREB activity 1<br />
(TORC1) functions as a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector<br />
in neurons, and is involved in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity<br />
(Kovacs et al., 2007.PNAS 104, 4700-4705). Given the importance of calcium<br />
and cAMP signaling pathways for reward-related long-term memory<br />
formation, we hypothesized that TORC1 could play a role in this process.<br />
To determine the respective involvement of CBP and TORC1 in the regulation<br />
of CREB-mediated transcription, we are developing different strategies<br />
to selectively interfere with these CREB coactivators in mouse primary<br />
neurons. Ultimately, we would like to better define the role of CREB, CBP<br />
and TORC1 in reward-related learning and memory and drug addiction.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-23<br />
un D e r s t a n D i n g vi o l e n c e in we s t e r n<br />
su b u r b s : an in t e r c u l t u r a l clinical<br />
po i n t o f vi e w<br />
Derivois, Daniel 1 ; Guillier, Nathalie 1<br />
1 University of Lyon, France<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Understanding the current violence in western suburbs requires the articulation<br />
of several approaches in a global context. Our approach is in the<br />
field of intercultural clinical psychology. It incorporates historic and geopolitical<br />
dimensions understanding of this complex phenomenon.<br />
This communication is based on research conducted on the course of victim<br />
/ offender adolescents through various circles of life (family, schools,<br />
institutions of protection, prison, suburbs, etc.) in France. Some results<br />
of this research show the influence of the colonial divide and political violence<br />
in the development of victimization and delinquency behaviours in<br />
adolescence.<br />
Consequently, accompanying these adolescents requires from the professional<br />
taking into account not only of family, social and cultural factors but<br />
also the global dimension.<br />
Keywords : Adolescents in suburbs - Accompaniment - Interculturalities -<br />
Postcolonialism - Identity --<br />
77
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ne u r a l co r r e l a t e s o f aD a p t i v e Decision<br />
ma k i n g u n D e r un c e r t a i n t y in vi o l e n t<br />
cr m i n a l of f e n D e r s w i t h ps y c h o p a t h y<br />
a m D bo r D e r l i n e pe r s o n a l i t y Di s o r D e r<br />
Prehn, Kristin 1 ; Schlagenhauf, Florian 2 ; Schulze, Lars 1 ;<br />
Berger, Christoph 1 ; Vohs, Knut 1 ; Wagner, Sabine 3 ; Hauenstein,<br />
Karlheinz 3 ; Domes, Gregor 4 ; Herpertz, Sabine C. 1<br />
1 Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Rostock University, Rostock,<br />
Germany; 2 Dept. of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine,<br />
Berlin, Germany; 3 Department of Radiology, Rostock University,<br />
Rostock, Germany; 4 Dept. of Psychology, University of Zurich,<br />
Zurich, Switzerland<br />
In everyday life individuals are required to make decisions that bear a certain<br />
degree of uncertainty regarding potential gains and losses. Individuals<br />
differ with respect to their ability to adjust their choices and behavior in<br />
the face of higher risk.<br />
To investigate the neural systems mediating these differences, we presented<br />
healthy controls (n=13) and two groups of criminal offenders [11<br />
patients with psychopathy as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist<br />
and 12 patients with DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD)] with<br />
the Behavioral Investment Allocation Strategy task (Kuhnen &Knutson,<br />
2005) and monitored brain activity using fMRI. During this task, participants<br />
were required to choose between two stocks and a bond. At the<br />
beginning of an experimental block one of the two stocks was randomly<br />
assigned to be the “good” (+10 €) or the “bad” stock ( 10 €) without the<br />
participants´ knowledge. The bond always paid 1 Euro.<br />
When uncertainty which stock to choose was high (e.g., at the beginning<br />
of a block) controls showed adaptive risk-avoidant behavior (i.e.,<br />
were more likely to choose the bond). Chosing the bond in trials with high<br />
uncertainty was preceded by increased activity in a functional network<br />
including insula, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and pre-supplementary motor<br />
area. Uncertainty was represented in rostral anterior cingulate gyrus<br />
(rACC). Criminal offenders with BPD did not choose more bonds when<br />
uncertainty was high. This risk-seeking behavior was accompanied by less<br />
activity in IFG before choosing the bond in contrast to controls. Psychopaths<br />
only differed from controls by decreased activity in rACC reflecting a<br />
deficit to emotionally represent uncertainty.<br />
These results support the theory that criminal offenders with psychopathy<br />
are characterized by a lack of emotion, whereas criminal offenders with<br />
BPD show a more pronounced deficit in behavioral control to adjust their<br />
choices in the face of higher risk.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-25<br />
ch a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f victims o f v i o l e n c e<br />
visiting a m e D i c o l e g a l c o n s u l t a t i o n :<br />
a n o t h e r p a t h t o u n D e r s t a n D v i o l e n c e ?<br />
Hofner, M.-Cl. 1 ; Romain, N. 1 ; Mangin, P. 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Violence Medical Unit (VMU), University Centre for Legal Medicine,<br />
University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
To improve care and services to victims of interpersonal violence, a Violence<br />
Medical Unit(VMU) was set up at the Lausanne University Hospital,<br />
Switzerland in 2006. The VMU consultation offers medico-legal and community<br />
care. Patients are received by forensic nurses for support, forensic<br />
examination, needs assessment and community orientation.<br />
A descriptive study of medical reports was conducted in 2008 with the<br />
aim to explore characteristics of this specific population. During the study<br />
period, 03.01.2006 to 31.12. 2007, the VMU registered 911 patients. Regarding<br />
eligibility criteria (complete medical file and actual interpersonal<br />
victimisation), final sample was 863, including: 55% of men and 45% of<br />
women, with a mean age of 30,5 years. 89% of men reported community<br />
violence for 37% of women, 63% of women reported domestic violence<br />
for 11% of men. For 55% the present violent event was not the first one<br />
in their adult lifetime and 25% reported violence during childhood. If 56%<br />
didn’t have Swiss nationality, more than 90% were speaking French fluently.<br />
85% of the aggressors were men for any type of violence and both<br />
sex of victims.<br />
Distribution of type of violence and socio demographic characteristics in<br />
our population does not differ from literature results: the population is<br />
young, men are more concerned by community violence and women by<br />
domestic one .However, a quarter of our population reported violence in<br />
childhood, more than a half already experienced being victim of violence<br />
and aggressors independently of type of violence or sex of the victims are<br />
men. Discussion of these results from a neuro scientific as well as a systemic<br />
point of view would be of great interest to enlarge understanding of<br />
the violent interpersonal interactions.<br />
79
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
genDer inequality , hiv/aiDs<br />
&violence : triple jeoparDy of<br />
women<br />
Joshi, Shambhu 1 ; Bhandari, rajan 2 ; Kumar, Ashok 3<br />
1 District Public Health Office, Malakhet, Nepal; 2 Community<br />
Health and Environmental Society Nepal,KTM, Nepal; 3 Univrsity<br />
of Bombay,Mumbai,India<br />
Background: HIV infection in Nepal has a female face because of it growing<br />
fastest in this subpopulation. How Gender, violence &HIV/AIDS make<br />
women jeopardized?<br />
Summary/Objectives: A study was conducted with PLWHA women during<br />
2005-2007. To examine the complexity of violence, HIV/AIDS and to learn<br />
more about the specific problems faced by women living with HIV - how<br />
the concept of gender, violence &HIV/AIDS make their life vulnerable.<br />
Case Studies and Informal Interviews with HIV infected women. Data was<br />
analysed with EPI info program.<br />
Results: Case studies and interviews with women from the study illustrate<br />
that low status in family, sexual violence, economic and social problems<br />
such as poverty, lack of education are some of the primary reasons to get<br />
infection. Cultural orientation inhibits them to talk about sex to their partners,<br />
which results in infectious status. In the middle-aged women, after<br />
sterilization they do not practice regular use of condoms, because they<br />
think it is primarily for family planning. Among the newly-married women<br />
they know their status only at time of pregnancy, which results in psychological<br />
trauma and other related aspects. Most of them are widows and<br />
they know their sero status at a later stage of their partner’s HIV infected<br />
life. After the death of their partner, some of them are being expelled from<br />
their home and undergo various violations of human rights.<br />
Lessons learned: This study revealed the need to develop appropriate program<br />
would be emphasing the target communities. Due to illiteracy, poverty,<br />
gender inequality women and girls are facing with spousal battering<br />
, sexual abuse of female children, dowry related violence, rape including<br />
marital rape, traditional practices harmful to female, no spousal violence,<br />
sexual harassment and intimidation at work and in school, trafficking of<br />
women, forced prostitution, rape in war, female infanticide, constant belittling<br />
includes controlling behaviors such as isolation from family &friends,<br />
monitoring her movements, restrict her access to resources.<br />
Govenment,NGOs,INGOs also have crucial role to work hand to hand in<br />
this issues by empowering female, law and policy, equal education and<br />
economic opportunities to female.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
P-27<br />
Depicting t h e r o l e o f t h e kap1<br />
e p i g e n e t i c r e g u l a t o r in b e h a v i o u r a l<br />
v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o s t r e s s<br />
Marquis, Julien 1 ; Jakobsson, Johan 2 ; Bisaz, Reto 1 ; Sandi,<br />
Carmen 1 ; Trono, Didier 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;<br />
2 Faculty of medicine, Lund university, 22184 Lund, Sweden<br />
Growing evidence points to the role of epigenetics in translating environmental<br />
stimuli into long-lasting changes of gene expression in the brain.<br />
Contrasting with the abundance of data pointing to the key role of epigenetics<br />
in animal behaviour, relatively little is known about the molecular<br />
mediators of this process. As part of a broad effort to define the roles of<br />
the KRAB/KAP1 gene regulation pathways in vivo, we carried out a reverse<br />
genetic approach by generating a mouse model in which the KAP1 gene<br />
was specifically inactivated in neurons of the adult forebrain. Behavioral<br />
studies reveal heightened level of anxiety-like and exploratory activity in<br />
these mice, as well as stress-induced alterations in spatial learning and<br />
memory (Jacobsson et al., Neuron, 2008, 60, 818-31). At the molecular<br />
level, transcriptome analyses detect the dysregulation of a small number<br />
of genes correlated with a decrease of H3K9-me3 and an increase of<br />
H4Ac, consistent with KAP1-dependent chromatin changes.<br />
Our initial molecular studies were performed on whole hippocampus, that<br />
is, on a mixture of KAP1-negative and KAP1-positive cells. We are now<br />
using laser-dissection to recover selectively KAP1-deleted cells and also<br />
analyze separately different hippocampal sub-area. We anticipate that,<br />
associated with transcriptome and chromatin analyses, the method should<br />
generate robust data to help deciphering the cascade of molecular event<br />
linking KAP1 to the observed “stress phenotype”.<br />
The Cre mediated hippocampal-KAP1 deletion occurs at approximately<br />
15-30 days of age, that is, when murine macroscopic brain structures are<br />
fully developed. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out that KAP1 deletion does<br />
not primarily impact on immature, developing neurological networks. To<br />
address this point, we have generated a similar mouse model but expressing<br />
a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre. We will now study whether inducing<br />
KAP1 deletion at different ages has an impact on the “stress behaviour”.<br />
Along the same line, we will study the reversibility of that phenotype by<br />
controlling the re-expression of KAP1 through doxycycline treatment of<br />
animals carrying an rtTA-regulated expression system.<br />
Work performed in our laboratory indicates that KAP1 is an important mediator<br />
of stem cell proliferation/differentiation. Interestingly, several observations<br />
support the hypothesis that depression could be correlated with<br />
an altered adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Therefore, through<br />
combined labelling with BrdU and several neuronal differentiation marker,<br />
we are testing the possibility that adult neuronal maturation could be affected<br />
in hippocampal KAP1-deleted animals. The results of this analysis<br />
may provide insight into the biology of depression.<br />
81
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ef f e c t s o f a c u t e a n D c h r o n i c hpa a X i s<br />
a c t i v i t y o n a g g r e s s i o n - D i f f e r i n g e f f e c t s<br />
f o r m a l e s a n D f e m a l e s<br />
Khan, Robina 1 ; Bertsch, Katja 1 ; Kruk, Menno 2 ; Naumann,<br />
Ewald 1<br />
1 University of Trier, Trier, Germany; 2 Leiden University, Leiden,<br />
the Netherlands<br />
Aggression and the understanding of its causes and biological mechanisms<br />
in men and women is today as important as ever. Animal studies suggest<br />
that aggressive behavior is influenced by both basal and reactive Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal<br />
(HPA) axis activity. In humans, results from<br />
clinical samples are inconsistent, experimental studies are rare, and both<br />
are mostly conducted with male samples. We therefore pharmacologically<br />
enhanced cortisol levels in 28 healthy subjects by administering 20mg of<br />
hydrocortisone (stress group), 28 others were given a placebo (placebo<br />
group). We then induced aggressive behavior with the Taylor Aggression<br />
Paradigm in half of the stress and the placebo group, respectively. Sex<br />
was balanced across groups. We furthermore analyzed the relationship of<br />
basal HPA axis activity, which was measured prior to the experiment, and<br />
aggression. Preliminary analysis suggests, that while the administration of<br />
hydrocortisone enhanced aggressive behavior in women compared to the<br />
placebo group, it reduced aggressive behavior in men. Furthermore, basal<br />
HPA axis activity seems to be negatively correlated with aggressive behavior,<br />
but only in women. The results suggest, that the acute and chronic<br />
state of the HPA axis activity are differentially related to aggressive behavior<br />
in men and women.
