[James_H._Harlow]_Electric_Power_Transformer_Engin(BookSee.org)

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TABLE 3.14.10 (continued) Relevant IEEE Documents IEEE C57.19.00-1991 (R1997) Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor Power Apparatus Bushings IEEE C57.19.01-1991 (R1997) Standard Performance Characteristics and Dimensions for Outdoor Apparatus Bushings IEEE C57.19.03-1996 Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Bushings for DC Applications IEEE C57.19.100-1995 Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings (R1997) IEEE C57.21-1990 (R1995) Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated over 500 kVA IEEE C57.91-1995 Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers IEEE C57.93-1995 Guide for Installation of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers IEEE C57.98-1993 Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests (An errata sheet is available in PDF format) IEEE C57.100-1986 (R1992) Standard Test Procedures for Thermal Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformers IEEE C57.104-1991 Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers IEEE C57.105-1978 (R1999) Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-Phase Distribution Systems IEEE C57.109-1993 Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration IEEE C57.110-1998 Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability when Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents IEEE C57.111-1989 (R1995) Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulating Fluid and Its Maintenance in Transformers IEEE C57.113-1991 Guide for Partial Discharge Measurement in Liquid-Filled Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors IEEE C57.116-1989 (R1994) Guide for Transformers Directly Connected to Generators IEEE C57.117-1986 (R1992) Guide for Reporting Failure Data for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors on Electric Utility Power Systems IEEE C57.121-1998 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers IEEE C57.131-1995 Standard Requirements for Load Tap Changers IEEE C57.138-1998 Recommended Practice for Routine Impulse Test for Distribution Transformers IEEE C57.120-1991 IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide for Power Transformers and Reactors IEEE PC57.123 Draft Guide for Transformer Loss Measurement IEEE C57.125-1991 IEEE Guide for Failure Investigation, Documentation, and Analysis for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors IEEE PC57.127-2000 Trial Use Guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil- Immersed Power Transformers IEEE PC57.129-1999 Trial-Use General Requirements and Test Code for Oil-Immersed HVDC Converter Transformers IEEE PC57.130-1998 Trial Use Guide for the Use of Dissolved Gas Analysis during Factory Thermal Tests for the Evaluation of Oil Immersed Transformers and Reactors IEEE C57.131-1995 IEEE Requirements for Load Tap Changers IEEE PC57.133-2001 IEEE Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers IEEE PC57.135 Draft Guide for the Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers IEEE PC57.136 Draft Guide for Sound Abatement and Determination for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors Rated over 500 kVA IEEE PC57.142 A Guide To Describe the Occurrence and Mitigation of Switching Transients Induced by Transformer and Breaker Interaction TABLE 3.14.11 NEMA TP-1 Rating Range for Single-Phase and Three-Phase Dry-Type and Liquid- Filled Distribution Transformers Voltage Class Primary Voltage = 34.5 kV and below Secondary Voltage = 600 V and below Transformer Type Number of Phases Rating Range Liquid rating Single phase 10–833 kVA Three phase 15–2500 kVA Dry rating Single phase 15–833 kVA Three phase 15–2500 kVA 3.14.3.5.2.2 NEMA TP-2, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Distribution Transformers — This standard is intended for use as a basis for determining the energyefficiency performance of the equipment covered and to assist in the proper selection of such equipment. This standard covers single-phase and three-phase dry-type and liquid-immersed distribution transformers (transformers for transferring electrical energy from a primary distribution circuit to a secondary distribution circuit or within a secondary distribution circuit) as defined in Table 3.14.12. This standard addresses the test procedures for determining the efficiency performance of the transformers covered in NEMA Publication TP-1. Products excepted from this standard include: Liquid-filled transformers below 10 kVA Dry-type transformers below 15 kVA Transformers connected to converter circuits All rectifier transformers and transformers designed for high harmonics Autotransformers Nondistribution transformers, such as UPS transformers Special impedance and harmonic transformers Regulating transformers Sealed and nonventilated transformers Retrofit transformers Machine-tool transformers Welding transformers Transformers with tap ranges greater than 15% Transformers with frequency other than 60 Hz Grounding transformers Testing transformers 3.14.3.5.2.3 NEMA TR-1, 1993 (R-1999) Transformers Regulators and Reactors — This publication provides a list of all ANSI C57 standards that have been approved by NEMA. In addition, it includes certain NEMA standard test methods, test codes, properties, etc., of liquid-immersed transformers, regulators, and reactors that are not American national standards. 