ERC 1990 - 2017 Booklet

EQUINE
RESEARCH CENTRE
1990 - 2017
Faculty of
Veterinary Science
Fakulteit Veeartsenykunde
Lefapha la Diseanse tša Bongakadiruiwa
Make today matter

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CONTENTS
Foreword – Prof Ian Sanne
Introduction – Professor Vinny Naidoo, Acting Dean of
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Testimonial from Mary Slack
Accolades from Professor Jim MacLachlan
Prof Alan Guthrie reminisces :
• How it all started – 1990
• The start of studies of infectious diseases
• Export Workshop 1995
• Horse identification
• Equine Viral Arteritis
• The 2003/2004 Equine Flu Outbreak
• Outbreak Investigation and Surveillance
• The Lasix Study
• Next Generation Vaccines
• Next Generation Diagnostics
• Our students
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FOREWORD – PROFESSOR IAN SANNE, FOUNDING
DIRECTOR OF THE EQUINE HEALTH FUND
of African horse sickness. To quote Professor Jim MacLachlan: “Camilla’s
thesis is a real tangible example of legacy science – this is paradigm altering
stuff! It adds enormous value that the country can make sound decisions
based on science conducted in this country, rather than going on the word
of ‘imported’ scientists who likely don’t fully understand the South African
situation. This activity that Alan has cultivated in SA has created a unique
resource.”
Camilla is just one example of the successful development of post-graduate
students by the Equine Research Centre.
The ERC has an AHS vaccine in development based on the ALVAC vaccine,
the same vaccine construct successfully being used in HIV vaccine, and is
on the cusp of taking this development to the next level.
I became involved with the Equine Research Centre, under the Directorship
of Prof Alan Guthrie, just 3 years ago. It still amazes me how much has been
achieved by the Centre with minimal funding. In my own field of expertise,
that being HIV, TB and other disease research, I would have had to spend
at least twenty times what ERC has spent to achieve the same success.
I applaud Alan and his team on their achievements over the past 27 years,
and believe that we have much to look forward to in the next few years.
Without the research conducted by this centre, the horse industry of South
Africa would be in a dire situation.
The recent OIE validation of the Guthrie RT-PCR test was a ground breaking
achievement, and gives South Africa further leverage for negotiating with
Trade Partners.
Prof Guthrie’s protégé, Dr Camilla Weyer’s recent graduation as PhD is also
of note. Camilla’s papers show a major breakthrough in the management
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INTRODUCTION – PROF VINNY NAIDOO, ACTING
DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE,
UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA
equine infectious diseases. The Centre played a significant role in the
development of protocols which opened the doors for the direct export
of horses from South Africa to a number of countries and therefore to
internationalization of our local industry. It also played a key role in the
“Lasix Study” which is considered the international benchmark study on
exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorses.
I commend the Equine Research Centre and all the people who have
been associated with it over the last 27 years for their contributions to the
Faculty, University and Industry. I believe that the Centre is ideally placed to
continue to make significant contributions to the horse industry and to the
University in to the future and look forward to seeing further meaningful
contributions from our on-going partnership.
Since its inception under an agreement between the Transvaal Provincial
Administration and the University of Pretoria in 1990 the Equine Research
Centre has played a significant role in development and research for the
benefit of the horse industry in South Africa and in the post-graduate
training and development of skilled personnel who today contribute to
the industry both in South Africa and Internationally. It has also made a
significant contribution to the Faculty of Veterinary Science’s post-graduate
student and research outputs.
The Centre has made significant local and international contributions in
the fields of equine sports medicine, equine management systems and
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FUNDER TESTIMONIAL – MARY SLACK, ONE OF THE
ERC’S KEY SUPPORTERS
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH).
Later “The Mary Slack and Daughters Foundation” provided funding for
the study done on proof of concept for the canarypox construct AHS
vaccine in 2008/2009, as well as for the determination of the diagnostic
accuracy of the RT-PCR test, which has recently been accepted by the
World Organisation of Animal Health as an approved test for the purposes
of International trade. In fact, with very limited funding the Centre has
achieved an enormous amount.
Finally, there had been a budget approved for the celebration of this
occasion but the ERC decided instead to use this money for the benefit of
the horses affected by the Southern Cape fires.
It is a great pleasure for me to write a testimonial for the Equine Research
Centre in celebration of its 25th anniversary, particularly as my family has
been so closely connected to it for many years.
A wonderful gesture and a very appropriate way of celebrating an
auspicious anniversary.
It was my father who officially opened the Centre in November 1994 and I
remember well a fundraiser for breeders and others in the horse industry
that my parents held at their home in Johannesburg for the establishment
of the Equine Physiology Research Unit , which was a pre cursor to the
Centre.
I served on the ERC Management Committee for some 5 years until 2013
and in that time we were involved with the study on the effects of Lasix on
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A WORD FROM PROF JIM MACLACHLAN
Prof Jim MacLachlan is an academic veterinary pathologist who studies
various aspects of viral diseases in livestock, with emphasis on pandemic,
trans-boundary diseases such as bluetongue that adversely affect
international trade and commerce. He has worked on various projects
with Prof Guthrie and his team over the past 18 years. He speaks highly of
the ERC team.
Prof MacLachlan says that very few research establishments are capable
of achieving the multiple ambitious projects that ERC has so successfully
mastered. Following are just some of the projects that ERC has accomplished
are the development of successful programmes to :
1. Investigate the epidemiology of African horse sickness in South Africa,
an activity that has become increasingly necessary for the South African
equine industry but also increasingly complex. The ERC programme
is now the internationally respected laboratory that is monitoring the
occurrence of this OIE reportable trans-boundary disease in South
Africa. The ERC laboratory has a substantial archive of recent as well
as historic field strains of the virus for genetic analyses. The ERC Team
has investigated the immune response of horses to the virus and the
data has been used to create a novel recombinant vaccine as well as
new-generation diagnostic technologies such as RT-qPCR. Ongoing
molecular epidemiological investigations utilizing these rapid, sensitive
and specific molecular diagnostic assays have better characterized
how African horse sickness is maintained and spread in South Africa,
notably in identifying the origin of outbreak viruses in the Containment
Zone in the Western Cape. This type of information is absolutely
prerequisite to any effort to challenge current regulatory barriers to
the movement of horses into and from South Africa.
2. Confirm by genetic analysis the parentage of every Thoroughbred
foal born in South Africa each year, an activity that also provides
the capacity to serologically monitor the annual foal cohort for the
occurrence of various diseases. Prof MacLachlan knows of no other
program anywhere in the world that compares with the one created
in South Africa – it is a priceless and unique resource, but one that
requires an enormous ongoing logistical effort to sustain.