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th e p s y c h o p a t h o l o g y o f r e p e a t e D<br />
a g g r e s s i o n: an e X p e r i m e n t a l s t u D y<br />
Kudryavtseva, Natalia 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<br />
The sensory contact model allows the aggressive type of behavior to be<br />
formed as a result of repeated experience of victories in daily agonistic<br />
interactions in male mice. Some behavioral domains confirm the development<br />
of learned aggression in the winners similar to those in humans. The<br />
features are: repeated experience of aggression reinforced by victories;<br />
elements of learned behavior after period of confrontations; intent, measured<br />
by increase of the aggressive motivation prior agonistic confrontation;<br />
decreased emotionality. Positive fighting experience in daily social<br />
confrontations changes many characteristics of individual and social behaviors,<br />
these having been estimated in varied situations. Neurochemical<br />
data confirm the activation of brain dopaminergic systems and functional<br />
inhibition of serotonergic system in the winners under influence of repeated<br />
aggression, that create the low threshold for aggressive reaction in<br />
even weakly provoking environment. Changes in opioidergic systems form<br />
aggression abuse in male mice. Long experience of aggression is accompanied<br />
by development of abnormal and violent aggression accompanying<br />
by hyperkinetic and stereotypic reaction, hostile behavior, hostility, maniclike<br />
states, disturbances in social recognition, pronounced anxiety, addictive<br />
state etc [review, Kudryavtseva, 2006].<br />
Kudryavtseva N.N. Psychopathology of repeated aggression: a neurobiological<br />
aspect. In “Perspectives on the Psychology of Aggression” Ed. J.P.<br />
Morgan, NOVA Science Publishers, Inc. 2006. Chapter 2, pp.35-64<br />
83
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84<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ne u r a l c o r r e l a t e s o f a b n o r m a l<br />
a g g r e s s i o n f o l l o w i n g p e r i p u b e r t a l s t r e s s<br />
in r a t s<br />
Marquez, Cristina 1 ; Vaucher, Angélique 1 ; Sonnay, Aliénor 1 ;<br />
Sigmund, Coralie 1 ; Marquis, Julien 2 ; Groner, Anna Claire 2 ;<br />
Sandi, Carmen 1<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;<br />
2 Laboratory of Virology and Genetics, School of Life Science,<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne,<br />
Switzerland<br />
Early life stress in humans enhances the risk for psychopathologies, including<br />
excessive aggression and violence. Adolescence is an important<br />
maturation phase during which critical neurodevelopmental events occur<br />
in brain regions associated with motivation, emotion and cognition. It is<br />
also a relevant period for developing social competences required for adult<br />
life. In rodents, stress can induce long-lasting changes in emotional and<br />
neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress that can be associated with several<br />
psychopathologies. Here we examine behavioral and molecular consequences<br />
of exposure to stress during the peripubertal period. Male Wistar<br />
rats were subchronically exposed to stress (predator odour and open elevated<br />
spaces) during peripuberty (7 days of stress across the P28-P42<br />
period). The long term effects of peripubertal stress were examined when<br />
animals were 3 months-old. Peripuberty-stressed animals displayed increased<br />
anxiety and aggressive behaviors. In the resident-intruder test,<br />
peripuberty-stressed rats attacked more the vulnerable parts of their opponent<br />
and showed a lack of inhibitory control of their behavior (continued<br />
attacking despite clear signals of submission). In order to elucidate the<br />
mechanisms involved in this model of abnormal aggression, we studied<br />
(i) basal brain energy metabolism using 14C-2deoxyglucose autoradiography,<br />
(ii) the pattern of activation of different brain areas after an aggressive<br />
encounter (resident-intruder test) using c-fos immunohistochemistry,<br />
(iii) the levels of expression of the serotonin transporter using qPCR.<br />
Peripuberty-stressed animals showed an increased basal metabolism in<br />
amygdala and bed nucleus of stria terminalis, both areas related to anxiety,<br />
and an increase in the basal expression of the serotonin transporter<br />
in the prefrontal cortex. The aggressive animals showed increase in c-fos<br />
expression in medial amygdala and a lower activation of the medial orbitofrontal<br />
cortex, after the resident-intruder test. Our findings highlight the<br />
relevance of this peripubertal stress model to investigate the neurobiological<br />
correlates of abnormal aggression and confirm the serotonergic system<br />
and the interactions between amygdala and prefrontal cortex as key elements<br />
in the understanding of violence.
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Depicting t h e r o l e o f t h e kap1<br />
e p i g e n e t i c r e g u l a t o r in b e h a v i o u r a l<br />
v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o s t r e s s<br />
Marquis, Julien 1 ; Jakobsson, Johan 2 ; Bisaz, Reto 1 ; Sandi,<br />
Carmen 1 ; Trono, Didier 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;<br />
2 Faculty of medicine, Lund university, 22184 Lund, Sweden<br />
Growing evidence points to the role of epigenetics in translating environmental<br />
stimuli into long-lasting changes of gene expression in the brain.<br />
Contrasting with the abundance of data pointing to the key role of epigenetics<br />
in animal behaviour, relatively little is known about the molecular<br />
mediators of this process. As part of a broad effort to define the roles of<br />
the KRAB/KAP1 gene regulation pathways in vivo, we carried out a reverse<br />
genetic approach by generating a mouse model in which the KAP1 gene<br />
was specifically inactivated in neurons of the adult forebrain. Behavioral<br />
studies reveal heightened level of anxiety-like and exploratory activity in<br />
these mice, as well as stress-induced alterations in spatial learning and<br />
memory (Jacobsson et al., Neuron, 2008, 60, 818-31). At the molecular<br />
level, transcriptome analyses detect the dysregulation of a small number<br />
of genes correlated with a decrease of H3K9-me3 and an increase of<br />
H4Ac, consistent with KAP1-dependent chromatin changes.<br />
Our initial molecular studies were performed on whole hippocampus, that<br />
is, on a mixture of KAP1-negative and KAP1-positive cells. We are now<br />
using laser-dissection to recover selectively KAP1-deleted cells and also<br />
analyze separately different hippocampal sub-area. We anticipate that,<br />
associated with transcriptome and chromatin analyses, the method should<br />
generate robust data to help deciphering the cascade of molecular event<br />
linking KAP1 to the observed “stress phenotype”.<br />
The Cre mediated hippocampal-KAP1 deletion occurs at approximately<br />
15-30 days of age, that is, when murine macroscopic brain structures are<br />
fully developed. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out that KAP1 deletion does<br />
not primarily impact on immature, developing neurological networks. To<br />
address this point, we have generated a similar mouse model but expressing<br />
a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre. We will now study whether inducing<br />
KAP1 deletion at different ages has an impact on the “stress behaviour”.<br />
Along the same line, we will study the reversibility of that phenotype by<br />
controlling the re-expression of KAP1 through doxycycline treatment of<br />
animals carrying an rtTA-regulated expression system.<br />
Work performed in our laboratory indicates that KAP1 is an important mediator<br />
of stem cell proliferation/differentiation. Interestingly, several observations<br />
support the hypothesis that depression could be correlated with<br />
an altered adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Therefore, through<br />
combined labelling with BrdU and several neuronal differentiation marker,<br />
we are testing the possibility that adult neuronal maturation could be affected<br />
in hippocampal KAP1-deleted animals. The results of this analysis<br />
may provide insight into the biology of depression.<br />
85
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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86<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
wh y m e n r a p e: so c i o -c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s<br />
p r e D i s p o s i n g m e n t o a c t s o f r a p e in<br />
ke n y a<br />
Muchoki, Samuel 1 ; Wandibba, Simiyu 2<br />
1 Department of Culture and Heritage, National Museums of Kenya;<br />
2 Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies,<br />
University of Nairobi<br />
Rape is one type of gender-based violence that is on increase in Kenya<br />
today. This paper is derived from a study designed to investigate the<br />
individual motivations and the socio-cultural factors that predispose men<br />
to acts of rape in Kenya between the month of January and March 2008.<br />
The study sample was drawn from Naivasha, Kamiti and Nyeri main Prisons<br />
in Kenya. Data was collected using the survey method, case histories<br />
and key informant interviews. The findings suggest that a number of social<br />
cultural factors may predispose a man to rape. The factors identified<br />
include view of rape as sexual act rather than an act of violence, social<br />
attitude that the woman ‘invited’ the rape, early childhood environment,<br />
cultural practices, peer influence and a lack of parental advice on sex. As<br />
an introduction, the paper highlights the theories put forward to explain<br />
the existence of rape in our society. However, looking at rape from the<br />
perspective of the rapists, we argue that rape is a socially acquired behavior<br />
where some rapists accustom themselves with the normative cultural<br />
expectations on women and within this framework they endeavor to create<br />
an image that shifts the blame from themselves to their victims. We<br />
conclude thus that rape emanates from the social environment that an<br />
individual grows in or finds himself in later in life
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an as s e s s m e n t o f t h e pr e v a l e n c e o f<br />
se X u a l vi o l e n c e : a ca s e st u D y o f<br />
na i v a s h a District<br />
Mwangi, Maryann 1<br />
1 St. Paul’s University, Limuru, Kenya<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Naivasha District has reported more rape cases and sexual assaults than<br />
any other town in Kenya. Sexual violence is both a global and local problem<br />
which is happening all around us. More women and children than<br />
men, are affected, and it becomes difficult to detect and prosecute the<br />
perpetuators as many incidents of rape and sexual assaults are committed<br />
by friends and close family members. Despite documentation and the fact<br />
that attention is being paid to the issue of sexual violence against women<br />
at the International and local level, the problem is getting worse. The<br />
purpose of this study is to find out why this District has been reported to<br />
have such high incidences of sexual violence. A survey will be conducted,<br />
which will involve dividing the District into 4 divisions. Questionnaires,<br />
interview schedules, key informants and focus group discussions, will be<br />
used as tools for data collection. A pilot study will be conducted in one<br />
division to validate the tools for research. Data collected will be analysed<br />
using SPSS <strong>Program</strong>me. This will assist the researcher in isolating the key<br />
factors that make Naivasha to have high prevalence of rape with a view<br />
of designing effective intervention mechanisms. It is hoped that the findings<br />
of this study, will be useful to a larger extent to the local community,<br />
Church and Government in their effort of eradicating gender violence and<br />
child defilement which has contributed greatly to the spread of HIV and<br />
AIDS.<br />
87
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
a st r u c t u r a l mo D e l o f ca u s a l in f l u e n c e<br />
b e t w e e n ag g r e s s i o n a n D ps y c h o l o g i c a l<br />
t r a i t s: su r v e y o f fe m a l e co r r e c t i o n a l<br />
facility in ja p a n<br />
Naomi, Matsuura 1 2 ; Toshiaki, Hashimoto 3 ; Motomi, Toichi 4<br />
1 School of Education, Tokyo University and Graduate School of<br />
Social Welfare, Japan; 2 Research Center for Special Needs Education,<br />
Nara University of Education , Japan ; 3 Department of<br />
Pediatrics, Tokushima Red Cross Hinomine Rehabilitation Center<br />
for the Disabilities, Japan; 4 School of Health Science, Kyoto University<br />
Faculty of Medicine, Japan<br />
(<strong>Abstract</strong>)<br />
The purpose of this study was to survey and clarify the characteristics of<br />
self-esteem, aggressiveness, AD/HD symptoms, and ACE in inmates of a<br />
female juvenile correctional facility and age- and gender-matched controls,<br />
analyze relationships among factors, and establish a causal model.<br />
The subjects were 41 juvenile (all females) admitted to “A” Female Juvenile<br />
Correctional facility, aged 15-18. Average students at an average high<br />
school were used as control group. The inmate group showed markedly<br />
lower levels of self-esteem but no difference in aggressiveness compared<br />
with the control group. Results of AD/HD Youth Self Report suggested<br />
marked AD/HD symptoms in the inmate group even in the primary school<br />
period. Multidimensional factors correlated with their aggression. There<br />
was a possibility that low self-esteem, a high AD/HD-YSR score, and high<br />
ACE score increase aggressiveness.