3.14.3.5.3 IEC 76-1 IEC 76-1 is intended to prepare international standards for power transformers, on-load tap changers, and reactors without limitation of voltage or power (not including instrument transformers, testing transformers, traction transformers mounted on rolling stock, and welding transformers). The relevant documents are listed in Table 3.14.13. Note that the industry standards-making organizations and participants are constantly in a state of change. In order to see the most recent standards and guides, please consult the catalogs of the respective standards-writing organizations. TABLE 3.14.12 NEMA TP-2 Rating Range for Single-Phase and Three-Phase Dry-Type and Liquid- Immersed Distribution Transformers Transformer Type Number of Phases Rating Range Liquid immersed Single phase 10–833 kVA Three phase 15–2500 kVA Dry type Single phase 15–833 kVA Three phase 15–2500 kVA Note: Includes all products at 1.2 kV and below. © 2004 by CRC Press LLC © 2004 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 3.14.13 Relevant Documents for IEC 76-1 60076-1 General requirements 60076-2 Temperature rise 60076-3 Insulation levels, dielectric tests, and external clearances in air 60076-4 Guide for lightning impulse and switching impulse testing 60076-5 Ability to withstand short circuit 60076-6 Reactors (IEC 289) 60076-7 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformer (IEC 354) 60076-8 Power transformers — application guide 60076-9 Terminal and tapping markings (IEC 616) 60076-10 Determination of transformer reactor sound levels 60076-11 Dry-type transformers 60076-12 Loading guide for dry-type transformers 60076-13 Self-protected liquid-filled transformers 60076-14 Guide for the design and application of liquid-immersed power transformers, using high-temperature insulating materials 60076-15 Gas-filled-type power transformers 60214-1 Tap changers for power transformers 60214-2 Application guide for on-load tap changers (IEC 542) 61378 Converter transformers 61378-1 Transformers for industrial applications 61378-2 Transformers for HVDC applications 61378-3 Applications guide © 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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ELECTRIC POWER TRANSFORMER ENGINEER
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I wish to recognize the interest of
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Contents 1 Theory and Principles Ch
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1.3 Equivalent Circuit of an Iron-C
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designer starts to make a design fo
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• Transient voltages generated du
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the transformer’s bushings and, m
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% regulation = [(V NL - V FL )/V FL
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In core-form transformers, the wind
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FIGURE 2.1.14 Layer windings (singl
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the transformer design, which may b
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consumer’s service circuit is a d
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FIGURE 2.2.3 Single-phase transform
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is installed so that the tank never
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above which persons might be burned
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FIGURE 2.2.16 Two-bushing subway. (
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carbon steel or the very expensive
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FIGURE 2.2.31 Radial-style dead fro
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FIGURE 2.2.36 Complete transformer
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voltage in each winding simultaneou
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mounted transformers can have arres
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V S + V S I V L Z=R+jX a) V L V S V
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Z = jX (2.3.19) 0.7 Then the curren
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X1 L* X1 S =X1 L X2 L* X3 L* a) S L
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150 V(%) 100 50 0 -50 40 80 T(s) 12
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2.3.8.1.2 Series Connection • The
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A six-pulse single-way transformer
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The degree of coupling also influen
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where I h = current for the hth har
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In the case of liquid-filled transf
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FIGURE 2.4.21 A 36-pulse system mad
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Vacuum-pressure encaps ulated — T
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FIGURE 2.6.1 Typical wiring and sin
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a) H1 b) Ip X2 FLUX H2 LEAKAGE FLUX
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and for CTs is TCF = RCF - (PA/2600
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RCF x Bx Bt RCF t - RCF 0 co
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2000 1000 5% Vex BANDWITH FROM NOMI
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This may be more useful when operat
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also some uncertainty in repeatabil
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FIGURE 2.6.25 Standard two-element
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2.7 Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A
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Source Bypass Switch Source Bypass
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2.7.4 Theory A step-voltage regulat
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FIGURE 2.7.22 Equalizer winding inc
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TABLE 2.7.4 Increase in Ampere Load