3. Better characterise the molecular epidemiology and improve methods
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for the diagnosis and control of diseases such as biliary (piroplasmosis),
which has resulted in a substantial improvement in the status of SA
horses in relation to these regulatory diseases and the ERC’s work is
held in the highest esteem by the relevant researchers in the United
States and is considered state of the art.
4. Undertake the most sophisticated and ambitious trial ever conducted
anywhere in the world to evaluate the effect of prophylactic use of
furosemide on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing
horses. This is a highly contentious topic of great contemporary
relevance to the horse industry in the United States (and elsewhere).
next generation of veterinary scientists for South Africa. For example,
Dr. Camilla Weyer recently completed an outstanding Ph.D. at the ERC,
a project that lead to the creation of sophisticated molecular diagnostic
tests for the rapid and accurate identification of African horse sickness
virus. Dr. Weyer then utilized these assays in intensive epidemiological
studies to better characterize the epidemiology African horse sickness
in South Africa.
5. Undertake novel and highly relevant epidemiological studies of several
infectious agents that are important to different components in the SA
horse industry, including (but not limited to) West Nile virus and equine
encephalosis. These investigations not only provide critical information
to the entire South African horse industry, they also assure global trading
partners that credible disease surveillance is being done in the country.
6. Work with the competent Veterinary Authority of SA to initiate successful
efforts to eradicate introduced (i.e. exotic) reportable infectious diseases
of horses. Especially notable in this regard were the efforts to contain
and then eliminate or control equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, and
contagious equine metritis. Prof MacLachlan re-emphasized that these
remarkable accomplishments reflect very favourably on South Africa.
7. Provide a state-of-the-art research training enterprise to educate the
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Fund. Thus projects initially dealt with issues in the Transvaal racing
industry as it was then. I was contacted in April/May 1990 to ask if I would
be interested in applying for the position of heading up such a facility,
which I did. At the time I was doing my PhD at Louisiana State University
in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. I started on 1st October 1990. The former
Dean, Professor Brough Coubrough was instrumental in negotiating the
agreement with the Transvaal Provincial Administration (TPA), and also put
together the first management committee, which included representatives
of the TPA, and industry representative, Dr Maurice Azzie, who was an
established equine veterinarian with a long track record. Our focus initially
was equine sport medicine as it applied to horse racing.
Humble beginnings with Prof Guthrie having to multi-task
PROFESSOR ALAN GUTHRIE REMINISCES
How it all started - 1990
The Equine Research Centre was established through an agreement between
the University of Pretoria and the Transvaal Provincial Administration (TPA),
which administered what was then called the Highveld Racing Development
One of the very first projects that we worked on was to do with issues with
coughing horses at the Randjesfontein Training Centre, and so we did a
survey of all the housing facilities of horses for racing on the Highveld. It
essentially showed that a large proportion of the stables were designed
without actually considering the health of the horses. We did an evaluation
of the ventilation and the air quality in the stables. Through this study,
the ERC established that the problem was in the stables with horses being
exposed to excessive dust and allergens in the stables which was caused
by inadequate ventilation of the buildings.
To establish research priorities we did a field survey to identify the major
causes of horses not being able to train. Similar studies have also been
conducted in a number of other countries which have generally supported
our findings. It was not surprising that a large proportion of the issues
were associated with lameness.
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The start of studies on infectious diseases
Professor Jim MacLachlan
The first infectious diseases project we worked on was the infectious causes
of abortion on stud farms. As most stud farms were outside the Transvaal,
this was one of the first projects where we got the Thoroughbred Breeders
Association (TBA) involved to come on board as co-supporters of a national
study.
We were very fortunate to be able to recruit Professor Peter Howell,
a traditional virologist, who had retired as the Head of Department of
Infectious Diseases at the Faculty, to join us as coordinator of this project
which he did until he retired 10 years later. He was instrumental in
establishing the Equine Virology Research Laboratory which was housed
within the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases and which set up
systems for diagnostics of agents including Equine Herpes Virus (EHV),
equine encephalosis virus and African horse sickness virus.
Export Workshop 1995
The ERC had a strategic planning session prior to the 1995 National
Yearling Sale, where it emerged that the matter of highest priority was to
look at ways that we could open up direct export of horses from South
Africa. A workshop was hosted by the ERC in July 1995 where stakeholders
came together to establish a strategy to facilitate the export of horses from
South Africa. This resulted in the Department of Agriculture negotiating
a protocol with the European Union, which was implemented in January
1997, and the first SA horses to be directly exported from South Africa to
Europe for more than 30 years left in April 1997.
Towards the end of the Equine Infectious Diseases Conference in Dubai in
1998, where we presented the export protocol and what the equine disease
status was in SA, I met Professor Jim MacLachlan from the University of
California, Davis and we identified a number of synergies between his
research programme on Bluetongue and our work on African horse sickness
and equine encephalosis. We identified next generation diagnostics and
vaccines as being critical for these diseases and established a collaborative
programme to take this forward.
Horse identification
In 1998 The International Stud Book Committee (ISBC) announced that they
would be doing away with blood typing as the method for parent verification
of Thoroughbred horses, and that from January 2003 any Thoroughbred
horse born anywhere in the world would have to be parentage verified
by DNA typing prior to being registered in the Stud Book. In association
with the National Horse Racing Authority of Southern Africa, the Centre
established the Thoroughbred Identification Programme in 2000 to comply
with and implement the new ISBC standard. Traceability of animals plays
a key role in disease management. By having the Thoroughbred horses
identified the way they are assists with disease management. Samples
collected when horses are identified are archived and have contributed
greatly to various disease surveillance studies on horses in South Africa.
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Equine Viral Arteritis
As part of an investigation into causes of abortion on a Stud farm in KwaZulu-
Natal in 1996, Prof Peter Howell detected antibody to equine viral arteritis
(a disease which was not known to be present in South Africa) in samples
from mares on the affected stud. This finding was immediately reported
to the State Veterinary Authority and they coordinated a full trace-back on
these horses. This showed that we had managed to import semen infected
with EVA and that there had been transmission of EVA between stallions
at the Lipizzaner Centre in Johannesburg. This investigation was the first
where the Equine Research Centre provided the State Veterinary Authority
with technical and diagnostic assistance to manage and eliminate an exotic
equine disease from South Africa. The South African Veterinary Authority
subsequently self-declared South Africa as being free from EVA in 1998.
The 2003/4 equine influenza outbreak
In December 2003, we had an Equine Influenza outbreak which was
introduced by imported horses. This outbreak resulted in the disruption of
racing and other equestrian events from December 2003 through March
2004. It also resulted in the cancellation of the Cape Met for the first time
in its history.