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
an et h o l o g i c a l pe r s p e c t i v e o n vi o l e n c e<br />
Natarajan, Deepa 1 ; Caramaschi, Doretta 1 ; deVries, Han 2 ;<br />
deBoer, Sietse 1 ; Koolhaas, Jaap 1<br />
1 Dept of Behavior Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands;<br />
2 Dept of Behavioral Biology, University of Utrecht, The<br />
Netherlands<br />
Bottlenecks to violence research have been manifold incl. lack of animal<br />
models, limited methodologies (frequency, duration of aggression) and<br />
objective definitions that cannot be implemented experimentally. These<br />
factors apart, a prime concern has been in delineating violence from functional<br />
aggression in animal models. The latter is identified as functional<br />
since it has endpoints of ecological advantage incl. acquiring resources<br />
and ranking in a given environment and hence a ubiquitous phenomenon<br />
in the wild. We achieved this distinction using both, mouse strains that<br />
were genetically selected for high/ low aggression as well as novel measures<br />
of quantifying inter-male agonistic combats namely Threat/ (Attack<br />
+ Chase), Offense/ Withdrawal ratios and context dependency. Sophisticated<br />
methodologies incl. the first-order Markov chain analysis was also<br />
carried out using frequency-based agonistic behavior transition matrices<br />
of both the residents as well as their interaction with opponents. We thus,<br />
identified violence as an un-inhibited (offense-oriented) form of aggression<br />
regardless of sex, state (free-moving/ anaesthetized) and the opponent<br />
subordination signals which is at once both socially dysfunctional as<br />
well as context-independent maladaptive, leading to reduced individual/<br />
population fitness. We thus report violence as the agonistic trait in the<br />
short attack latency (SAL) mice while the agonistic trait is functional aggression<br />
in Turku Aggressive (TA) and North Carolina (NC900) mouse<br />
strains.<br />
Natarajan D and Caramaschi D contributed equally to this abstract.<br />
89
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
th e e f f e c t o f e m o t i o n s r e s u l t e D f o r m<br />
w a t c h i n g g a m e s o n s o m e ph y s i o l o g i c a l<br />
c h a n g e s o f e l D e r p e o p l e<br />
omara, osama 1<br />
1 South valley University, kena, Egypt<br />
World health organization in 1972 emphasized that care for the old people<br />
is a moral obligation. This is obviin the forms of care as food, health, care<br />
and leisure which forms a big part in their lives. Being old is bio-state<br />
viewed by the society as retirement which affects them psychologically,<br />
physically and socially thought they have great abilities in the form of<br />
experience that con not be neglected. The research aimed at identifying<br />
the effect of the emotions resulting from watching games on some physiological<br />
changes of the old people. It hypothesized that there are significant<br />
mean differences between the mean scores of the pre-post-testing in<br />
some physiological changes favoring the pre-testing. Twofold procedures<br />
were followed, firsts is the design and second is the experimental design<br />
with its pre and post testing was implemented.<br />
The community of the research is the old people living in Old Dormitory of<br />
the ministry of social affairs 2008 (46) and the group selected were (10).<br />
Data collection tools were: Growth percentage (age- tall-weight) and tests<br />
relating to the physiological changes (blood pressure, heart beat, white<br />
and red cells, chest outer and inner breathing). Results of the research<br />
concluded that the it verified the first hypothesis and achived identifying<br />
the emotions result from watching football matches and its effect on some<br />
physiological changes of old people. Finally it recommended that leisure<br />
programs should be designed to affect positively on the physiological<br />
changes to be searched. Community and sport media should contribute in<br />
decreasing the importance of winning or loosing a match.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
ca n e v o l u t i o n a r y i n f o r m e D p r i n c i p l e s o f<br />
p a r e n t a l i n v e s t m e n t p r e D i c t p a t t e r n s o f<br />
c h i l D homiciDe in no r w a y ?<br />
Ottesen, Vibeke 1<br />
1 Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo,<br />
Norway<br />
Background: Following principles of modern evolutionary theory one can<br />
deduce under what conditions parental investment in offspring can be expected<br />
to increase or decrease respectively in a given species. The use of<br />
such evolutionary informed principles of parental investment has proven<br />
successful in predicting patterns of child homicide in countries such as<br />
USA, Canada, England and Wales as well as a range of traditional cultures.<br />
The increasing list of cultures where principles of parental investment have<br />
predicted patterns of child homicide testifies to the universal validity of the<br />
principles and of their inherent understanding of the psychology of child<br />
homicide. An ongoing study of child homicide in Norway caters for the opportunity<br />
to test the validity of an evolutionary informed approach to child<br />
homicide in yet another culture.<br />
Methods: The present study will use a comprehensive national sample of<br />
child homicide cases that have been prosecuted and where the defendant<br />
was found guilty of murder, voluntary or involuntary manslaughter in Norway<br />
from 1980 to present day. The method will be document analysis of<br />
court rulings and forensic psychiatric evaluations of the defendants. Theses<br />
two sources of information were chosen for the elaborate information<br />
they hold. The court rulings include narratives of the incidents in question<br />
as presented by both prosecution and the defendant. They also include<br />
background information on the defendant´s previous convictions and his<br />
or her relationship with the victim. The forensic psychiatric evaluations<br />
include information about the defendant´s mental health history and also<br />
information on his or her family background and childhood. Both the data<br />
collection and analyses will be quantitative.<br />
Results: Preliminary results are expected to be available for presentation<br />
and discussion at the conference.<br />
91
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92<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
a st a t i s t i c a l an a l y s i s o f cr i m e Da t a<br />
Panaretos,John, 1 2 ; Tsiamtsiouri, Alexandra 1<br />
1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece;<br />
2 University of California, Berkeley, USA<br />
We study and analyze Greek crime data. The data are reported crimes<br />
for the periods 1987-1997 (monthly data) and 1982-1997 (annual data).<br />
Crimes examined include Commonly Dangerous Crimes, Robbery, Theft,<br />
Murder, Rape, Arson, Personal Vengeance, Drug Violations, Smuggling of<br />
Antiquities and Beggary.
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
pe r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s a n D e n D o c r i n e<br />
r e s p o n s e a s p o s s i b l e a s y m m e t r y f a c t o r s<br />
o f agonistic o u t c o m e in k a r a t e a t h l e t e s<br />
Harold, Dadomo 1 ; Alessandro, Bartolomucci 1 ; Pierfrancesco,<br />
Ferrari 1 ; Paola, Palanza 1 ; Alessandro, Vignali 2 ; Riccardo,<br />
Volpi 2 ; Stefano, Parmigiani 1<br />
1 Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, University of<br />
Parma, Parma,Italy.; 2 Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical<br />
Sciences, University of Parma, Parma,Italy.<br />
Kumite (real fight) and Kata (highly ritualized fight) were studied in male<br />
Karate athletes. In Kumite the dyads were matched for weight, technical<br />
ability and body mass index to achieve symmetrical agonistic confrontations.<br />
Individual variations in the plasma levels of hormones (testosterone<br />
(T) and cortisol (C)), before and after Kumite and Kata, were measured<br />
and analysed in relation with the agonistic outcome (i.e. winning or losing)<br />
and personality trait measures. T and C increased only during Kumite<br />
contest and pre and post-competition C levels were higher in losers than<br />
winners. personality traits revealed that losers showed higher levels of<br />
harm avoidance (risk assessment), lower levels of novelty seeking and<br />
higher levels of anxiety than winners. significant correlations existed between<br />
personality traits and pre-competition C in the kumite contest with<br />
the novelty seeking negatively correlate with C and the higher the level<br />
of risk assessment, of emotionality and insecurity indexes the higher the<br />
C level. Thus personality traits might be an important factor of asymmetry<br />
between athletes influencing both the probability of winning or losing an<br />
agonistic interaction and the different anticipatory endocrine response to<br />
the incipient fight. Thus the “biological” and “psychological” measures can<br />
be used to characterize the athlete in terms of attitude and performance<br />
and to enhance individual coping strategy in challenging situations.<br />
93
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94<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ne u r a l b a s i s o f f a c i a l e X p r e s s i o n<br />
p r o c e s s i n g in m a l e a D o l e s c e n t s w i t h<br />
e a r l y-o n s e t co n D u c t Di s o r D e r<br />
Passamonti,Luca, 1 Fairchild, Graeme 2 ; Hurford, Georgina<br />
2 ; Goodyer, Ian 2 ; Calder, Andy 1<br />
1 Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit,<br />
Cambridge, UK; 2 Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University,<br />
Cambridge, UK<br />
Facial expressions serve key communicatory functions that critically modulate<br />
emotional behaviour. Individuals with Conduct Disorder (CD), particularly<br />
the early-onset subtype, show persistent aggressive-antisocial<br />
behaviour, and, as recently demonstrated, a marked impairment in recognizing<br />
facial expressions. It has been also suggested that this latter deficit,<br />
alongside with other dysfunctions, plays an important role in the development<br />
of the disorder. Although the neural substrate of this impairment is<br />
still poorly understood, recent data implicated both the amygdala and the<br />
ventromedial/orbitofrontal cortex (vmPFC/OFC) as key regions. In particular,<br />
hypoactive amygdala response to fearful faces has been shown in CD<br />
with psychopathic traits relative to controls.<br />
Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to further<br />
explore differences in brain activations between CD (the majority with no<br />
comorbid ADHD) and age-matched controls when viewing angry, sad, and<br />
neutral facial expressions. Our task also included null events as a low-level<br />
baseline.<br />
The amygdala, OFC, and other brain areas (superior temporal sulcus, insula,<br />
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus) showed reduced<br />
activation in CD relative to controls for angry vs. neutral faces. However,<br />
comparisons relative to null events showed that this effect was driven by<br />
angry and neutral expressions evoking significant but statistically equivalent<br />
activation in CD (angry=neutral), but differential level of response in<br />
controls (angry
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
vi o l e n c e , t h e f i r s t l e a D i n g c a u s e, in j u r y<br />
s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s t e m, eg y p t<br />
saad, rania 1 ; Hafez, mohammed 2 ; Mamdouh, nasser 3<br />
1 Ministry of health , injury control unit, Egypt; 2 Ministry of health<br />
, injury control unit, Egypt; 3 Ministry of health , injury control<br />
unit, Egypt<br />
The Injury problem is considered one of the top priorities of the ministry<br />
of health since 1996. Violence is the first leading cause of morbidities and<br />
the third leading cause of mortalities counting more than 25% of the injury<br />
surveillance data annually.<br />
There are differences by age and show that young adults are by far the<br />
population that bears the greatest burden of injuries due to violence.<br />
Males are more affected than females.<br />
Inspite of the high magnitude of the problem of violence in Egypt, reporting<br />
is far from the ideal and there is underestimation of the problem.<br />
Hopefully the Use of ICD10 in classifying injuries data Since 2007 improved<br />
the reporting system but more national efforts needed for implementing<br />
a national strategic plan and engage victim counselling, parenting<br />
programmes and social developmental programmes.<br />
Currently, there are gaps in our national knowledge of causes and risk factors<br />
for violence and additional research is needed.<br />
95
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96<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
bl o c k e D r e w a r D t r a n s l a t e s i n t o e n h a n c e D<br />
f r u s t r a t i o n a n D r e s p o n s e f o r c e<br />
Rongjun, Yu 1 ; Dean, Mobbs 1 ; Andrew, Calder 1<br />
1 Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15<br />
Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK<br />
Mammalian studies show that frustration is experienced when goal-directed<br />
activity is thwarted or blocked (Amsel et al., 1952). It is well known<br />
that frustration is an antecedent to aggression (Dollard et al., 1939),<br />
yet the laws governing frustration are still not well understood. We<br />
tested a theory that the greater the motivation to reach the goal, the<br />
stronger the experienced frustration if the goal is blocked. In Experiment<br />
1, using a 4 trial reward schedule, we demonstrated that as the reward<br />
became proximal, participants responded faster, suggesting that their<br />
motivation increased as the reward proximity decreased. As participants<br />
approached the reward, their self-reported frustration increased after<br />
they failed to acquire the reward. We further demonstrate that responses<br />
direct following reward blocking showed that the applied force to the<br />
pressure-sensitive buttons increased with the enhanced self-reported<br />
frustration. In Experiment 2, using a multi trial reward schedule task, we<br />
further demonstrated that experienced frustration and applied forces<br />
following missed reward increase as a function of proximity after<br />
controlling for the efforts participants have devoted. We propose that<br />
frustration may serve an energizing function which translates the<br />
unfulfilled motivation into the vigor of subsequent behavior. Thus,<br />
blockage of proximal reward leads to enhanced frustration, which induces<br />
aggressive-like behavior.