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References IEEE, Standard Requireme
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300% FIGURE 2.8.4 Schematic of a co
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TABLE 2.8.1 Typical Sizing Workshee
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Input with Interruption Ferro Outpu
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FIGURE 2.8.20A Performance of a rid
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• Input frequency or frequency ra
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References 1. Sola/Hevi-Duty Corp.,
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FIGURE 2.9.5 Typical phase-reactor
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FIGURE 2.9.10 Two generator arrange
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• Overloading of lines • Increa
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FIGURE 2.9.23 34-kV, 25-MVAR (per p
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V 90 ( X X ) s T (2.9.10a) where,
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Therefore, Line reactive losses = (
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ate of rise of transient-recovery v
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the LLCR is provided in IEEE Std. C
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aluminum shielding, i.e., an oil-im
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Leo J. Savio ADAPT Corporation Ted
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3.1.2.2.2 Heat Dissipation A second
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FIGURE 3.2.1 Solid-type bushing. ma
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1.6 cm. This means that most of the
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where HS = steady-state bushing ho
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the conductivity of the water-solub
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of 178 ohm-m, and a test duration o
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2. Easley, J.K. and Stockum, F.R.,
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FIGURE 3.3.5 Reactance-type LTC, in
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FIGURE 3.3.10 LTC with delta connec
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3.3.5 Selection of Load Tap Changer
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FIGURE 3.3.19 Effect of the leakage
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References Goosen, P.V. , Transform
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If i 1 is the full-load current rat
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TABLE 3.4.1 Loading Recommendations
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3.5.4 Three-Phase Transformer Conne
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FIGURE 3.5.4 Interconnected star-gr
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3.6.1.1 Standards ANSI standards fo
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ANSI standards. LTC control setting
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FIGURE 3.6.7 Discharging the capaci
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FIGURE 3.6.10 Standard switching-im
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voltage of the excited winding, rea
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FIGURE 3.6.18 Current, voltage, and
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TABLE 3.6.3 Transformer Short-Circu
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FIGURE 3.7.3 Control for voltage re
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FIGURE 3.7.6A Feeder with power-fac
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3. Circulating current (current bal
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FIGURE 3.7.10 Control block diagram
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Primary Current (Amps) 60 40 20 0 -
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current transformer having two prim
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87R1 87BL1 (A) Independent Harmonic
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Winding 1 Secondary Currents Data A
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Y Y 20 18 3 rd Harmonic CTR1=40 CTR
Page 189 and 190: 230 kV 3 180 MVA 138 kV 5 CTR1 = 2
Page 191 and 192: 29. Concordia, C. and Rothe, F.S.,
Page 193 and 194: FIGURE 3.9.1 Measurement of pressur
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Page 197 and 198: Gade, S., Sound Intensity Instrumen
Page 199 and 200: nected. This steady-state voltage d
Page 201 and 202: where [A] = state matrix [B] = inpu
Page 203 and 204: where C = capacitance between the t
Page 205 and 206: L ijo = N i N j ijo (3.10.31) 1.4
Page 207 and 208: % VOLTAGE % VOLTAGE 100 BIL 90 50 3
Page 209 and 210: 29. Degeneff, R.C., Reducing Storag
Page 211 and 212: All connections should be cleaned a
Page 213 and 214: 6. Costs to set up and use a mobile
Page 215 and 216: Records of relay operation must be
Page 217 and 218: • Has heating occurred as the res
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Page 221 and 222: The next data-processing step is to
Page 223 and 224: temperature. As the transformer coo
Page 225 and 226: 3.13.3.2 Instrument Transformers Th
Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 3.13.5 Analysis of bushing s
Page 229 and 230: temperature. Under abnormal conditi
Page 231 and 232: 3.14.1.2 Accredited Standards Commi
Page 233 and 234: FIGURE 3.14.4 IEC technical-committ
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 3.14.2 Relevant Documents for
Page 237 and 238: TABLE 3.14.5 Relevant Documents for
Page 239: TABLE 3.14.9 Relevant Documents for
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