The Equine Research Centre provided the South African Veterinary
Authority with technical and diagnostic assistance to manage and eliminate
this exotic equine disease from South Africa. Part of this was providing
input on the import of appropriate vaccines for use in this outbreak. At the
beginning of the outbreak there were only 6000 doses of equine influenza
vaccine which was licensed for use in South Africa available worldwide.
This necessitated the emergency licensing of other vaccines that were
registered in other countries and subsequently resulted in the import
and use of approximately 150,000 doses the Proteq-flu vaccine. Equine
influenza was also subsequently eliminated from South Africa with our last
case occurring in March 2004.
Disease Outbreak Investigations and Surveillance
The ERC has been involved in the investigation of numerous disease
outbreaks since its inception. The majority of these have been associated
with AHS and EEV. These include the 1999, 2004, 2011, 2014 and 2016
outbreaks of AHS on the Cape Peninsula and the 2006 outbreaks of AHS in
Robertson and Knysna. Data and samples collected from these outbreaks
have proved invaluable in epidemiological studies on these diseases and
in providing material for the design and implementation of new diagnostic
approaches to these agents. This also provided the materials for the
establishment of our whole genome sequence databank for the equine
orbiviruses which is critical to the further development of next generation
vaccines for AHS.
Equine Herpes Virus 1 remains the disease with the highest negative economic
impact on horse studs. The ERC has been involved with investigation of a
number of outbreaks of EHV1 on Studs. These investigations have resulted
in the implementation of new generation tests for EHV which have played a
major role in expediting the confirmation or exclusion of EHV as the cause
of abortions on Stud Farms. These tests have allowed us to develop more
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efficient management strategies for EHV on studs which have played a
major role in limiting the negative impact of EHV.
In April 2011, Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was confirmed for the first
time in South Africa. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
(DAFF) asked the ERC to assist with the investigation of this event. Our
initial investigations suggested that CEM was present in South Africa which
then necessitated further studies to confirm the extend of the infection
in South Africa horses. These studies confirmed that CEM was present in
South Africa from at least 1996 and in excess of 40 CEM positive horses
were identified. ERC played a pivotal role in the identification of these
positive animals and in the elimination of the infection from these animals.
It is anticipated that the data from these studies will assist South Africa
in declaring that CEM has been eliminated from the country and thereby
that we will again be considered a country free of CEM with the associated
benefits to international movement of South African horses.
Sample collections during the Mamre 2011 Outbreak
The active involvement of the ERC in monitoring of disease outbreaks in
South Africa has allowed us to develop and implement modern diagnostic
tests for a number of diseases which have allowed the implementation of
more efficient surveillance systems for these diseases in South Africa.
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The Lasix Study
Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is one of the most
important conditions affecting racehorses worldwide. The use of
furosemide (Lasix) to manage the condition is one of the most
contentious in the racing industry. Part of this controversy related
to the lack of data on the efficacy of Lasix for the prevention of
EIPH.
Profs Ken Hinchcliff (Melbourne University, Australia) and Paul
Morley (Colorado State University, USA) contacted me to investigate
the possibility of completing a placebo controlled double blinded
efficacy study on the effect of Lasix on the prevalence and severity
of EIPH in racehorses under racing conditions in South Africa.
Lasix and Placebo syringes
The experimental design would require us to enrol 180 horses to
compete in “races” a week apart where the horses would receive
“Lasix” or a “placebo” prior to each of the races. I indicated that I
thought it was possible, but that I would need to get input from the
South African racing authority and our local racing operator.
Following two brief phone calls firstly to Rob de Kock, the CEO of
the then Jockey Club of Southern Africa and secondly to Graham
Hawkins who was then the Racing executive of Phumelela, I was
able to report back that we had agreement in principle to undertake
the study in South Africa.
Ken Hinchcliff administering Lasix injection
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Following securing of funds, we were able to undertake the “Lasix Study”
which remains the largest study of this nature ever undertaken in
racehorses and which provided unequivocal answers to one of the most
important conditions affecting racehorses.
The fact that we managed to successfully complete this study in South Africa
remains one of the ERC’s highlights and again highlighted the International
importance of the South African racing industry.
Scoping Procedure
At the finish
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Next generation vaccines
horse sickness.
This that marked the commencement of our relationship with Merial, in
2004 and resulted in us being able to provide convincing “proof of concept”
data on the use of the canarypox vector (ALVAC) for a next generation AHS
vaccine.
We are currently finalising arrangements to conduct a study into the
applicability of this technology for a vaccine that will provide polyvalent
protection against AHS. We are cautiously optimistic that these studies will
kick off early in 2018.
Next Generation Diagnostics
Alan Guthrie, Clifford Matjiane and Christopher Joone collecting data for
AHS Vaccine trial
In the early 2000’s we made our first efforts to apply next generation
technologies for African horse sickness vaccine using approaches that
Jim MacLachlan had used for equine viral arteritis. Unfortunately, these
first attempts at next generation African horse sickness and Bluetongue
vaccines were a spectacular failure. The Proteq-flu vaccine that we used to
successfully control our equine influenza outbreak in 2003/4 was the first
next generation vaccine licensed for use in horses.
Following our flu outbreak I was asked to visit Merial in Lyon, France to give
feedback on the use of Proteq-flu vaccine in our outbreak. I agreed to do
this provided we could discuss the application of this technology to African
In association with Jim MacLachlan and scientists from his laboratory we
applied next generation molecular diagnostic techniques in a study on
the spread of equine viral arteritis between the stallions at the Lipizzaner
Centre.
These studies were then expanded to allow us to develop and implement
next generation molecular diagnostic tests for African horse sickness,
equine encephalosis virus, equine piroplasmosis, equine herpes virus and
contagious equine metritis.
The acceptance of the group specific real-time PCR developed by the ERC
by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as an approved test for
International Trade Purposes in May 2017 was another major milestone
for the ERC.
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Our students
The ERC has had the honour to host a number of extremely talented and
dedicated post-graduate students. These students have played a pivotal
role in most of our projects and have made huge contributions to our
research outputs.
All of the students associated with the ERC have been registered for their
degrees in Academic Departments within the University of Pretoria or at
other institutions.
This has facilitated collaboration between academics within the Faculty
of Veterinary Science at the University of Pretoria and with academics at
other institutions.