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
ag g r e s s i o n in psychiatric w a r D s :<br />
inDiviDual a n D e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r e D i c t o r s<br />
Salamin, Virginie 1 2 ; Schuwey-Hayoz, Aline 1<br />
1 Réseau fribourgeois de santé mentale, Centre de soins hospitaliers,<br />
Marsens, Switzerland; 2 Département de psychologie, Université<br />
de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland<br />
Background. Violence and aggression are quite common phenomena in<br />
mental hospitals. Patient’s psychopathology, ward or environmental characteristics<br />
and staff variables may contribute to the development of aggressive<br />
interactions. The goal of this study is to identify the correlates of<br />
aggressive incidents in adult inpatient treatment wards. Method. We conducted<br />
a prospective study in seven wards in a mental hospital (admission<br />
wards, specialized wards for mood disorders, substance abuse, psychoses<br />
and crisis intervention). All aggressive incidents were recorded with the<br />
revised Staff Observation Aggression Scale (SOAS-R) over a 24-months<br />
period. Demographical data and diagnosis were routinely assessed. Results.<br />
The sample comprised 2671 treatment episodes of 1655 patients<br />
and a total of 95’365 treatment days. We recorded 9,5% of aggressive<br />
patients, mostly males, and a rather low incidence rate (0.52 aggressions<br />
per 100 treatment days). Younger age, a longer length of stay, male<br />
gender and personality disorders were associated with a higher risk for<br />
aggressive incidents. The prevalence of aggressive behaviour is highest<br />
among substance abuse (29%) and psychotic (23%) patients. Frequency<br />
and severity of aggressive behaviour are correlated to the monthly admission<br />
(respectively r=0.47 and r=0.37, p
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98<br />
cr e a t i n g a s t r e s s-f r e e m i n D a n D a<br />
v i o l e n c e -f r e e w o r l D<br />
Lund, Jakob 1 ; Schaller, Nathalie 2<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
1 The International Association for Human Values (IAHV), worldwide;<br />
2 The International Art of Living Foundation (IALF), worldwide<br />
Violence is directly connected to the level of stress in our system, and<br />
stress is directly connected to our state of mind. Learning to deal with<br />
our mind and negative emotions is the key to individual peace, which is<br />
the only way to break the cycle of violence in the society. Learning about<br />
our mind could be compared to learning how to play of an instrument in<br />
order to make music instead of noise. Inside every culprit there is a victim.<br />
Victim of ignorance, small-mindedness and lack of awareness. It is<br />
the stress, lack of broad vision about life, lack of understanding, and bad<br />
communication that leads to violence in society. When there are blocks,<br />
tensions, contractions in our system, the connection to our self is cut off.<br />
The expression of violence is the attempt to release and free oneself from<br />
these tensions, not knowing how else to release them.<br />
The breath is the link between the mind, the body and the emotions. By<br />
learning how to use and control our breath, we can learn to free ourselves<br />
from stress, tensions and traumas in a constructive and safe way, allowing<br />
the life energy to circulate freely again in the system, and therefore ending<br />
the circle of violence within ourselves.<br />
For each emotion there is a corresponding pattern of breath. It is obvious<br />
that when we are angry, our breath is affected. Therefore, by attending<br />
to our breath, we can transform our emotion and our state of mind. One<br />
of the most comprehensive breathing techniques derived from the ancient<br />
Vedic science and taught by the AOLF is Sudarshan Kriya (SK). SK is understood<br />
to use specific rhythms of breath to eliminate stress, support<br />
the various organs and systems within the body, transform overpowering<br />
emotions, and restore peace of mind.
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ri s k a s s e s s m e n t in m e n t a l h e a l t h<br />
s e r v i c e s: a n a t i o n a l m o D e l<br />
Simpson, Alexander 1<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
1 Mason Clinic and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand<br />
Risk assessment in mental health services has been controversial and often<br />
resisted by mainstream mental health services. In New Zealand, schema<br />
in use in mental health services were often actuarial in form, resulting<br />
in static risk categorisations that are not useful in building an understanding<br />
of risk with a client. If it is to be widely applied and acceptable, risk<br />
assessment needs to be both simple and integrated with recovery based<br />
intervention. This paper describes the development of a proforma that<br />
builds on core skills of multidisciplinary mental health professionals to<br />
develop a simple and robust risk formulation that is dynamic and easily<br />
communicated with the client and others involved in their care. It communicates<br />
a shared understanding of risk issues that describes the particular<br />
pathways to risk for that individual. The proforma and accompanied training<br />
programme is now taught as the national policy for risk assessment in<br />
mental health services in New Zealand and all mental health professionals<br />
are trained in its use. The benefits and risks of such a policy will be described.<br />
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ge n D e r a n D ag g r e s s i o n: an fmri-st u D y<br />
Strüber, Daniel1 2 ; Roth, Gerhard2 ; Herrmann, Manfred3 4 ;<br />
3 4<br />
Fehr, Thorsten<br />
1 Department of General Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University<br />
/ University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Germany;<br />
2 Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Germany; 3 Center<br />
for Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology and<br />
Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Bremen, Germany; 4 Center<br />
for Advanced Imaging, Universities of Bremen and Magdeburg,<br />
Germany<br />
It is a well-known fact that men engage in more direct aggression than<br />
women. However, the neural correlates of this gender difference remain<br />
unclear. Here we employed a novel video stimulus inventory (BRAIN–BRemen<br />
Aggression INventory) to examine the affective responses and brain<br />
activations while 11 men and 11 women viewed aggressive and neutral<br />
scenes under natural viewing conditions. Per category, 30 video clips (5-6<br />
seconds duration) were presented in a pseudorandomized order. The behavioural<br />
results showed that the aggressive scenes induced more anger<br />
and less fear in men whereas women rated their emotions as more fearful<br />
and less angry. The fMRI data showed for both males and females activation<br />
patterns in postcentral and inferior parietal regions when watching the<br />
reactive aggressive situations in contrast to neutral ones. Females further<br />
showed occipital and occipital-temporal activations possibly reflecting a<br />
more intense and fear-based analysis of the situation, whereas males<br />
showed a more anterior distribution of activations in temporal and frontal<br />
brain regions. In addition, men only showed bilateral brainstem activations<br />
which might be linked to a more pronounced tendency of attack behaviour.<br />
Basic neural network components related to aggressive behaviour might<br />
be located predominantly in subcortical structures, whereas aggressionrelated<br />
action programs might reflect individual learning histories and,<br />
therefore, be located in group-specific and/or interindividually varying<br />
neocortical networks. These findings demonstrate gender-specific brain<br />
activations during the affective processing of aggressive situations that<br />
may relate to gender differences in direct aggression.
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violence against women,<br />
a social construction<br />
resulting from a seXist anD<br />
patriarchal society<br />
Terzidis, Amanda, Muri, Sandra 1<br />
1 Viol-Secours Association<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
Understanding violence for Viol-Secours means to deal with sexual violence<br />
against women. Sexual violence appears in different forms, ranging<br />
from sexist verbal aggression to rape which is the ultimate crime. Our<br />
analysis underlines that violence start with trivialization of sexist advertising<br />
and pornography (promotion of women as sex object, who can be<br />
used and handled), eating disorder normalization, artificial and unattainable<br />
beauty criteria, promotion of plastic surgery, to finally culminate in<br />
rape. Rape is the extreme manner for a man to show his willingness to<br />
dominate and humiliate a woman. In fact, our experience highlights that<br />
a sexual aggression has nothing to do with sexual desire and/or sexual<br />
impulse. It is the will to dominate and humiliate which predominates for<br />
the aggressor. During a rape, the aggressor behaves as though he has the<br />
power to decide if “his victim” must live or die.<br />
We explain the origin of sexual violence against women neither as a fatality<br />
nor as a “male nature”, but as a social construction. This construction<br />
is the expression of a patriarchal society which assigns differentiated and<br />
unequal roles to people according to their gender. Discriminative gender<br />
differences appear in everyday life, as much in the public as in the private<br />
area. It starts with education still based on sexist stereotypes. In general,<br />
little girls are educated to be sweet, pleasant, altruistic, passive, while little<br />
boys are encouraged to be active, independent, conqueror and strong.<br />
It continues later in a social organisation which legitimates and perpetuates<br />
gender inequality.<br />
Consequently, in order to combat sexual violence, we are taking preventive<br />
action, notably in schools, and we continue to denounce sexism in<br />
everyday life, working for that, with both women and men.<br />
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ac u t e s t r e s s h a s a l o n g -l a s t i n g<br />
e f f e c t o n o f f e n s i v e b e h a v i o u r in a<br />
D o m i n a n c e h i e r a r c h y t e s t a n D l e a D s t o a<br />
D o w n r e g u l a t i o n o f m o n o a m i n e o X i D a s e a<br />
e X p r e s s i o n in l a t e r a l s e p t u m<br />
Timmer, Marjan 1 ; Sandi, Carmen 1<br />
1 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzer-<br />
land<br />
Stress can have a major impact on social behaviour. We use a rat model to<br />
investigate the effect of a stressful experience on the establishment and<br />
maintenance of hierarchies. On day 1, one rat of a pair is exposed to foot<br />
shocks prior to a social encounter and a food competition test (FCT). On<br />
day 8, the memory for the hierarchy established on day 1 is tested in a<br />
water competition test (WCT). Previous experiments in our group showed<br />
that rats that are exposed to a stressful experience before the first encounter<br />
usually become the subordinate individual of a pair. Furthermore,<br />
the memory that is formed for the established hierarchy is enhanced by<br />
stress compared to pairs consisting of two non-stressed rats.<br />
In the present experiment rats were submitted to stress followed by a social<br />
encounter and a FCT on day 1. In a WCT on day 8 they were exposed<br />
to an unfamiliar partner that was either dominant or subordinate on day<br />
1 (without exposure to stress). Stressed rats became the dominant individual<br />
and showed a high ratio of offensive behaviour to a previously subordinate<br />
partner in the WCT, whereas this was not the case when paired<br />
with a previously dominant partner. In addition, we studied changes in<br />
the expression of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) mRNA expression in the<br />
lateral septum under basal conditions, one week after exposure to stress<br />
and the social encounter. We found a downregulation in MAO A expression<br />
in stressed subordinate rats compared to naïve controls, and in the pairs<br />
consisting of a stressed and a non-stressed rat compared to pairs consisting<br />
of two non-stressed rats.<br />
Our results indicate that exposure to acute stress has a long-lasting effect<br />
on offensive behaviour, which might be explained by the downregulation in<br />
MAO A in lateral septum.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
th e e v a l u a t i o n o f criminal b e h a v i o u r a n D<br />
i t s relationship t o c e r t a i n inDiviDual<br />
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s. a s t u D y o f a g r o u p o f<br />
a D o l e s c e n t s in so u t h e r n it a l y.<br />
Tramontano, Carlo 1 ; Baralla, Francesca 1 ; Giannini, Anna<br />
Maria 1 ; Sgalla, Roberto 2 ; Marchetti, Marco 3<br />
1 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; 2 Italian Ministry of Interior,<br />
Department of Public Security, Italy; 3 University of Molise, Italy<br />
This study is part of a broader research project aimed at understanding<br />
attitudes toward deviant behaviour within specific social and interpersonal<br />
contexts. Scientific literature has demonstrated a relationship between<br />
early problematic behaviour and the forms of antisociality and deviance in<br />
adolescence and in adult life (Moffitt, 1993; Schaeffer, et al. 1993; Loeber,<br />
Hay, 1997; Nagin, Tremblay, 1999), as well as between assent to deviant<br />
behaviour and the frequenting of groups where violations of social norms<br />
prevail. This research (supported by European funds to the Italian Ministry<br />
of Interior) focused on four target southern regions which experience<br />
relatively high levels of organized crime and criminality. A paper-and-pencil<br />
assessment was conducted in the Spring of 2007 with 1988 high school<br />
adolescents (51% male, 49% female; average age 16.43, s.d. 1.53)<br />
in eight cities in four regions. Hypothetical scenarios describing criminal<br />
behaviours were presented. To assess how each criminal behaviour<br />
was viewed by the subjects, each was asked several questions including<br />
whether or not the situation was probable, if they believed that the behaviour<br />
was in violation of the law, and if they considered the act acceptable.<br />
Afterwards, there was an evaluation of a possible correlation to certain<br />
dispositional characteristics which are associated with and which regulate<br />
conduct and behaviour understood as moral (Bandura et al., 1997), taking<br />
into consideration the results relative to four different evaluations obtained<br />
through questionnaires intended to measure, respectively: civic disengagement,<br />
“permeability to illegality”, pro-social behaviour, anti-social<br />
behaviour. Six clusters (SLEIPNER <strong>Program</strong>; Bergman, El-Khouri, 1998),<br />
were identified, separately for males and females, which presented statistically<br />
significant differences in relation to the tendency to minimize the<br />
gravity of the crime, to the evaluation of probability and to the recognition<br />
of the violation of the law for the various types of crimes considered.<br />
Such differences were found also in the choice of behaviour in answer to<br />
the hypothetical crime situations.<br />
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op p o s i t e v a s o p r e s s i n r e l e a s e p a t t e r n s<br />
within t h e b e D n u c l e u s s t r i a terminalis<br />
a n D t h e l a t e r a l s e p t u m D u r i n g t h e D i s p l a y<br />
o f i n t e r m a l e a g g r e s s i o n<br />
Veenema, Alexa 1 ; Beiderbeck, Daniela 1 ; Neumann, Inga 1<br />
1 Department of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Zoology,<br />
University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany<br />
Vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in intermale aggression, but little<br />
is known about AVP neurotransmission during the display of intermale<br />
aggression. We used intracerebral microdialysis to monitor the in vivo<br />
secretory activity of AVP neurons within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis<br />
(BST) and the lateral septum of adult male Wistar rats exposed<br />
as residents to the 10-min resident-intruder test. A significant increase in<br />
AVP release within the BST was found in non-aggressive rats compared<br />
with aggressive rats and compared with basal AVP release. The behavioral<br />
specificity of AVP release patterns was confirmed as both non-aggressive<br />
and aggressive rats showed a similar increase in AVP release when exposed<br />
to 10-min of forced swimming. Administration of the AVP V1a receptor<br />
antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP into the BST of non-aggressive rats<br />
did not increase the level of aggression. However, application of synthetic<br />
AVP into the BST of aggressive rats significantly reduced the level of aggression.<br />
In contrast to the BST, AVP release within the septum was significantly<br />
increased in aggressive rats compared with non-aggressive rats<br />
and compared with basal AVP release. Pharmacological manipulation of<br />
the septal AVP system by local application of either synthetic AVP to nonaggressive<br />
rats or the specific V1a receptor antagonist to aggressive rats<br />
did not change the level of aggression. Taken together, we are the first to<br />
show that the display of intermale aggression is associated with distinct<br />
AVP release patterns within the BST and septum. Our data further indicate<br />
that AVP release within the BST directly affects the display of aggression,<br />
whereas AVP release within the lateral septum may rather be the consequence<br />
of the display of aggression and may have delayed effects on<br />
aggression-related behaviors, like anxiety and social memory.<br />
This work was supported by the Bayerische Forschungsstiftung (AHV) and<br />
the Deutsche Forschungsstiftung (IDN).
