PR-2237IRE Ancient Rome

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Farming – Tools There was no rapid development of more sophisticated farming tools during the expansion of the Roman Empire, as there was an abundance of slaves from conquered nations and they carried out all the manual work. Thus, labour-saving devices were not a priority. The simple plough, which only made a furrow for the seeds, was gradually improved during the years of the Empire, probably by the Romans. The heavier wet soils of northern regions of the empire meant that a heavy coulter blade was added to break up the soil, which was then turned over by the ploughshare behind it. Seeds were then planted by hand from a basket. The scythe with an iron blade was used for cutting corn. The sickle was also used but as it had a short handle using it would have been back-breaking work for farm slaves. The iron prongs in a rake were usually fixed into a strong wood like oak. The turf cutter was used by soldiers constructing defences around forts in the various regions of the Empire. Tools like these were excavated from the remains of a fort in Scotland. Repairs to tools with iron parts were done by metalworkers who would set up their own furnaces. A Roman innovation was to combine two tools in one—a pick with a spade etc. TEACHERS N OTE ‘Some land, when you have ploughed it with oxen and plough, must be ploughed again before you plant the seed.’ This comment was by Marcus Varrao, a famous first century BC Roman writer whose books on farming have survived intact. He referred to a Roman method that involved repeated ploughing in a criss-cross pattern to break the ground into fine soil particles. Oxen were the most common draught animals for ploughs and carts. Viewing Sample Activity Suggestion The class could be asked to compare (written work/diagrams) examples of modern farm tools/machinery with those used in Roman times. – 56 – Ancient Rome Prim-Ed Publishing www.prim-ed.com
Farming – Tools The only machine used in the fields of Roman farms was the plough. All the other tasks on the land were done by hand with tools similar to those used on farms hundreds of years later. Simple plough (an ard) Improved heavy plough Used on lighter soils Used on more difficult clay soils iron head handle to guide plough Turf cutter wooden shaft wood sharp point loosens soil wooden shaft drawn by oxen Rake iron prongs wood ploughshare iron head metal cutter blade wooden shaft iron blade Spade oxen attached wooden plough support wooden handle Scythe On the larger grid, enlarge this picture of a farm worker using a sickle to cut corn. Viewing Sample Prim-Ed Publishing www.prim-ed.com Ancient Rome – 57 –
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Viewing Sample Written by George Mo
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Foreword From its beginning in the
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CURRICULUM Links Ancient Rome cover
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Foundation of Rome Archaeologists b
Page 9 and 10: Activity Box Romulus and Remus This
Page 11 and 12: Romulus and Remus Activity Box Comp
Page 13 and 14: Destruction of Pompeii Stepping sto
Page 15 and 16: Excavations at Pompeii From 1861 th
Page 17 and 18: Match the correct labels to the dia
Page 19 and 20: In 390 BC Celtic warriors from the
Page 21 and 22: Roman Legions Soldiers being treate
Page 23 and 24: Roman Legions Roman legions contain
Page 25 and 26: Roman Legions - Weapons Roman Batte
Page 27 and 28: It would be difficult to imagine li
Page 29 and 30: Activity Box Roman Slaves - Spartac
Page 31 and 32: Government - The Republic After the
Page 33 and 34: Roman Gods and Goddesses The Romans
Page 35 and 36: Roman Gods and Goddesses Viewing Sa
Page 37 and 38: Roman Life-Homes The homes of the s
Page 39 and 40: stokehole Activity Box Roman Life -
Page 41 and 42: A mosaic found at Herculaneum Activ
Page 43 and 44: Roman Life - Food Metal knife with
Page 45 and 46: Roman Life - Food The Romans did no
Page 47 and 48: Roman Life - Education In the early
Page 49 and 50: The Roman standards of hygiene were
Page 51 and 52: Roman Life - Entertainment Public e
Page 53 and 54: Roman Life - Entertainment Circuses
Page 55 and 56: Theatres Roman Life - Entertainment
Page 57 and 58: Roman Life - Entertainment Children
Page 59: In early Roman times the land was o
Page 63 and 64: Trade For many years during the ‘
Page 65 and 66: Roman Technology - Aqueducts Suppli
Page 67 and 68: Roman Technology The Romans were re
Page 69 and 70: Though women had few career opportu
Page 71 and 72: As the Empire spread throughout the
Page 73 and 74: Roman numerals (symbols representin
Page 75 and 76: For nearly 400 years Britain enjoye
Page 77 and 78: Romans In Britain - Hadrian Hadrian
Page 79 and 80: 1. Use these words to complete the
Page 81 and 82: Activity Box Romans in Britain - So
Page 83 and 84: The First Emperor - Augustus Octavi
Page 85 and 86: Enemies of Rome - Hannibal After lo
Page 87 and 88: Enemies of Rome - Alaric Alaric hop
Page 89 and 90: Over hundreds of years the Romans h
Page 91 and 92: 1. Chariot with two horses (a) Duog
Page 93 and 94: Activity 3 - Time line game Toss th
Page 95 and 96: Page 3 Foundation of Rome 1. fertil
Page 97: Page 75 Romans in Britain - Boudica
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