Dr Melanie Scholtz – MSc – 2018
Dr Camilla Weyer – PhD – 2017
Dr Patrick Page – PhD – 2016
Prof Martin Schulman – PhD - 2016
Dr Phillipa Burger – MSc – 2016
Mr Anthony Craig – MSc – 2015
Dr Marsha Badenhorst – MSc – 2015
Dr Jannie Crafford – PhD – 2014
Dr Kate May – MSc – 2013
Dr Bronwyn Keys – MSc- 2013
Dr Yolande Smit – MSc – 2013
Dr Stephen Hughes – MMedVet – 2012
Dr Karen Kruger – MSc – 2012
Ms Lee Darwent – MSc – 2012
Dr Carolynn Tarr – MSc – 2012
Dr Camilla Weyer – MSc – 2011
Ms Anandi Bierman – MSc – 2011
Dr Sassi Sasidharan – PhD – 2011
Dr Patrick Page – MMedVet – 2010
Dr Raksha Bhoora – PhD – 2010
Dr John Grewar – MSc – 2009
Ds Henning Mostert – MSc – 2009
Dr Cynthia Donnellan – MMedVet – 2006
Dr Sassi Sasidharan – MSc – 2004
Dr Carla Meyer – MMedVet – 2002
Dr Jannie Crafford – MSc – 2001
Dr Hildegard Setzkorn – MMedVet – 2000
Dr Raymond Lund – PhD – 2000
Dr Peter Buss – MMedVet – 2000
Dr Sonja Matthee – PhD – 2000
Dr Eddie Mogoa – PhD – 1999
Dr Jane Tanton – MSc – 1999
Dr Donne Wells – MSc – 1997
Dr Jonathan Taylor – MMedVet – 1996
Mr Raymond Lund – MSc – 1996
Dr Chris Travers – MMedVet – 1996
Dr Andrew Leisewitz – MMedVet – 1995
Mr Henning Mostert – MEng – 1995
Mr Anton Swanevelder – MEng – 1994
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EQUINE RESEARCH CENTRE PUBLICATIONS
– 1990 to date
• Dynamics of African horse sickness virus nucleic acid and antibody in horses following
immunization with a commercial polyvalent live attenuated vaccine. Weyer, C.T., Grewar,
J.D., Burger, P., Joone, C., Lourens, C., MacLachlan, N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2017) Vaccine.
• Immunogenicity of plant-produced African horse sickness virus-like particles: Implications
for a novel vaccine Dennis, S.J., Meyers, A.E., Guthrie, A.J., Hitzeroth, I.I., Rybicki, E.P.
(2017) Plant Biotechnology Journal.
• The sero-prevalence and sero-incidence of African horse sickness and equine encephalosis
in selected horse and donkey populations in Zimbabwe. Gordon, S.J.G., Bolwell, C.,
Rogers, C.W., Musuka, G., Kelly, P., Guthrie, A., Mellor, P.S., Hamblin, C. (2017) Onderstepoort
Journal of Veterinary Research.
• African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of
live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014. Weyer, C.T., Grewar, J.D., Burger,
P., Rossouw, E., Lourens, C., Joone, C., Le Grange, M., Coetzee, P., Venter, E., Martin,
D.P., MacLachlan, N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2016)Emerging Infectious Diseases.
• Evaluation of microsatellites for common ungulates in the South African wildlife industry
Miller, S.M., Clarke, A.B., Bloomer, P., Guthrie, A.J., Harper, C.K. (2016) Conservation Genetics
Resources.
• Single base-pair deletion in ASIP exon 3 associated with recessive black phenotype in impala
(Aepyceros melampus) Miller, S.M., Guthrie, A.J., Harper, C.K.Animal (2016) Genetics.
• Polymerase chain reaction-based national surveillance programme to determine the
distribution and prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis in South African horses May, C.E.,
Guthrie, A.J., Keys, B., Joone, C., Monyai, M., Schulman, M.L. (2016) Equine Veterinary
Journal.
• Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported from
South Africa Sergeant, E.S., Grewar, J.D., Weyer, C.T., Guthrie, A.J. (2016) PloS One.
• Complete genome sequences of five bluetongue virus (BTV) vaccine strains from a commercial
live attenuated vaccine, a BTV-4 field strain from South Africa, and a reassortant
strain isolated from experimentally vaccinated cattle van den Bergh, C., Coetzee, P.,
Guthrie, A.J., le Grange, M., Venter, E.H. (2016) Genome Announcements.
• Development of three triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the qualitative
molecular typing of the nine serotypes of African horse sickness virus Weyer, C.T.,
Joone, C., Lourens, C.W., Monyai, M.S., Koekemoer, O., Grewar, J.D., van Schalkwyk, A.,
Majiwa, P.O.A., MacLachlan, N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2015) Journal of Virological Methods.
• Equine encephalosis in Thoroughbred foals on a South African stud farm. Grewar, J.D.,
Thompson, P.N., Lourens, C.W., Guthrie, A.J. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research,
82 (1), p. 966.
• Detection of equine herpesvirus-4 and physiological stress patterns in young Thoroughbreds
consigned to a South African auction sale (2015) Badenhorst, M., Page, P., Ganswindt,
A., Laver, P., Guthrie, A., Schulman, M. (2015) BMC Veterinary Research.
• Efficacy of alphacypermethrin-treated high density polyethylene mesh applied to jet
stalls housing horses against Culicoides biting midges in South Africa. Page, P.C., Labuschagne,
K., Venter, G.J., Schoeman, J.P., Guthrie, A.J. (2015) Veterinary Parasitology.
• The occurrence of culicoides species, the vectors of arboviruses, at selected trap sites in
Zimbabwe. Gordon, S.J.G., Bolwell, C., Rogers, C., Musuka, G., Kelly, P., Labuschagne, K.,
Guthrie, A.J., Denison, E., Mellor, P.S., Hamblin, C. (2015) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• Epidemiology and reproductive outcomes of EHV-1 abortion epizootics in unvaccinated
Thoroughbred mares in South Africa. Schulman, M.L., Becker, A., van der Merwe, B.D.,
Guthrie, A.J., Stout, T.A.E. (2015) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage impairs racing performance in Thoroughbred
racehorses. Morley, P.S., Bromberek, J.L., Saulez, M.N., Hinchcliff, K.W., Guthrie, A.J.
(2015) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Draft genome sequence of Taylorella equigenitalis strain ERC_G2224 isolated from the
semen of a Lipizzaner stallion in South Africa. May, C.E., Schulman, M.L., Howell, P.G.,
Lourens, C.W., Gouws, J., Joone, C., Monyai, M.S., Grange, M., Bezuidt, O.K.I., Harper, C.K.,
Guthrie, A.J. (2015) Genome Announcements.
• Complete genome sequences of four African horse sickness virus strains from a commercial
tetravalent live attenuated vaccine. Guthrie, A.J., Coetzee, P., Martin, D.P., Lourens,
C.W., Venter, E.H., Weyer, C.T., Joone, C., Grange, M., Harper, C.K., Howell, P.G.,
MacLachlan, N.J. (2015) Genome Announcements.