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ag g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s t o t r o u b l e D<br />
s i t u a t i o n s in s a m p l e o f a D o l e s c e n t s:<br />
Vigil-Colet, A 1 ; Lorenzo-Seva, U 1 ; Morales-Vives, F 1<br />
1 Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Research Center for Behavioral As-<br />
sessment.<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
We developed a questionnaire for measuring aggressive behaviors taking<br />
into account different situations where these behaviors are executed. The<br />
questionnaire consisted of six situations (three related to unknown people<br />
and three related to relatives) and seven possible behaviours (supposedly<br />
related to physical and verbal aggression and to anger) which was<br />
administered to 350 adolescents . The corresponding person x situation<br />
x response data was analysed using a three-mode component analysis.<br />
Furthermore 127 participants completed also the Buss &Perry (1992) aggression<br />
questionnaire and the Dysfunctional Scale of Dickman’s Impulsivity<br />
Inventory (Dickman, 1991). The amount of variance explained by the<br />
persons x situations x responses interaction justified the three-mode component<br />
approach. Results showed the expected two latent dimensions for<br />
situations (unknown people and relatives) and three latent dimensions for<br />
responses (physical aggression, verbal aggression and anger). In addition<br />
we founded five latent dimensions for persons that reflected five different<br />
profiles which reflected the existence of interactions between the response<br />
components and the situations. When the scores on the five components<br />
where related to AQ and impulsivity, results indicated that traditional<br />
questionnaires such as them only can predict the scores of the component<br />
“physical aggression with unknowns”.<br />
105
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February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ge n e -e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e r p l a y o n t h e<br />
a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r<br />
a n D a l c o h o l D e p e n D e n c e<br />
von der Pahlen, Bettina 1 ; Johansson, Ada 1 ; Sandnabba, N.<br />
Kenneth 1 ; Santtila, Pekka 1<br />
1 Center of Excellence in Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychology,<br />
Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland<br />
We investigated the interplay between genetic and environmental effects<br />
on the association between alcohol dependence and aggressive behaviour<br />
as well as sex differences in this interplay. There were 3141 male (mean<br />
age 26.2 [S.E. = 0.1]) and 6026 female (mean age 26.1[S.E. = 0.1]) participants<br />
in this extended twin study. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification<br />
Test (AUDIT), and two subscales of Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) were<br />
used to assess the phenotypes. The phenotypes were positively associated<br />
with men exhibiting higher levels on both phenotypes. In the model fitting,<br />
we explored first how the level of alcohol use moderated the genetic<br />
and environmental effects on aggressive behaviour separately for men<br />
and women. Second, we explored in similar fashion how the level of aggressive<br />
behaviour moderated the genetic and environmental effects on<br />
alcohol dependence. The implications of the results for understanding the<br />
connection between these two phenotypes will be discussed.
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
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Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
ag g r e s s i o n: bi o p s y c h o s o c i a l me c h a n i s m s<br />
Wahl, Klaus 1<br />
1 German Youth Institute (Deutsches Jugendinstitut) and Univer-<br />
sity of Munich, Germany<br />
We try to close the gap between biological, psychological and sociological<br />
approaches to aggression and violence. In order to do this we are looking<br />
at the mechanisms connecting systems for aggression at the genetic,<br />
neuronal, psychic, and social levels.<br />
After a broad study of new research findings in the different sciences we<br />
recently started an empirical research project combining brain studies<br />
(EEG, fMRI), psychological tests (attachment, affective reactions etc.) and<br />
biographic interviews with violent perpetrators and a control group ( n =<br />
24 in the pre-study). This interdisciplinary study is done in cooperation<br />
with researchers from German and Austrian universities (Bremen, Magdeburg,<br />
Heidelberg, Kassel,Innsbruck).<br />
107
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
108<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong>
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
Poster <strong>Abstract</strong>s<br />
109
Participants<br />
List
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
ADEGBITE, Timothy Folagbade<br />
E. I NIGERIA LIMITED<br />
OSOSAMI<br />
NG-23402 IBADAN<br />
timo7772003@yahoo.com<br />
ALSAHEB, Maha<br />
Woman&Child Healt/family violence section<br />
MOH Jordan<br />
Alshesani st. abdullah bin Omar st.42<br />
JO-11195 Amman<br />
maha_saheb@hotmail.com<br />
ANDARI, Elissar<br />
UMR 5229<br />
Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive<br />
67 BD Pinel<br />
FR-69675 Bron<br />
elissar_andary@hotmail.com<br />
ANDARI, Elissar<br />
UMR 5229<br />
Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive<br />
67 bd pinel bron<br />
FR-69675 Bron<br />
elissar_andary@hotmail.com<br />
ANDARI, Elissar<br />
UMR 5229<br />
Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive<br />
67 BOULEVARD PINEL<br />
FR-69675 Bron<br />
elissar_andary@hotmail.com<br />
ANDRES-PUEYO, antonio<br />
Psicologia de la Personalitat- Facultad de Psicologia<br />
Barcelona University<br />
Passeig Vall Hebron 171<br />
ES-08035 barcelona<br />
andrespueyo@ub.edu<br />
ANDREW, Calder<br />
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit<br />
15, Chaucer Road<br />
GB-CB2 7EF Cambridge<br />
andy.calder@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk<br />
ARCHER, John<br />
Psychology<br />
University of Central Lancashire<br />
Marsh Lane<br />
GB-PR1 2 HE Preston<br />
jarcher@uclan.ac.uk<br />
112<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
ARINAITWE, PATRICK<br />
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH<br />
KADINET<br />
kampala,UGANDA<br />
UG-+256 KAMPALA<br />
arinaitwepatrick@yahoo.com<br />
ASSAL, Emmanuelle<br />
CTAS-Association Centre thérapeutique abus<br />
sexuels<br />
36 bd st Georges,<br />
CH-1205 Genève<br />
e.assal@hotmail.com<br />
AVONTROODT, Yolande<br />
Evens Foundation<br />
Van Breestraat 14<br />
BE-2018 Antwerpen<br />
ef@evensfoundation.be<br />
BABEL-GUERIN, Eliane<br />
Direction<br />
Croix-rouge genevoise<br />
9 route des Acacias<br />
CH-1211 Genève 4<br />
e.babel.guerin@croix-rouge-ge.ch<br />
BARALLA, Francesca<br />
Department of Psychology<br />
Faculty of Psychology, Sapienza University of<br />
Rome<br />
Via dei Marsi, 78<br />
IT-00185 Rome<br />
francesca.baralla@uniroma1.it<br />
BARBE, Remy<br />
DEA/Child Psychiatry<br />
University Hospital Geneva<br />
6 Rue Willy Donzé<br />
CH-1211 Genève<br />
remy.barbe@hcuge.ch<br />
BEDIOU, Benoit<br />
CISA Centre for Affective Sciences<br />
University of Geneva<br />
rue des battoirs, 7<br />
CH-1206 Geneva<br />
benoit.bediou@unige.ch<br />
BERNOULLI, Nicole<br />
Salève<br />
SPEA<br />
Petit-Bel-Air 2<br />
CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg<br />
nicole.bernoullifiaux@hcuge.ch
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
BERTSCH, Katja<br />
Department of Psychology<br />
University of Trier<br />
Universitätsring 15<br />
DE-54286 Trier<br />
bert1301@uni-trier.de<br />
BINNERT, Christophe<br />
Centre de Recherche Nestlé<br />
route du Jorat<br />
CH-1000 Lausanne<br />
christophe.binnert@rdls.nestle.com<br />
BISAZ, Reto<br />
Brain Mind institute, Science de la vie<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne<br />
(<strong>EPFL</strong>)<br />
Ecublens<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
reto.bisaz@epfl.ch<br />
BLANCHARD, Caroline<br />
Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology<br />
Pacific Biosciences Research Institute, University<br />
of Hawaii; and John A. Burns School of<br />
Medicine<br />
1993 East-West Road,<br />
US-96825 Honolulu<br />
blanchar@hawaii.edu<br />
BLANKE, Olaf<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
BMI<br />
Box 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
olaf.blanke@epfl.ch<br />
BOLEA, Sonia<br />
LN Doctoral School<br />
Biophore 2204, Unil-Sorge<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
sonia.bolea@unil.ch<br />
BONDAR, Natalia<br />
Neurogenetics of Social Behavior Sector<br />
Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS<br />
Lavrentiev Ave, 10<br />
RU-630090 Novosibirsk<br />
nbondar@bionet.nsc.ru<br />
BONNARD, SABINE<br />
Dpt fédéral de l’économie<br />
Station de recherche agroscope Changins-<br />
Wädenswil, ACW<br />
rte de Duillier<br />
CH-1260 NYON<br />
sabine.bonnard@acw.admin.ch<br />
BREUILLAUD, lionel<br />
CNP CHUV SUPEA<br />
Site de cery, CNP 1er etage<br />
CH-1008 Prilly<br />
lionel.breuillaud@chuv.ch<br />
BROOM, Mark<br />
Department of Mathematics<br />
University of Sussex<br />
Mantell Building,<br />
GB-BN1 9RF Brighton<br />
m.broom@sussex.ac.uk<br />
Participants List<br />
BUTCHART, Alexander<br />
Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability<br />
World Health Organization<br />
Avenue Appia 20<br />
CH-1211 Geneva 27<br />
butcharta@who.int<br />
CADAS, Hugues<br />
Department of Cell Biology and Morphology<br />
Faculty of Biology and Medecine<br />
Rue du Bugnon 9<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
hugues.cadas@unil.ch<br />
CARAMASCHI, Doretta<br />
Dept. Behavioral Physiology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kerklaan 30<br />
NL-9750 AA Haren<br />
d.caramaschi@rug.nl<br />
CARDINAUX, Jean-René<br />
Department of Psychiatry-CHUV<br />
Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience<br />
Hospital of Cery<br />
CH-1008 Prilly-Lausanne<br />
jean-rene.cardinaux@chuv.ch<br />
CASTRO, Jorge<br />
SV/BMI/LGC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
jorge.castro@epfl.ch<br />
113
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
CHARDONNENS, Evelyne<br />
Institut de psychologie<br />
Unil<br />
1015 Dorigny Lausanne<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
evelyne.chardonnens@unil.ch<br />
CHICO, ELISEO<br />
Psicología<br />
Universidad Rovira i Virgili<br />
Carretera de Valls s/n<br />
ES-43007 Tarragona<br />
eliseo.chico@urv.cat<br />
CODORNIU-RAGA, Maria Jose<br />
Psychology<br />
Universitat Rovira i Virgili<br />
Carretera de Valls s/n<br />
ES-43007 Tarragona<br />
mariajose.codorniu@urv.cat<br />
COID, Jeremy<br />
Forensic Psychiatry Research Unit<br />
St Barts and the London Medical School,<br />
Queen Mary University of London<br />
William Harvey House<br />
61 bartholomew close<br />
GB-EC1A 7BE London<br />
j.w.coid@qmul.ac.uk<br />
CONBOY, Lisa<br />
Life Science<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,<br />
SV-BMI-LGC, Bat. AAB 201,<br />
Station 15,<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
lisa.conboy@epfl.ch<br />
CORDERO, María Isabel<br />
BMI LGC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Ecublens<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
isabel.cordero@epfl.ch<br />
COSI MUñOZ, Sandra<br />
Psychology<br />
Universidad Rovira i Virgili<br />
Carretera de Valls s/n<br />
ES-43007 Tarragona<br />
alexandra.cosi@urv.cat<br />
114<br />
COTTINGHAM, Emily<br />
Psychology faculty<br />
University of Geneva<br />