• Complete genome sequences of the three African horse sickness virus strains from a
commercial trivalent live attenuated vaccine. Guthrie, A.J., Coetzee, P., Martin, D.P., Lourens,
C.W., Venter, E.H., Weyer, C.T., Joone, C., Grange, M., Harper, C.K., Howell, P.G.,
MacLachlan, N.J. (2015) Genome Announcements.
• Robinson’s Current Therapy in Equine Medicine: Seventh Edition, Guthrie, A.J., Weyer,
C.T. African Horse Sickness (2014).
• Serological response of foals to polyvalent and monovalent live-attenuated African horse
sickness virus vaccines. Crafford, J.E., Lourens, C.W., Smit, T.K., Gardner, I.A., MacLachlan,
N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2014) Vaccine.
• The effect of consignment to broodmare Sales on physiological stress measured by faecal
glucocorticoid metabolites in pregnant Thoroughbred mares. Schulman, M., Becker,
A., Ganswindt, S., Guthrie, A., Stout, T., Ganswindt, A. (2014) BMC Veterinary Research.
• The carrier prevalence of severe combined immunodeficiency, lavender foal syndrome
and cerebellar abiotrophy in Arabian horses in South Africa. Tarr, C.J., Thompson, P.N.,
Guthrie, A.J., Harper, C.K. (2014) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Field and in vitro insecticidal efficacy of alphacypermethrin-treated high density polyeth-
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ylene mesh against Culicoides biting midges in South Africa. Page, P.C., Labuschagne, K.,
Venter, G.J., Schoeman, J.P., Guthrie, A.J. (2014) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Development of a real time polymerase chain reaction assay for equine encephalosis virus.
Rathogwa, N.M., Quan, M., Smit, J.Q., Lourens, C., Guthrie, A.J., van Vuuren, M. (2014)
Journal of Virological Methods.
• Occurrence of African horse sickness in a domestic dog without apparent ingestion of
horse meat. van Sittert, S.J., Drew, T.M., Kotze, J.L., Strydom, T., Weyer, C.T., Guthrie, A.J.
(2013) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled
area in South Africa. Grewar, J.D., Weyer, C.T., Guthrie, A.J., Koen, P., Davey, S., Quan, M.,
Visser, D., Russouw, E., Bührmann, G. (2013) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Contagious equine metritis: Artificial reproduction changes the epidemiologic paradigm.
Schulman, M.L., May, C.E., Keys, B., Guthrie, A.J. (2013) Veterinary Microbiology.
• African Horse Sickness. Long, M.T., Guthrie, A.J. (2013) Equine Infectious Diseases: Second
Edition.
• Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb
dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, C.M.B., Page, P.C., Nurton, J.P., van den Berg, J.S.,
Guthrie, A.J. (2013) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Passive transfer and rate of decay of maternal antibody against African horse sickness
virus in South African Thoroughbred foals. Crafford, J.E., Lourens, C.W., Gardner, I.A.,
Maclachlan, N.J., Guthrie, A.J. Equine (2013) Veterinary Journal.
• Extraction of nuclear DNA from rhinoceros horn and characterization of DNA profiling
systems for white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros. Harper,
C.K., Vermeulen, G.J., Clarke, A.B., De Wet, J.I., Guthrie, A.J. (2013) Forensic Science
International: Genetics.
• Diagnostic accuracy of a duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay
for detection of African horse sickness virus. Guthrie, A.J., MacLachlan, N.J., Joone, C.,
Lourens, C.W., Weyer, C.T., Quan, M., Monyai, M.S., Gardner, I.A. (2013) Journal of Virological
Methods.
• Development of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to
quantify insulin-like growth factor receptor and insulin receptor expression in equine
tissue. Hughes, S.B., Quan, M., Guthrie, A., Schulman, M. (2013) Onderstepoort Journal
of Veterinary Research.
• African horse sickness in naturally infected, immunised horses . Weyer, C.T., Quan, M.,
Joone, C., Lourens, C.W., Maclachlan, N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2013) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Descriptive epidemiology of African horse sickness in Zimbabwe. Gordon, S., Bolwell, C.,
Rogers, C., Guthrie, A., Magunda, F., Hove, P. (2013) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• Reversibility of the effects of GnRH-vaccination used to suppress reproductive function
in mares. Schulman, M.L., Botha, A.E., Muenscher, S.B., Annandale, C.H., Guthrie, A.J.,
Bertschinger, H.J. (2013) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Equine piroplasmosis treatment protocols: Specific effect on orocaecal transit time as
measured by the lactose 13C-ureide breath test. Kutscha, J., Sutton, D.G.M., Preston, T.,
Guthrie, A.J. (2012) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• An African horse sickness virus serotype 4 recombinant canarypox virus vaccine elicits
specific cell-mediated immune responses in horses. El Garch, H., Crafford, J.E., Amouyal,
P., Durand, P.Y., Edlund Toulemonde, C., Lemaitre, L., Cozette, V., Guthrie, A., Minke, J.M.
(2012) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.
• Re-Emergence of the Apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of
Persistent Infection and Transmission Risk Ueti, M.W., Mealey, R.H., Kappmeyer, L.S.,
White, S.N., Kumpula-McWhirter, N., Pelzel, A.M., Grause, J.F., Bunn, T.O., Schwartz, A.,
Traub-Dargatz, J.L., Hendrickson, A., Espy, B., Guthrie, A.J., Fowler, W.K., Knowles, D.P.
(2012) PLoS ONE.
• The combination of abundance and infection rates of Culicoides sonorensis estimates
risk of subsequent bluetongue virus infection of sentinel cattle on California dairy farms
Mayo, C.E., Mullens, B.A., Gerry, A.C., Barker, C.M., Mertens, P.P.C., Maan, S., Maan, N.,
Gardner, I.A., Guthrie, A.J., MacLachlan, N.J. (2012) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Comparison of two trapping methods for Culicoides biting midges and determination of
African horse sickness virus prevalence in midge populations at Onderstepoort, South
Africa Scheffer, E.G., Venter, G.J., Labuschagne, K., Page, P.C., Mullens, B.A., MacLachlan,
N.J., Osterrieder, N., Guthrie, A.J. (2012) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Anthropogenic and meteorological factors influence vector abundance and prevalence
of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle in California Mayo, C.E., Gardner, I.A., Mullens,
B.A., Barker, C.M., Gerry, A.C., Guthrie, A.J., MacLachlan, N.J. (2012) Veterinary Microbiology.
• Use of furosemide for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses Hinchcliff,
K.W., Morley, P.S., Guthrie, A. (2011) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association.
• A competitive ELISA for the detection of group-specific antibody to equine encephalosis
virus Crafford, J.E., Guthrie, A.J., Van Vuuren, M., Mertens, P.P.C., Burroughs, J.N., Howell,
P.G., Batten, C.A., Hamblin, C. (2011) Journal of Virological Methods.
• Use of real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the
detection of African horse sickness virus replication in Culicoides imicola Scheffer, E.G.,
Venter, G.J., Joone, C., Osterrieder, N., Guthrie, A.J. (2011) The Onderstepoort Journal of
Veterinary Research.
• Comparative genetics of sarcoid tumour-affected and non-affected mountain zebra
(Equus zebra) populations. Sasidharan, S.P., Ludwig, A., Harper, C., Moodley, Y., Bertschinger,
H.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2011) African Journal of Wildlife Research.
• Lavender foal syndrome in Arabian horses is caused by a single-base deletion in the
18

MYO5A gene. Bierman, A., Guthrie, A.J., Harper, C.K. (2010) Animal Genetics.
• Genetic diversity of piroplasms in plains zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) and Cape mountain
zebra (Equus zebra zebra) in South Africa Bhoora, R., Buss, P., Guthrie, A.J., Penzhorn,
B.L., Collins, N.E. (2010) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other Orbivirus diseases MacLachlan,
N.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2010) Veterinary Research.
• Sequence heterogeneity in the equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1) of Theileria equi
and development of an ema-1-specific TaqMan MGB assay for the detection of T. equi.
Bhoora, R., Quan, M., Matjila, P.T., Zweygarth, E., Guthrie, A.J., Collins, N.E. (2010) Veterinary
Parasitology.
• Development and optimisation of a duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative
PCR assay targeting the VP7 and NS2 genes of African horse sickness virus. Quan, M.,
Lourens, C.W., MacLachlan, N.J., Gardner, I.A., Guthrie, A.J. (2010) Journal of Virological
Methods.
• Molecular sexing of African rhinoceros. Peppin, L., McEwing, R., Ogden, R., Hermes, R.,
Harper, C., Guthrie, A., Carvalho, G.R. (2010) Conservation Genetics.
• Sequence heterogeneity in the gene encoding the rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-
1) of Babesia caballi isolates from South Africa. Bhoora, R., Quan, M., Zweygarth, E.,
Guthrie, A.J., Prinsloo, S.A., Collins, N.E. (2010) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of
Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses from South Africa. Bhoora, R.,
Quan, M., Franssen, L., Butler, C.M., Van der Kolk, J.H., Guthrie, A.J., Zweygarth, E., Jongejan,
F., Collins, N.E. (2010) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Annual ryegrass toxicity in Thoroughbred horses in Ceres in the Western Cape Province,
South Africa. Grewar, J.D., Allen, J.G., Guthrie, A.J. (2009) Journal of the South African
Veterinary Association.
• Protective immunization of horses with a recombinant canarypox virus vectored vaccine
co-expressing genes encoding the outer capsid proteins of African horse sickness
virus. Guthrie, A.J., Quan, M., Lourens, C.W., Audonnet, J.-C., Minke, J.M., Yao, J., He, L.,
Nordgren, R., Gardner, I.A., MacLachlan, N.J. (2009) Vaccine.
• Duration of repellency of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, citronella oil and cypermethrin
against Culicoides species when applied to polyester mesh. Page, P.C., Labuschagne, K.,
Nurton, J.P., Venter, G.J., Guthrie, A.J. (2009) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in
thorough bred racehorses. Hinchcliff, K.W., Morley, P.S., Guthrie, A.J. (2009) Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association.
• Sequence heterogeneity in the 18S rRNA gene within Theileria equi and Babesia caballi
from horses in South Africa. Bhoora, R., Franssen, L., Oosthuizen, M.C., Guthrie, A.J., Zweygarth,
E., Penzhorn, B.L., Jongejan, F., Collins, N.E. (2009) Veterinary Parasitology.
• The use of a GnRH vaccine to suppress mare ovarian activity in a large group of mares
under field conditions. Botha, A.E., Schulman, M.L., Bertschinger, H.J., Guthrie, A.J., Annandale,
C.H., Hughes, S.B. (2008) Wildlife Research.
• Prevalence of serotype specific antibody to equine encephalosis virus in Thoroughbred
yearlings in South Africa (1999-2004). Howell, P.G., Nurton, J.P., Nel, D., Lourens, C.W.,
Guthrie, A.J. (2008) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.
• Molecular epidemiology of the African horse sickness virus S10 gene. Quan, M., van Vuuren,
M., Howell, P.G., Groenewald, D., Guthrie, A.J. (2008) Journal of General Virology.
• Experimental reproduction of severe bluetongue in sheep. MacLachlan, N.J., Crafford,
J.E., Vernau, W., Gardner, I.A., Goddard, A., Guthrie, A.J., Venter, E.H. (2008) Veterinary
Pathology.
• African Horse Sickness. Guthrie, A.J. (2007) Equine Infectious Diseases.
• An international parentage and identification panel for the domestic cat (Felis catus).
Lipinski, M.J., Amigues, Y., Blasi, M., Broad, T.E., Cherbonnel, C., Cho, G.J., Corley, S., Daftari,
P., Delattre, D.R., Dileanis, S., Flynn, J.M., Grattapaglia, D., Guthrie, A., Harper, C.,
Karttunen, P.L., Kimura, H., Lewis, G.M., Longeri, M., Meriaux, J.-C., Morita, M., Morrin-
O’Donnell, R.C., Niini, T., Pedersen, N.C., Perrotta, G., Polli, M., Rittler, S., Schubbert, R.,
Strillacci, M.G., Van Haeringen, H., Van Haeringen, W., Lyons, L.A. (2007) Animal Genetics.
• Experiences with new generation vaccines against equine viral arteritis, West Nile disease
and African horse sickness. MacLachlan, N.J., Balasuriya, U.B., Davis, N.L., Collier,
M., Johnston, R.E., Ferraro, G.L., Guthrie, A.J. (2007) Vaccine.
• Clinical, clinicopathologic, postmortem examination findings and familial history of 3
Arabians with lavender foal syndrome. Page, P., Parker, R., Harper, C., Guthrie, A., Neser,
J. (2006) Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
• International equine gene mapping workshop report: A comprehensive linkage map constructed
with data from new markers and by merging four mapping resources. Penedo,
M.C.T., Millon, L.V., Bernoco, D., Bailey, E., Binns, M., Cholewinski, G., Ellis, N., Flynn, J.,
Gralak, B., Guthrie, A., Hasegawa, T., Lindgren, G., Lyons, L.A., Røed, K.H., Swinburne, J.E.,
Tozaki, T. (2005) Cytogenetic and Genome Research.