40, bvd du Pont d’Arve<br />
CH-1211 Genève 4<br />
emily.cottingham@unige.ch<br />
CRISTOFORI, Irene<br />
UMR 5229<br />
Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive<br />
67 bd Pinel<br />
FR-69675 Bron<br />
irenecristofori@yahoo.it<br />
DAVID, Swapp<br />
Computer Science<br />
University College London<br />
Malet Place<br />
GB-WC1E 6BT London<br />
d.swapp@cs.ucl.ac.uk<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
DE BOER, Sietse<br />
Behavioral Physiology<br />
University of Groningen, Biological Center<br />
Kerklaan 30<br />
NL-9750 AA Haren<br />
s.f.de.boer@rug.nl<br />
DE BRITO, stephane<br />
Forensic Mental Health Science<br />
Institute of Psychiatry<br />
De Crespigny Park<br />
GB-SE5 8AF London<br />
stephane.debrito@iop.kcl.ac.uk<br />
DE KLOET, Ron<br />
Department of Medical Pharmacology<br />
Leiden University, LACDR<br />
Einsteinweg 55<br />
NL-2300RA Leiden<br />
e.kloet@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl<br />
DE SANTIS, Laura<br />
Psychiatry, CNP<br />
CHUV<br />
Cery<br />
CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne<br />
laura.de-santis@chuv.ch<br />
DERIVOIS, DANIEL<br />
Institute of Psychology<br />
University of Lyon<br />
5, Ave Pierre Mendes France<br />
FR-69676 BRON<br />
daniel.derivois@univ-lyon2.fr
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
DOENLEN, Raphael<br />
Center of Phenogenomics<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
raphael.doenlen@epfl.ch<br />
DOTTO, gian-paolo dotto<br />
University of Lausanne<br />
Department of Biochemistry<br />
Ch. des Boveresses 155<br />
CH-1066 Epalinges<br />
gian-paolo.dotto@unil.ch<br />
DUGATKIN, Lee<br />
Department of Biology<br />
University of Louisville<br />
Life Sciences Building<br />
US-40241 Louisville<br />
lee.dugatkin@louisville.edu<br />
D’ACREMONT, Mathieu<br />
Laboratory for Decision-Making under Uncertainty<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 5<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
mathieu.dacremont@epfl.ch<br />
D’AMBROSIO, Arianna<br />
Vires, Organisme de traitement et de prévention<br />
des violences exercées dans le couple et<br />
la famille. Genève<br />
rue Gilbert, 17<br />
CH-1217 Meyrin<br />
arianna.dambrosio@libero.it<br />
D’ANDREA, Ivana<br />
Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department<br />
of Cell Biology and Neuroscience<br />
Istituto Superiore di Sanità<br />
Viale Regina Elena<br />
IT-00161 Rome<br />
ivana.dandrea@iss.it<br />
EBSTEIN, Richard<br />
Psychology Department<br />
Hebrew University<br />
Mt. Scopus Campus<br />
IL-91035 Jerusalem<br />
rpebstein@gmail.com<br />
EMILIE, Bovet<br />
FBM / CHUV<br />
IUHMSP<br />
Falaises 1<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
emilie.bovet@chuv.ch<br />
ERKOHEN, Miriam<br />
retired<br />
ch. de la Damataire 26<br />
CH-1009 Pully<br />
merkohen@hotmail.com<br />
EVENS, Corinne<br />
Fondation Evens<br />
7 rue Beautreillis<br />
FR-75004 Paris<br />
secretariat.ce@siiffa.com<br />
FAIRCHILD, Graeme<br />
Developmental Psychiatry Section<br />
Cambridge University<br />
Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road<br />
GB-CB2 8AH Cambridge<br />
gff22@cam.ac.uk<br />
FANTIN, Martina<br />
SV-BMI<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15 1015 Lausanne<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
martina.fantin@epfl.ch<br />
FEHR, Thorsten<br />
Center for Cognitive Sciences<br />
University of Bremen<br />
Hochschulring 18<br />
DE-28359 Bremen<br />
fehr@uni-bremen.de<br />
FIDA, roberta<br />
psychology<br />
sapienza university of rome<br />
via dei marsi 78<br />
IT-00185 Roma<br />
roberta.fida@uniroma1.it<br />
FRANKEN, Paul<br />
Center for Integrative Genomics<br />
University of Lausanne<br />
Genopode building<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny<br />
paul.franken@unil.ch<br />
Participants List<br />
115
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
GAILLARD, Francois<br />
Psychology Institute<br />
UNIL<br />
Ch. du Trabandan 17<br />
CH-1006 Lausanne<br />
francois.gaillard@unil.ch<br />
GALYONA, Eugene<br />
Philosophy<br />
Karazin Kharkov National University<br />
4, Svoboda sq.<br />
UA-61000 Kharkov<br />
lux84@mail.ru<br />
GAO, Virginia<br />
BMI<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
18 Place du Tunnel<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
virginia.gao@gmail.com<br />
GARCIA, Clara<br />
Nutrition and Health<br />
Nestle Research Center<br />
Vers chez les Blanc<br />
CH-1000 Lausanne<br />
clara.garcia@rdls.nestle.com<br />
GEHRING, Alison<br />
Bute Medical School<br />
University of St Andrews<br />
Bute Building<br />
St Andrews<br />
GB-KY16 9TS Fife<br />
am2449@st-andrews.ac.uk<br />
GENOUX, David<br />
Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
ecublens<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
david.genoux@epfl.ch<br />
GHORBI, banafsheh<br />
Nursing and Midwifery<br />
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science<br />
& Health Services<br />
29 Nobakht st. Apadana ave.<br />
IR-15547 Tehran<br />
b_ghorbi75@yahoo.com<br />
116<br />
GOMEZ, Jean-Marc<br />
Psychology<br />
University of Geneva<br />
7, rue des Battoirs<br />
CH-1205 Geneva<br />
jean-marc.gomez@unige.ch<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
GONZALEZ, Sonia<br />
Point du Jour Production<br />
23,rue de Cronstadt<br />
FR-75015 Paris<br />
sonia.gonzalez@pointdujour.fr<br />
GRAVIER, Bruno<br />
Dept de Psychiatrie/CHUV<br />
Service de Médecine et de Psychiatrie Pénitentiaires<br />
Site de Cery<br />
CH-1008 Prilly<br />
bruno.gravier@chuv.ch<br />
GREGORY, Sarah<br />
Dept of Forensic Mental Health Sciences<br />
Insitute of Psychiatry<br />
De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill<br />
GB-SE5 8AF London<br />
sarah_gregory@iop.kcl.ac.uk<br />
GRENNINGLOH, Gabriele<br />
Brain Mind Institute<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>-SV-BMI<br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
gabriele.grenningloh@epfl.ch<br />
GUIDI, Raffaella<br />
Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience<br />
CHUV / UNIL<br />
Hôpital de Cery, 1er étage<br />
CH-1006 Prilly<br />
raffaella.guidi@chuv.ch<br />
GUIGNARD, Gabriela<br />
Quality and Safety<br />
Nestec SA<br />
Vers-chez-les-Blanc<br />
CH-1000 LAUSANNE 26<br />
gabriela.guignard@rdls.nestle.com<br />
GUILLIER, Nathalie<br />
Institute of Psychology<br />
University of Lyon<br />
5, ave Pierre Mendès France<br />
FR-69676 BRON<br />
nathalie-g@hotmail.fr
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
HALFON, Olivier<br />
Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de<br />
l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence<br />
CHUV<br />
Rue du Bugnon 23A<br />
CH-1011 Lausanne<br />
olivier.halfon@chuv.ch<br />
HASSAN, Ghada<br />
<strong>Program</strong>s & Research<br />
Dubai Foundation for Women & Children<br />
Al Awir Road<br />
AE-97727 DUBAI<br />
dr.ghada@dfwac.ae<br />
HAYMOZ PANTILLON, Sandrine<br />
Penal law and Criminology<br />
University of Zurich<br />
Ch. des secrétaires 3<br />
CH-1442 Montagny<br />
sandrine.haymoz@unil.ch<br />
HERPERTZ, Sabine C.<br />
Psychiatry and Psychotherapy<br />
Rostock University<br />
Gehlsheimer Str. 20<br />
DE-18147 Rostock<br />
sabine.herpertz@med.uni-rostock.de<br />
HERPERTZ, Sabine C.<br />
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy<br />
University Rostock<br />
Gehlsheimer Str. 20<br />
DE-18147 Rostock<br />
sabine.herpertz@med.uni-rostock.de<br />
HERPERTZ, Sabine C.<br />
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy<br />
University Rostock<br />
Gehlsheimer Straße 20<br />
DE-18147 Rostock<br />
sabine.herpertz@med.uni-rostock.de<br />
HIRLING, Harald<br />
SV - Decanat<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
SV 3809<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
harald.hirling@epfl.ch<br />
Participants List<br />
HODGINS, Sheilagh<br />
Department of Forensic Mental Health<br />
Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London<br />
De Crespigny Park<br />
Denmark Hill<br />
GB-SE5 8AF London<br />
s.hodgins@iop.kcl.ac.uk<br />
HOFNER, Marie-Claude<br />
CURML (University Center for Legal Medicine)<br />
CHUV - FBM<br />
César Roux 19<br />
CH-1003 Lausanne<br />
marie-claude.hofner@chuv.ch<br />
HOFNER, Marie-Claude<br />
University Hospital Center Lausanne<br />
Violence Medical Unit<br />
Rue César Roux 19<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
marie-claude.hofner@chuv.ch<br />
HUBERT VAN BLYENBURGH, Ninian<br />
Département d’anthropologie et écologie<br />
Université de Genève<br />
12 rue Gustave Revilliod<br />
CH-1211 Genève 4<br />
ninian.hubert@unige.ch<br />
ISLAM, Dr. S. M. Shariful<br />
International Health<br />
Partners in Population and Development<br />
B-3, Road-1, Niketan, Gulshan-1<br />
BD-1212 Dhaka<br />
sharif.undp@gmail.com<br />
IYER, Keerthana<br />
SV<br />
BMI, LGC<br />
Batiment AAB 115, Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
keets85@gmail.com<br />
JAQUIER, Veronique<br />
Ecole des sciences criminelles UNIL<br />
Institut de criminologie et de droit pénal<br />
BCH<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
veronique.jaquier@unil.ch<br />
JAURY, Marie<br />
Point du Jour Production<br />
23, rue de Cronstadt<br />
FR-75015 Paris<br />
mjaury@hotmail.fr<br />
117
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
JÄGGI, Sarah<br />
IFB<br />
Marktgasse 29<br />
CH-3000 Bern<br />
sarah.jaeggi@ifkjb.ch<br />
JOHNSTON-WENGER, Nathalie<br />
DBCM<br />
Université de Lausanne<br />
Rue du Bugnon 9<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
nathalie.johnston-wenger@unil.ch<br />
JOSHI, Shambhu D.<br />
Health<br />
District Public health Office<br />
c/o Gokarna-9, KTM, Nepal<br />
NP-n/a Malakheti-3<br />
dr.sdjoshi@yahoo.com<br />
JOSHUA, Buckholtz<br />
Department of Psychology; Vanderbilt Brain<br />
Institute<br />
Vanderbilt University<br />
Vanderbilt University<br />
PMB 407817<br />
2301 Vanderbilt Place<br />
US-37240-7817 Nashville<br />
joshua.buckholtz@vanderbilt.edu<br />
JOZSEF, Haller<br />
Behavioral Neurobiology<br />
Institute of Experimental Medicine<br />
43 Szigony street<br />
1083 Budapest<br />
Hungary<br />
HU-1450 Budapest<br />
haller@koki.hu<br />
JULIEN, Marquis<br />
SV-GHI-LVG<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
julien.marquis@epfl.ch<br />
KÖNIG, Chantal<br />
Kant. BEObachtungsstation Bolligen<br />
Hühnerbühlstrasse 206<br />
CH-3065 Bolligen<br />
chantal.koenig@jgk.be.ch<br />
118<br />
KELLER, Lucas<br />
IFB<br />
Im Surinam 156<br />
CH-4058 Basel<br />
lucas.keller@ifkjb.ch<br />
KHAN, Robina<br />
Department of Psychology<br />
University of Trier<br />
Universitätsring 15<br />
DE-54286 Trier<br />
khan1301@uni-trier.de<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
KIEHL, Kent<br />
Psychology and Neuroscience<br />
Univ of New Mexico & Mind Research Network<br />
1101 Yale Blvd NE<br />
Mind Research Network<br />
US-87131 Albuquerque<br />
kkiehl@unm.edu<br />
KLUSEMANN, Stefan<br />
Department of Sociology<br />
University of Pennsylvania<br />
3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Suite<br />
113<br />
US-19104-6299 Philadelphia<br />
stefankl@ssc.upenn.edu<br />
KOOLHAAS, Jaap M<br />
Behavioral Physiology<br />
University Groningen<br />
Kerklaan 30<br />
9751 NN Haren<br />
The Netherlands<br />
NL-9750AA Haren<br />
j.m.koolhaas@rug.nl<br />
KREIS, Christian<br />
School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Criminology<br />
and Penal Law<br />
University of Lausanne<br />
Schneitstrasse 11<br />
CH-6315 Oberaegeri<br />
christian.kreis@unil.ch<br />
KUDRYAVTSEVA, Natalia<br />
Neurogenetics of Social Behavior Sector<br />
Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS<br />
pr. ak. Lavrentjeva, 10<br />
RU-630090 Novosibirsk<br />