• Clinical and clinicopathological changes in 6 healthy ponies following intramuscular administration
of multiple doses of imidocarb dipropionate. Meyer, C., Guthrie, A.J., Stevens,
K.B. (2005) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• The use of the standard exercise test to establish the clinical significance of mild echocardiographic
changes in a Thoroughbred poor performer. Meyer, C., Gerber, R., Guthrie,
A.J. (2004) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Congenital myasthenic syndrome of Brahman cattle in South Africa. Thompson, P.N.,
Steinlein, O.K., Harper, C.K., Kraner, S., Sieb, J.P., Guthrie, A.J. (2003) Veterinary Record.
• A group-specific, indirect sandwich ELISA for the detection of equine encephalosis virus
antigen. Crafford, J.E., Guthrie, A.J., Van Vuuren, M., Mertens, P.P.C., Burroughs, J.N.,
Howell, P.G., Hamblin, C. (2003) Journal of Virological Methods.
• Lateral transmission of equine arteritis virus among Lipizzaner stallions in South Africa.
19

Guthrie, A.J., Howell, P.G., Hedges, J.F., Bosman, A.-M., Balasuriya, U.B.R., McCollum, W.H.,
Timoney, P.J., MacLachlan, N.J. (2003) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• West Nile virus infection of Thoroughbred horses in South Africa (2000-2001). Guthrie,
A.J., Howell, P.G., Gardner, I.A., Swanepoel, R.E., Nurton, J.P., Harper, C.K., Pardini, A.,
Groenewald, D., Visage, C.W., Hedges, J.F., Balasuriya, U.B., Cornel, A.J., MacLachlan, N.J.
(2003) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Differentiation of strains of equine arteritis virus of differing virulence to horses by
growth in equine endothelial cells. Moore, B.D., Balasuriya, U.B.R., Nurton, J.P., McCollum,
W.H., Timoney, P.J., Guthrie, A.J., MacLachlan, N.J. (2003) American Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• Variation in the NS3 gene and protein in South African isolates of bluetongue and equine
encephalosis viruses. van Niekerk, M., Freeman, M., Paweska, J.T., Howell, P.G., Guthrie,
A.J., Potgieter, A.C., van Staden, V., Huismans, H. (2003) Journal of General Virology.
• Effects of halothane anaesthesia on the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in
pony stallions. Schulman, M.L., Gerber, D., Nurton, J., Guthrie, A.J., Joubert, K., Volkmann,
D.H. (2003) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Microsatellite analysis of cryopreserved stallion semen stored on FTA® paper. Schulman,
M.L., Harper, C.K., Bell, E., Nel, A., Guthrie, A.J. (2002) Journal of the South African
Veterinary Association.
• Impact of management interventions on helminth levels, and body and blood measurements
in working donkeys in South Africa. Matthee, S., Krecek, R.C., Milne, S.A., Boshoff,
M., Guthrie, A.J. (2002) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Culture, isolation and propagation of Babesia caballi from naturally infected horses. Zweygarth,
E., Lopez-Rebollar, L.M., Nurton, J., Guthrie, A.J. (2002) Parasitology Research.
• Effect of management interventions on the helminth parasites recovered from donkeys
in South Africa. Matthee, S., Krecek, R.C., Guthrie, A.J. (2002) Journal of Parasitology.
• The classification of seven serotypes of equine encephalosis virus and the prevalence
of homologous antibody in horses in South Africa. Howell, P.G., Groenewald, D., Visage,
C.W., Bosman, A.-M., Coetzer, J.A.W., Guthrie, A.J. (2002) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• Administration of bovine, porcine and equine growth hormone to the horse: Effect on
insulin-like growth factor-I and selected IGF binding proteins. De Kock, S.S., Rodgers, J.P.,
Swanepoel, B.C., Guthrie, A.J. (2001) Journal of Endocrinology.
• Prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in isolates from soil collected from two horse
farms in South Africa and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of virulence plasmids
in the isolates from infected foals, a dog and a monkey. Takai, S., Henton, M.M.,
Picard, J.A., Guthrie, A.J., Fukushi, H., Sugimoto, C. (2001) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• Use of the Accusport semi-automated analyser to determine blood lactate as an aid in
the clinical assessment of horses with colic. Schulman, M.L., Nurton, J.P., Guthrie, A.J.
(2001) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Lumbar spine stability following hemilaminectomy, pediculectomy, and fenestration.
Hill, T.P., Lubbe, A.M., Guthrie, A.J. (2000) Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and
Traumatology.
• Effects of xylazine on acid-base balance and arterial blood-gas tensions in goats under
different environmental temperature and humidity conditions. Mogoa, E.G.M., Stegmann,
G.F., Guthrie, A.J. (2000) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Clinical, cardiopulmonary and haemocytological effects of xylazine in goats after acute
exposure to different environmental temperature and humidity conditions. Mogoa,
E.G.M., Stegmann, G.F., Guthrie, A.J., Swan, G.E. (2000) Journal of the South African Veterinary
Association.
• The circumstances surrounding the outbreak and spread of equine influenza in South
Africa. Guthrie, A.J., Stevens, K.B., Bosman, P.P. (1999) OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique.
• Alternative approaches to control of cyathostomes: An African perspective. Krecek, R.C.,
Guthrie, A.J. (1999) Veterinary Parasitology.
• The effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in horses. Petersen, S.L.,
Botes, C., Olivier, A., Guthrie, A.J. (1999) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Water electrolyte intake and output in conditioned Thoroughbred horses transported by
road. Van Den Berg, J.S., Guthrie, A.J., Meintjes, R.A., Nurton, J.P., Adamson, D.A., Travers,
C.W., Lund, R.J., Mostert, H.J. (1998) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Helminth levels of working donkeys kept under different management systems in the
Moretele 1 district of the North-West Province, South Africa. Wells, D., Krecek, R.C., Wells,
M., Guthrie, A.J., Lourens, J.C. (1998) Veterinary Parasitology.
• Thermoregulation. Base mechanisms and hyperthermia. Guthrie, A.J., Lund, R.J. (1998)
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
• An epizoological study of wastage in Thoroughbred racehorses in Gauteng, South Africa.
Olivier, A., Nurton, J.P., Guthrie, A.J. (1997) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Radiological appearance of air introduced during equine regional limb anaesthesia. Kirberger,
R.M., Gottschalk, R.D., Guthrie, A.J. (1996) Equine Veterinary Journal.
• Characterization of a standard exercise to fatigue test in Thoroughbred horses. Travers,
C.W., Guthrie, A.J., Lund, R.J. (1996) Pferdeheilkunde.
• Integrative model for predicting thermal balance in exercising horses. Mostert, H.J.,
Lund, R.J., Guthrie, A.J., Cilliers, P.J. (1996) Equine veterinary journal. Supplement.
• Effect of three different warm-up regimens on heat balance and oxygen consumption of
thoroughbred horses. Lund, R.J., Guthrie, A.J., Mostert, H.J., Travers, C.W., Nurton, J.P.,
Adamson, D.J. (1996) Journal of Applied Physiology.
• Characterization of a sterile soft-tissue inflammation model in Thoroughbred horses.
Guthrie, A.J., Short, C.R., Swan, G.E., Mülders, M.S.G., Killeen, V.M., Nurton, J.P. (1996)
20

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
• Evaluation of the effect of whole-blood transfusion on the oxygen status and acid-base
balance of Babesia canis infected dogs using the oxygen status algorithm. Leisewitz, A.L.,
Guthrie, A.J., Berry, W.L. (1996) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered intravenously
and intramuscularly in adult conditioned Thoroughbred mares. Swan, G.E., Guthrie, A.J.,
Mulders, M.S.G., Killeen, V.M., Nurton, J.P., Short, C.R., Van Den Berg, J.S. (1995) Journal
of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Measurement of maximal oxygen consumption of thoroughbred horses at an altitude
of 1250m using open-circuit flow-through calorimetry. Lund, R.J., Guthrie, A.J. (1995)
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• The arterial oxygen status of clinically healthy dogs at an altitude of 1250 metres. Leisewitz,
A.L., Guthrie, A.J., Berry, W. (1995) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• The effects of three models of airway disease on tidal breathing flow-volume loops of
thoroughbred horses. Guthrie, A.J., Beadle, R.E., Bateman, R.D., White, C.E. (1995) Veterinary
Research Communications.
• Characterization of normal tidal breathing flow-volume loops for Thoroughbred horses.
Guthrie, A.J., Beadle, R.E., Bateman, R.D., White, C.E. (1995) Veterinary Research Communications.
• Characterization of a density-corrected ultrasonic pneumotachometer for horses. Beadle,
R.E., Guthrie, A.J., Kou, A.H. (1995) Journal of Applied Physiology.
• DUODENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL ADULT HORSE. Kirberger, R.M., Berg,
J.S.v.d., Gottschalk, R.D., Guthrie, A.J. (1995) Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.
• A comparison between the effects of conventional and selective antiparasitic treatments
on nematode parasites of horses from two management schemes. Krecek, R.C., Guthrie,
A.J., Van Nieuwenhuizen, L.C., Booth, L.M. (1994) Journal of the South African Veterinary
Association.
• Detection of corticosteroids by high‐performance liquid chromatography/negative ion
chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a particle beam interface. Stanley, S.M.R.,
Wilhelmi, B.S., Rodgers, J.P., Guthrie, A. (1994) Biological Mass Spectrometry.
• The effect of Babesia canis induced haemolysis on the canine haemoglobin oxygen dissociation
curve. Taylor, J.H., Guthrie, A.J., van der Walt, J.G., Leisewitz, (1993) Journal of
the South African Veterinary Association.
• Survey of selected design and ventilation characteristics of racehorse stables in the Pretoria,
Witwatersrand, Vereeniging area of South Africa. Lund, R.J., Guthrie, A.J., Killeen,
V.M. (1993) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Pollen grains of grasses in horse faecal analysis. Krecek, R.C., van Nieuwenhuizen, L.C.,
Guthrie, A., Robbertse, P.J. (1993) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Use of a semi-quantitative sweat test in thoroughbred horses. Guthrie, A.J., Van den
Berg, J.S., Killeen, V.M., Nichas, E. (1992) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Evaluation of the efficacy of d-penicillamine and trientine as copper chelators using an
in vitro technique involving ovine red blood cells. Botha, C.J., Naude, T.W., Swan, G.E.,
Guthrie, A.J. (1992) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.
• Temporal effects of inhaled histamine and methacholine aerosols on the pulmonary mechanics
of Thoroughbred horses. GUTHRIE, A.J., BEADLE, R.E., BATEMAN, R.D., WHITE,
C.E. (1992) Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
• The effect of endogenously produced carbon monoxide on the oxygen status of dogs
infected with Babesia canis. Taylor, J.H., Guthrie, A.J., Leisewitz, A. (1991) Journal of the
South African Veterinary Association.
• Use of the cardiopulmonary flow index to evaluate cardiac function in thoroughbred
horses. Guthrie, A.J., Killeen, V.M., Mülders, M.S., Grosskopf, J.F. (1991) Journal of the
South African Veterinary Association.
• Stimulation frequency-dependent nonadrenergic noncholinergic airway responses of
the guinea pig. Venugopalan, C.S., Holmes, E.P., Fucci, V., Guthrie, A.J. (1991) Journal of
Applied Physiology.
• Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn to 30-day-old foals. Cummings, L.E., Guthrie,
A.J., Harkins, J.D., Short, C.R. (1990) American Journal of Veterinary Research.
• Sustained supraventricular tachycardia in a horse. Guthrie, A.J., Nichas, E., Viljoen,
F.V.D.B., Hartmann, A.M., Killeen, V.M. (1989) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association.
• Characterization of a soft‐tissue infection model in the horse and its response to intravenoiis
cephapirin administration. BEADLE, R.E., SHORT, C.R., CORSTVET, R.E., PAWLU-
SIOW, J., NOBLES, D.D., McCLURE, J.R., GUTHRIE, A.J., CLARKE, C.R. (1989) Journal of Veterinary
Pharmacology and Therapeutics..
• The clinical pathology of heartwater. II. Studies on cardiac and pulmonary function in 4
calves with experimentally-induced heartwater. van Amstel, S.R., Guthrie, A.J., Oberem,
P.T., Killeen, V.M., Matthee, O. (1988) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.
• Van Amstel, S.R., Reyers, F., Guthrie, A.J., Oberem, P.T., Bertschinger, H. The clinical pathology
of heartwater. I. Haematology and blood chemistry. (1988) Onderstepoort Journal
of Veterinary Research, 55 (1), pp. 37-45
• Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. II. The direct measurement of right ventricular
and pulmonary artery pressures in the closed chest domestic fowl. Guthrie, A.J., Cilliers,
J.A., Huchzermeyer, F.W., Killeen, V.M. (1987) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary
Research.
• The clinical pathology and pathophysiology of heartwater: a review. Van Amstel, S.R.,
Guthrie, A.J., Reyers, F., Bertschinger, H., Oberem, P.T., Killeen, V.M., Matthee, O. (1987)
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.
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FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Prof Alan Guthrie
Equine Research Centre
Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Pretoria
Onderstepoort
South Africa
Tel: +27 12 529 8068
Email: erc@up.ac.za