natnik@bionet.nsc.ru
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
KUHN, André<br />
Institut de Criminologie et de Droit Pénal<br />
Ecole des sciences criminelles<br />
Université de Lausanne<br />
Internef<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
andre.kuhn@unil.ch<br />
KUHN, Fabienne Kuhn<br />
Psychology<br />
Bern<br />
Missionsstrasse<br />
CH-4055 Basel<br />
fabiennekuhn1982@yahoo.com<br />
KUNZ, Tina<br />
Nutrition & Health<br />
Nestlé Research Center<br />
Vers-chez-les-Blanc<br />
CH-1000 Lausanne 26<br />
tina.kunz@rdls.nestle.com<br />
LARSEN, Marianne Hald<br />
Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne<br />
AAB201 (Bâtiment AAB),<br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
marianne.larsen@epfl.ch<br />
LAVANCHY, Tom<br />
LNCO<br />
BMI<br />
Ruelle des Châtaigniers 1<br />
CH-1026 Denges<br />
tom.lavanchy@epfl.ch<br />
LESCH, K. P.<br />
Department of Psychiatry<br />
University of Wuerzburg<br />
Fuechsleinstrasse 15<br />
DE-97080 Wuerzburg<br />
kplesch@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de<br />
LEVINE, Mark<br />
Department Of Psychology<br />
Lancaster University<br />
Fylde College<br />
GB-LA1 4YF Lancaster<br />
m.levine@lancaster.ac.uk<br />
LIGHTOWLERS, Carly<br />
CCSR<br />
Manchester University<br />
School of Social Sciences<br />
Kantorovich Building,<br />
Humanities Bridgeford Street<br />
University of Manchester<br />
GB-M13 9PL Manchester<br />
carly.lightowlers@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk<br />
LINDE, ANTONIA<br />
FACULTE DE DROIT ET SCIENCES CRIM-<br />
INELLES<br />
ECOLE DES SCIENCES CRIMINELLES<br />
rue Mornex 5B<br />
CH-1003 LAUSANNE<br />
tlinde75@hotmail.com<br />
LINGNAU, Eva<br />
Education and Behaviour Unit<br />
International Committee of the Red Cross<br />
19 Avenue de la Paix<br />
CH-1202 Geneva<br />
elingnau@icrc.org<br />
LOESCHE, Urs Caspar<br />
Law<br />
University Bern<br />
sulgenbachstr.29<br />
CH-3007 Bern<br />
caspar@students.unibe.ch<br />
LUCIA, Sonia<br />
Institut de criminologie et de droit pénal<br />
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles<br />
Batochime<br />
Dorigny<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
sonia.luciaesseiva@unil.ch<br />
Participants List<br />
LUDIVINE, challet<br />
département de zoologie et biologie animal<br />
Universite de genève<br />
Quai ernest ansermet 30<br />
CH-1200 geneva<br />
challet3@etu.unige.ch<br />
LUKSYS, Gediminas<br />
LGC / LCN<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Rue J-J-Cart 1<br />
CH-1006 Lausanne<br />
gediminas.luksys@epfl.ch<br />
119
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
LUND, Jakob<br />
Director, International Breathe SMART programs<br />
The International Assoc. for Human Values<br />
Rue du Lac<br />
DK-1000 Copenhagen<br />
breathesmart@mail.dk<br />
LUTHI-CARTER, Ruth<br />
Brain Mind Institute<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
ruth.luthi-carter@epfl.ch<br />
MACHADO, Françoise<br />
Neuropsychologie<br />
Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte<br />
Hôpital de Gilly<br />
CH-1182 Gilly<br />
francoise.machado@ehc.vd.ch<br />
MAGISTRETTI, Pierre<br />
BMI/LNDC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
SV 2511<br />
Station 19<br />
1015 Lausanne<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
pierre.magistretti@epfl.ch<br />
MARCHETTI, Marco<br />
Department of Health Sciences<br />
University of Molise<br />
Via De Santis, snc<br />
IT-86100 Campobasso<br />
marco.marchetti@unimol.it<br />
MARQUEZ, Cristina<br />
Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics<br />
BMI <strong>EPFL</strong><br />
AAB 2 01 (Bâtiment AAB)<br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
cristina.marquez@epfl.ch<br />
MARQUIS, Julien<br />
SV-GHI-LVG<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
julien.marquis@epfl.ch<br />
120<br />
MARTI FAVRE, Maude<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>/SV/BMI<br />
Brain and Mind Institute<br />
station 15<br />
CH-1004 lausanne<br />
maude.marti@epfl.ch<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
MÜLLER, Sonja<br />
Institut de psychologie du travail et des organisations<br />
Université de Neuchâtel<br />
Rue de la Maladière 23<br />
CH-2000 Neuchâtel<br />
sonja.mueller@gmx.ch<br />
MÜLLER-ISBERNER, Rüdiger<br />
Haina Forensic Psychiatric Hospital<br />
Hoher-Lohr-Weg 10<br />
DE-D-35114 Haina<br />
rmi@psych-haina.de<br />
MCLEOD, Carol<br />
Scottish Violence Reduction Unit<br />
Strathclyde Police<br />
!st Floor, Pegasus House<br />
375 West George Street<br />
GB-G2 4LW Glasgow<br />
carol.mcleod@strathclyde.pnn.police.<br />
uk<br />
MESNIL, Yves<br />
Point du jour production<br />
23, rue de Cronstadt<br />
FR-75015 Paris<br />
y.mesnil@free.fr<br />
MEYER-LINDENBERG, Andreas<br />
Director<br />
Central Institute of Mental Health<br />
Square J 5<br />
DE-68159 Mannheim<br />
a.meyer-lindenberg@zi-mannheim.de<br />
MIKOSZ, Marta J.<br />
Department of Neurophysiology<br />
Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish<br />
Academy of Sciences<br />
3 Pasteur St.<br />
PL-02-093 Warsaw<br />
m.mikosz@nencki.gov.pl
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
MIKTON, Christopher<br />
Prevention of Violence Unit<br />
World Health Organization<br />
20 Avenue Appia<br />
CH-1211 Geneva<br />
miktonc@who.int<br />
MILTON, Mark<br />
Education 4 Peace Foundation<br />
Grand Rue 35<br />
CH-1180 Rolle<br />
michele@education4peace.org<br />
MIRABAUD, Madeleine<br />
Groupe de Protection de l’Enfant<br />
Hôpital des Enfants/HUG<br />
6 Rue Willy Donzé<br />
CH-1211 Genève 14<br />
madeleine.mirabaud@hcuge.ch<br />
MORGENTHALER, Florence<br />
Center for BioMedical Imaging (CIBM)<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
SB IPMC LIFMET<br />
CH F1, station 6<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
florence.morgenthaler@epfl.ch<br />
MOTTAZ, Hélène<br />
biology<br />
CIG / UNIL<br />
Quartier UNIL-Sorge<br />
Bâtiment Génopode<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
helene.mottaz@unil.ch<br />
MUCHOKI, Samuel<br />
Department of Culture and Heritage<br />
Nationa, Museums of Kenya<br />
Museum Hill<br />
KE-00100 Nairobi<br />
smmuchoki@yahoo.com<br />
MUELLER-ISBERNER, Ruediger<br />
Haina Forensic Psychiatric Hospital<br />
Hoher-Lohr-Weg 10<br />
DE-D-35114 Haina<br />
rmi@psych-haina.de<br />
MUGENZI, DESIRE<br />
REFORMED TECHNOLOGICAL/THEOLOGICAL<br />
COLLEGE<br />
UG-000256 KAMPALA<br />
figaidug2000@yahoo.com<br />
MURAEB, maher<br />
SOCIOLOGY<br />
GULMA UNIVER<br />
GULMA UNIVERCITY- BUIL/01 N/05<br />
DZ-00123 GULMA<br />
almuraeb@hotmail.fr<br />
MWANGI, Maryann<br />
St. Paul’s Institute of Life-long Learning<br />
St. Paul’s University<br />
Kabuku<br />
KE-254 Limuru<br />
maryann.spill@stpaulslimuru.ac.ke<br />
NADRA, Karim<br />
Department of medical genetics<br />
University of Lausanne<br />
rue du bugnon 27<br />
CH-1005 Lausanne<br />
karim.nadra@unil.ch<br />
NAOMI, MATSUURA<br />
Tokyo University of Social Welfare<br />
2-13-32, Marunouchi, Nakaku<br />
JP-460-0002 Nagoya<br />
matuuranaomi@yahoo.co.jp<br />
Participants List<br />
NASSIR, MUSOKE<br />
TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING<br />
AIDS INFROMATION CENTRE- UGANDA<br />
MUSAJJA ALUMBWA ROAD- MENGO KISE-<br />
NYI<br />
UG-256 KAMPALA<br />
nassir@aicug.org<br />
NATARAJAN, Deepa<br />
Behavior Physiology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kerklaan 30<br />
NL-9751 NN Haren<br />
krishnapreethika@yahoo.com<br />
NEUMANN, Inga<br />
Behavioural and Molecular Neuroendocrinology<br />
University of Regensburg<br />
Universitystreet<br />
DE-93053 Regensburg<br />
inga.neumann@biologie.uni-regensburg.de<br />
NIKLAUS, Pia<br />
IFB<br />
Marktgasse 29<br />
CH-3000 Bern 7<br />
pia.niklaus@ifkjb.ch<br />
121
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
NIVEAU, Gérard<br />
Forensic psychiatry<br />
CURML<br />
Rue Michel-Servet 1<br />
CH-1211 Geneva<br />
gerard.niveau@hcuge.ch<br />
NOUCHINE, hadjikhani<br />
BMI/MCBI<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>/HMS<br />
SV BMI AAB 011<br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 lausanne<br />
nouchine.hadjikhani@epfl.ch<br />
NURSE, Jo<br />
Regional Health Group<br />
Department of Health England<br />
Bridge House, 1 Walnut Tree Close, Guildford,<br />
Surrey<br />
GB-GU1 4GA Guildford<br />
jo.nurse@dh.gsi.gov.uk<br />
OMARA, osama<br />
kena college of physical education<br />
lecturer<br />
menavile village pharmacy- sfaga- red<br />
sea- Egypt<br />
EG-0020653 safaga<br />
dr_omara@hotmail.de<br />
OTTESEN, Vibeke<br />
Centre for Research and Education in Forensic<br />
Psychiatry<br />
Ullevål University Hospital<br />
Gaustad, Building 7<br />
NO-0407 Oslo<br />
vibeke.ottesen@kompetanse-senteret.<br />
no<br />
OUAKNINE, Nathalie<br />
Anthropole-Dorigny<br />
Institut de psychologie<br />
Quartier Dorigny<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
nathalie.ouaknine@unil.ch<br />
OUAKNINE, Nathalie<br />
Bâtiment Anthropole<br />
Institute of Psychology Lausanne<br />
Anthropole - Quartier UNIL-Dorigny-University<br />
of Lausanne<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
nathalie.ouaknine@unil.ch<br />
122<br />
OZOUX, Thomas<br />
Point du jour production<br />
23, rue de Cronstadt<br />
FR-75015 Paris<br />
tomtom.oz@free.fr<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
PANARETOS, John<br />
Statistics<br />
Athens University of Economics and Business<br />
76, Patision St.,<br />
Athens, Greece<br />
GR-104 34 Athens<br />
jpan@aueb.gr<br />
PARCHET, Grégoire<br />
BMI / LGC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong> / SV<br />
Bâtiment AI<br />
station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
gregoire.parchet@epfl.ch<br />
PARLANGE, Mary<br />
Independent<br />
Chemin des Paquis 12<br />
CH-1025 St-sulpice<br />
mary.parlange@gmail.com<br />
PARMIGIANI, STEFANO<br />
DEpartment of Evolutionary and Functional<br />
Biology<br />
UNIVERSITY OF PARMA (ITALY)<br />
University Campus<br />
Via Usberti 1/A<br />
IT-43100 Parma<br />
stefano.parmigiani@unipr.it<br />
PASQUIER, Miriella<br />
SV IBI LMBM<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
miriella.pasquier@epfl.ch<br />
PASSAMONTI, Luca<br />
Medical Research Council<br />
Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit<br />
15 Chaucer Road<br />
GB-CB2 7EF Cambridge<br />
luca.passamonti@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
PAUDEL KUMARI, Ambika<br />
advocacy and publication<br />
Conscious Media Forum<br />
COCAP BUILDING, Near Milan Bidhya<br />
mandir, Anamnagar<br />
NP-2332 Kathmandu<br />
pmayalu@gmail.com<br />
PEARCE, Jenny<br />
Peace Studies<br />
University of Bradford<br />
University of Bradford<br />
GB-BD7 1DP Bradford<br />
j.v.pearce@bradford.ac.uk<br />
PERRET, Nicolas<br />
svlgc<br />
Rue du Centre 1<br />
CH-1030 Bussigny<br />
nicolas.perret@epfl.ch<br />
PHILIPPE, Cotter<br />
Réseau Universitaire International de Genève<br />
University of Geneva<br />
Rue Varembé 9-11<br />
CH-1202 Genève<br />
pcotter@bluewin.ch<br />
PINGAULT, Jean-Baptiste<br />
Département des Sciences Sociales<br />
Paris V, René Descartes<br />
34 Av Reille<br />
FR-75020 Paris<br />
pingaultjb@yahoo.fr<br />
PONSONNET, Lionel<br />
CePO<br />
Chemin des Boveresses 155<br />
CH-1066 Lausanne<br />
lionel.ponsonnet@unil.ch<br />
PREHN, Kristin<br />
Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy<br />
Rostock University<br />
Gehlsheimer Strasse 20<br />
DE-18147 Rostock<br />
kristin.prehn@med.uni-rostock.de<br />
PYTHON, Agathe<br />
SB IPMC LIFMET/CIBM<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Bâtiment CH<br />
Station 6<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
agathe.python@epfl.ch<br />
RADICATI, Vanessa<br />
Fondation Anouk<br />
11 Grand Rue<br />
CH-1204 Geneva<br />
vanessa@anouk.org<br />
RANIA, Saad<br />
Injury Control Unit<br />
Ministry of health<br />
Imbaba, eltayar st<br />
EG-22222 Cairo<br />
rania_33indep@hotmail.com<br />
RIZZO, Albert<br />
Institute for Creative Technologies<br />
University of Southern California<br />
13274 Fiji Way<br />
US-90292 Marina del Rey<br />
arizzo@usc.edu<br />
RONGJUN, Yu<br />
Cognition and Brain Science Unit<br />
University of Cambridge<br />
15 Chaucer Road<br />
GB-CB2 7EF Cambridge<br />
ry223@cam.ac.uk<br />
ROSA, Muriel<br />
Département de Biochimie<br />
Université de Lausanne<br />
Chemin des Boveresses 155<br />
CH-1066 Epalinges<br />
muriel.rosa@unil.ch<br />
ROSS, Fred<br />
SV-GHI-UPKIN<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
fred.ross@epfl.ch<br />
ROSSETTI, Clara<br />
BMI- Lab. of Genetic Behavior<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
clara.rossetti@epfl.ch<br />
Participants List<br />
ROTH, Beatrice<br />
Centre de Neurosciences psychiatriques<br />
European Dana Alliance for the Brain (EDAB)<br />
Site de Cery<br />
CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne<br />
beatrice.roth@chuv.ch<br />
123
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
ROVIRA-PEREZ, Aitor<br />
Computer Science<br />
University College London<br />
Gower Street<br />
GB-WC1E 6BT London<br />
korama37@hotmail.com<br />
RUBOVSZKY, Gregoire<br />
DMCPR, SU, UAUP<br />
HUG<br />
Micheli-du-Crest 24<br />
CH-1211 Geneva<br />
gregoire.rubovszky@hcuge.ch<br />
SALAMIN, Virginie<br />
Service de psychologie<br />
Réseau fribourgeois de santé mentale<br />
Centre de soins hospitaliers<br />
CH-1633 Marsens<br />
salaminv@rfsm.ch<br />
SALEHI, basira<br />
brain and mind institute<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
<strong>EPFL</strong> SV BMI LGC<br />
AAB 2 01 (Bâtiment AAB)<br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
basira.salehi@epfl.ch<br />
SANDI, Carmen<br />
SV / BMI / LGC<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne<br />
Station 15<br />
Ecublens<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
carmen.sandi@epfl.ch<br />
SARAGA, Michael<br />
PGE<br />
DP-CHUV<br />
Consultation de Chauderon, Echallens 9<br />
CH-1004 Lausanne<br />
michael.saraga@chuv.ch<br />
SCHALLER, Nathalie<br />
Director, International <strong>Program</strong>s & Partnerships<br />
The International Association for Human Values<br />
31 rue des Bains<br />
CH-1205 Geneva<br />
nathalie.schaller@iahv.org<br />
124<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
SCHECHTER, Daniel<br />
Service de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de<br />
l’adolescent<br />
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève<br />
51 Bd de la Cluse,<br />
2ème étage<br />
CH-1205 Genève<br />
daniel.schechter@hcuge.ch<br />
SCHILLMÖLLER, Zita<br />
Gesundheitswissenschaften<br />
Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften<br />
Hamburg<br />
Lohbrügger Kirchstrasse 65<br />
DE-21033 Hamburg<br />
zita.schillmoeller@ls.haw-hamburg.de<br />
SCHLEMPER, Manola<br />
Department of Justice<br />
Psychiatric-Psychological Service<br />
Feldstrasse 42<br />
CH-8090 Zürich<br />
manola.schlemper@ji.zh.ch<br />
SCHMIDBAUER, Walter M.<br />
Haina Forensic Psychiatric Hospital<br />
Landgraf-Philipp-Platz 3<br />
DE-35114 HAINA (Kloster)<br />
walter.schmidbauer@psych-haina.de<br />
SEVELINGE, Yannick<br />
Life sciences<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne<br />
Laboratory of Behavioural Genetics<br />
Brain Mind Institute<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
yannick.sevelinge@epfl.ch<br />
SIDJANSKI, Sacha<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong> (Ecole Polytechnique Federaled de Lausanne)<br />
School of Life Sciences<br />
SV-3814<br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
sacha.sidjanski@epfl.ch<br />
SIEBER, Marc<br />
HES-SO<br />
HEF-TS<br />
Jean Prouvé 10<br />
CH-1752 Givisiez<br />
marc.sieber@hef-ts.ch
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
SIEGMUND, Coralie<br />
LGC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
AI 3114<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
coralie.siegmund@epfl.ch<br />
SIMPSON, Sandy<br />
Mason Clinic<br />
University of Auckland<br />
Unitec Enrance 2<br />
Carrington Road<br />
NZ-1746 Auckland<br />
sandy.simpson@waitematadhb.govt.nz<br />
SLATER, Mel<br />
Faculty of Psychology / EVENT Lab<br />
University of Barcelona<br />
Campus de Mundet, Edifici Ponent,Passeig<br />
de la Vall d’Hebron, 171<br />
ES-08035 Barcelona<br />
melslater@gmail.com<br />
SPIELMANN, Thorsten<br />
Psychiatrisch Psychologischer Dienst ZH<br />
Feldstr. 42<br />
CH-8090 Zürich<br />
thorsten.spielmann@ji.zh.ch<br />
SPREUX-VAROQUAUX, Odile<br />
Pharmacology, Biology Department<br />
Medical University Versailles and Versailles<br />
Hospital<br />
177 rue de Versailles<br />
FR-78157 Le Chesnay<br />
ovaroquaux@ch-versailles.fr<br />
STRüBER, Daniel<br />
General Psychology<br />
Helmut-Schmidt-University, University of the<br />
Federal Armed Forces Hamburg<br />
Holstenhofweg 85<br />
DE-22043 Hamburg<br />
strueber@hsu-hh.de<br />
SULE, DANIEL<br />
LIAIS OFFICE ABUJA<br />
KOGI STATE GOVERNMENT<br />
T.Y DANJUMA STREET ASOKORO<br />
NG-234-09 ABUJA<br />
kogistatgovt@yahoo.com<br />
Participants List<br />
SUOMI, Stephen<br />
Laboratory of Comparative Ethology<br />
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of<br />
Child Health & Human Development, National<br />
Institutes of Health<br />
6705 Rockledge Drive, Suite 8030<br />
US-20892-7971 Bethesda<br />
ss148k@nih.gov<br />
SWARTZ, Melody<br />
SV IBI LMBM<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
melody.swartz@epfl.ch<br />
SYLVAIN, Lengacher<br />
BMI - LNDC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
sylvain.lengacher@epfl.ch<br />
TERCIER HOLST-RONESS, Florence<br />
Issues Affecting Women <strong>Program</strong>me<br />
Oak Foundation<br />
58, av. Louis Casai<br />
CH-1216 Cointrin<br />
florence.tercier@oakfnd.ch<br />
TERZIDIS, Amanda<br />
Viol-Secours Association<br />
3 place des Charmilles<br />
CH-1203 Geneva<br />
amanda.terzidis@viol-secours.ch<br />
THEWARAPPERUMA, udeni<br />
programme<br />
Women defining Peace<br />
0/4, Don Carolis Road, Colombo 05<br />
LK-0094 colombo<br />
taud1973@gmail.com<br />
THOMAS, Stephen<br />
British Transport Police<br />
25 Camden Road<br />
GB-NW1 9LN London<br />
stephen.thomas@btp.pnn.police.uk<br />
125
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
TIMMER, Marjan<br />
Brain Mind Institute - Laboratory of Behavioral<br />
Genetics<br />
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne<br />
Faculty of Life Science<br />
AAB201<br />
Station 15<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
marjan.timmer@epfl.ch<br />
TRAMONTANO, Carlo<br />
Psychology<br />
Sapienza, University of Rome<br />
via dei Marsi 78<br />
IT-00185 Rome<br />
carlo.tramontano@uniroma1.it<br />
TREMBLAY, Richard<br />
Public health<br />
University College Dublin<br />
Belfield<br />
IE-Dublin 4 Dublin<br />
tremblar@grip.umontreal.ca<br />
TRONO, Didier<br />
Faculté des Sciences de la Vie<br />
Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne<br />
Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
didier.trono@epfl.ch<br />
VAROQUAUX, Odile<br />
Pharmacology, Biology Department<br />
Medical university Versailles and Versailles<br />
Hospital<br />
177 rue de Versailles<br />
FR-78157 Le Chesnay<br />
ovaroquaux@ch-versailles.fr<br />
VATNAR, Solveig<br />
psychiatry<br />
Ullevaal university hospital, Center for Research<br />
and Education in Forensic Psychiatry<br />
Gaustad, Building 7, 0407 OSLO, Norway<br />
NO-0407 OSLO<br />
solveig.vatnar@kompetanse-senteret.<br />
no<br />
VAUCHER, Angelique<br />
LGC<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong>-BMI<br />
AI 3114<br />
CH-1015 lausanne<br />
angelique.vaucher@epfl.ch<br />
126<br />
February 11-13 <strong>2009</strong><br />
VEENEMA, Alexa<br />
Department of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology<br />
University of Regensburg<br />
Universitaetsstrasse 31<br />
DE-93051 Regensburg<br />
alexa.veenema@biologie.uni-regensburg.de<br />
VERCRUYSSE, Filip<br />
SV<br />
<strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Ch. De Belle-Source 5<br />
CH-1007 Lausanne<br />
filipvercruysse@gmail.com<br />
VEUTHEY, Fernand<br />
Haute Ecole Fribourgeoise de travail social<br />
Jean-Prouvé 10<br />
CH-1762 Givisiez<br />
veutheyf@hef-ts.ch<br />
VIGIL-COLET, Andreu<br />
Psychology<br />
Universitat Rovira i Virgili<br />
Carretera de Valls s/n<br />
ES-43007 TARRAGONA<br />
andreu.vigil@urv.cat<br />
VIJENDRAVARMA, Roshan Kumar<br />
DEE<br />
UNIL<br />
UNIL,<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
roshan.vijendravarma@unil.ch<br />
VIJENDRAVARMA, Roshan Kumar<br />
Department of Ecology and Evolution<br />
University of Lausanne<br />
UNIL sorge<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
roshan.vijendravarma@unil.ch<br />
VLERICK, Ariane<br />
School of Life Sciences - <strong>EPFL</strong><br />
Dean’s Office<br />
SV 3814 / Station 19<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
ariane.vlerick@epfl.ch<br />
VON DER PAHLEN, Bettina<br />
Dept. of Psychology,<br />
Åbo Akademi University<br />
Biskopsgatan 3<br />
FI-20500 Turku<br />
bpahlen@abo.fi
<strong>EPFL</strong> <strong>Latsis</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> <strong>2009</strong>: Understanding Violence<br />
WAGNER, Ullrich<br />
Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition<br />
University of Geneva<br />
CMU, 1 rue Michel-Servet<br />
CH-1211 Geneva<br />
ullrich.wagner@unige.ch<br />
WAHL, Klaus<br />
Central Scientific Unit<br />
German Youth Institute (Deutsches Jugendinstitut)<br />
Nockherstr. 2<br />
DE-D-81541 München<br />
wahl@dji.de<br />
WALTER, Henrik<br />
Medical Psychology/Psychiatry<br />
University Clinic Bonn<br />
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25<br />
DE-53105 Bonn<br />
henrik.walter@ukb.uni-bonn.de<br />
WANDERA, Stephen Ojiambo<br />
Population Studies<br />
Makerere University<br />
Makerere Hill Road<br />
UG-256 Kampala<br />
swandera@gmail.com<br />
WANG, Shr-Jie<br />
Research<br />
Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture<br />
Victims<br />
Borgergade 13<br />
DK-2014 Copenhagen<br />
sjw@rct.dk<br />
WESSLER, Adelheid<br />
Humanities and Social Sciences<br />
Volkswagen Foundation<br />
Kastanienallee 35<br />
DE-30519 Hannover<br />
wessler@volkswagenstiftung.de<br />
WILKINSON, Richard<br />
Epidemiology & Public Health<br />
University of Nottingham<br />
3 Old Lane Court,<br />
Colton,<br />
GB-LS24 8JQ Tadcaster,<br />
richard.wilkinson@nottingham.ac.uk<br />
WINCKLER, Lisa<br />
University Darmstadt<br />
Messelerstrasse 72<br />
DE-64291 Darmstadt<br />
winckler.l@googlemail.com<br />
YAHIA, Ghada<br />
<strong>Program</strong>s and Research<br />
Dubai Foundation for Women and Children<br />
Al Awir Street<br />
AE-0000 Dubai<br />
dr_ghada@yahoo.com<br />
Participants List<br />
YANG, Min<br />
Forensic Psychiatry Research Unit<br />
St Barts and the London Medical School,<br />
Queen Mary University of London<br />
William Harvey House, 61 Bartholomew<br />
Close<br />
GB-EC1A 7BE London<br />
m.yang@qmul.ac.uk<br />
ZAKANY, Jozsef<br />
Zoology and Animal Biology<br />
University of Geneva<br />
Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet<br />
CH-1211 Geneva<br />
jozsef.zakany@unige.ch<br />
ZARIC, Jelena<br />
CePO<br />
Ch des Boveresses 155<br />
CH-1066 Epalinges<br />
jelena.zaric@unil.ch<br />
ZUFFEREY, Christophe<br />
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles<br />
Institut de Criminologie et de Droit Pénal<br />
(ICDP)<br />
Batochime<br />
UNIL-Sorge<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
christophe.zufferey.2@unil.ch<br />
127